Inter-vehicle communication allows vehicles to communicate important safety and traffic information with each other. It has the potential to help avoid many vehicle collisions. However, securing vehicle communications presents challenges regarding privacy, real-time communication needs, and the large scale of vehicle networks. Effective inter-vehicle communication architectures require addressing issues such as secure routing, resilience to denial of service attacks, and balancing privacy and accountability. With further research and development, inter-vehicle communication could support applications like cooperative driving, hazard warnings, and traffic optimization to improve road safety and efficiency.

1. INTER VEHICLE
COMMUNICATION
R.S.M.N.PRASAD.
RAJESWARI.

2. OUTLOOK
 Introduction
 Motivation
 Overview of Smart Vehicle
 Architecture
 Types of Communication
 Classes of Information and Information Parameters
 Types of IVC
 Challenges ,Real Time Applications and Attacks
 Security Architecture
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Real Time Examples
 Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
What is Inter Vehicle Communication?
 Communication among drivers and vehicles in Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS)
 Communication conducted between onboard information equipment
 IVC enables the service of exchange and distribution of data

4. MOTIVATION
 Study shows - “About 60% roadway collisions could be avoided if the
operator of the vehicle was provided warning at least one-half second
prior to a collision”
 Approximately 40,000 people are killed each year on the European
Union’s roads, with around 1.7 million people incurring critical injuries.
 The annual costs associated with traffic accidents total nearly 3 percent
of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP), or roughly US$1 trillion.
 Number of vehicles is increasing faster than the number of
roads, leading to frequent traffic jams.
 Constraints of human drivers’ perception
 Line-of-sight limitation of brake light
 Large processing/forwarding delay for emergency events.

5. STATISTICS
CarsCars TrucksTrucks
(class 7, 8)(class 7, 8)
On-road populationOn-road population 231 million231 million 3.5 million3.5 million
Annual New Vehicle SalesAnnual New Vehicle Sales 16 million16 million 260, 000260, 000
Annual VMTAnnual VMT 8,4008,400 63,00063,000
Total FatalitiesTotal Fatalities 37,44637,446 4,3904,390
Total InjuriesTotal Injuries 2,672,0002,672,000 116,000116,000
Estimated Total cost ofEstimated Total cost of
crashescrashes
$188 billion$188 billion $30 billion$30 billion

6. OVERVIEW OF SMART VEHICLE
F o r w a r d r a d a r
C o m p u t in g p la t f o r m
E v e n t d a t a r e c o r d e r ( E D R )
P o s it io n i n g s y s t e m
R e a r r a d a r
C o m m u n ic a t i o n
f a c il it y
D is p la y

7. TERMS
 EDR –
• used in vehicles to register all important parameters such as velocity, acceleration, etc.
especially during abnormal situations, such as accidents
• This data is used for reconstruction.
 Forward radar-
• Used to detect any forward obstacles as far as 200 meters
 Positioning System-
• Used to locate vehicles
• Accuracy can be improved by knowledge of road topology
 Computing platform-
• Inputs from various components is used to generate useful information

8. PICTORIAL VIEW

9. FLOWCHART OF IVC

10. ARCHITECTURE

11. KEY COMPONENTS
On-board Equipment (OBE):
 human machine interface
 vehicle interfaces, (to on-board networks)
 Applications, memory and processing
 positioning, (GPS and dead-reckoning system)
 communications functions (radio, antenna, etc)
Roadside Equipment (RSE):
 access “nodes” positioned along highways, at traffic intersections and
other locations
 includes a DSRC radio, GPS, processor, and router to send messages
back through the IVC Network
Network:
 The IVC Network interconnects the road-side RSEs, network services, and the
network end-users

12. GENERAL VIEW
Center for Information ProcessingCenter for Information Processing
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication
Vehicle to Infrastructure to Vehicle Communication
The VehicleThe Vehicle
as a part ofas a part of
the Networkthe Network

13. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication –
 It demonstrates properties of both peer-to-peer network and mobile ad-hoc
network.
 In Peer-to-peer systems participants rely on another for service rather than
solely relying on a dedicated and centralized infrastructure
 A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile hosts with wireless
communication capabilities forming temporary network.
Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication –
 Information is available from roadside sources
 uses 63 GHz band
 Ex- Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
 allows for electronic payment of highway tolls
 communication is traditionally via microwave or infrared techniques, more
recently through GPS technology
 an electronic monetary transaction occurs between a vehicle passing through
a toll station and the toll agency

14. TECHNOLOGIES
Broadcasting Technologies:
 I2V: RDS/TMC, DAB, DVB, DVB-H, S-DMB, T-DMB
Short Range:
 I2V: DSRC
 V2V: DSRC, UWB/SRR
Long Range:
 V2I/I2V: GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS, Wi-Fi, WiMAX
 V2V: GSM, GPRS/EDGE, UMTS, Wi-Fi
In-Vehicle Systems:
 Bluetooth, ZigBee

15. ACTIVE COLLISION WARNING /AVOIDANCE
SYSTEM
 By continuing with the passive safety technologies, it will be difficult to
reduce crash costs
 Thus people have started developing active safety features in order to
reduce costs
 The introduction of automotive collision warning/ avoidance systems
represents the next significant leap in vehicle safety technology
 Automotive collision warning systems try to warn drivers of an impending
collision event. Allowing driver little bit extra time to react
 If the collision warning systems are built in conjunction with drive by wire
technology, then the system could try to automatically maneuver the
vehicle in order to avoid an impending collision

16. VEHICLES PARAMETER
There are two types of parameters: Static and Dynamic
Static Parameters:
 The static parameter indicates the size of the vehicle and the location
of its GPS receiver within itself.
Dynamic Parameters:
 The dynamic parameters are vehicle’s position (Xn,Yn), speed
acceleration, direction and the status of the brakes, steering
wheel, gas paddle, turn signal etc.

17. CLASSES OF INFORMATION
 Movement Related – speed, velocity, acceleration, etc
 Traffic Related – number of vehicles, traffic volume, density, congestion
 Passenger Related – weather related information,

18. MOVEMENT RELATED WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
Technologies Used:-
 Magnetic Nails
 Magnetic Tape
 Live wires
 Radar for imaging
 Car to car communication
 Infrastructure to car communication

19. TRAFFIC RELATED WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
 Infrastructure Based:-
 Adjusting traffic flow
 Operation on individual vehicle
 Vehicle Based:-
Automated Collection
 Providing Warnings

20. PASSENGER RELATED WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
Providing Information to passengers
Weather
Traffic
General News
Interaction with passengers
Web access
Routing, food/hotel/fuel inquiries
Access to special services.

21. OPEN PROBLEMS
Data Verification:- can be achieved by data correlation
mechanism but such mechanisms are in design stage
Secure Routing:- In vehicular networking messages need to be
delivered to specific areas for example:- in the case of traffic
jam queue, this can be achieved by position based routing
protocols but none of the solution is secure
DoS Resillience:- DoS and jamming problems can not be
completely solve by frequency hopping

22. CHALLENGES IN IVC
 Liability Vs Privacy:- Accountability and liability of the vehicles is required
and context specific information such as coordinates, time intervals should
be possible to extract but such requirements raise privacy concerns
 Real Time Communication:- Driver assistance applications are time
sensitive therefore security protocols should impose low processing
overhead
 Vehicular Network Scale:- With roughly billion vehicles,
the design of a facility that provides cryptographic keys is big challenge

23. PRIVACY:-WITH VEHICULAR NETWORKS DEPLOYED,
THE COLLECTION OF VEHICLE SPECIFIC INFORMATION
FROM OVERHEAD VEHICULAR COMMUNICATIONS WILL
BECOME PARTICULARLY EASY

24. REAL TIME APPLICATIONS
 FleetNet:- The Internet on the road project was set up by
six companies and three universities in order to promote
the development of inter vehicular communication
 CarTALK:- Focused on developing new driver assistance systems
which are based on inter vehicle communication for safe
and comfortable driving
 Network On Wheels (NOW):- The main objectives of NOW are to
solve technical key questions on the communication
protocols and data security for car to car communication
 Advance Driver Assistant System In Europe (ADASE):- ADASE
project has a mission to increase the road and traffic safety in
Europe by avoiding collisions before they occur

25. APPLICATION OF IVC
 Information and Warning Functions:-
Dissemination of road information to vehicles distant from the subjected site
 Communication based longitudinal control:-
Exploiting the look through capacity to avoid accidents, platooning vehicles etc.
 Co-operative Assistant Systems:-
Coordinating vehicles at critical points
 Added Value Applications:-
Internet Access, Location based services, Multiplayer games

26. PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE
PKI
Security services
Positioning
Confidentiality
Privacy
...
CA
PA PB
Shared session key

27. SECURITY ARCHITECTURE OF IVC

28. ADVANTAGES:-
• Stop And Go Adaptive Cruise Control
• Co-operative Driving
• Hazard Warning
• Merging and Lane Changing Warning
• Inter/Intra Platoon Communication

29. STOP AND GO ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
Taking over automatic braking and driving when vehicles are in traffic jam

30. CO-OPERATIVE DRIVING
Co-operative driving exchanges respective data such as position velocity etc

31. HAZARD WARNING
includes obstacle warning, stopped vehicle warning and slowing down warning

32. MERGING AND LANE CHANGING WARNING
Safe and smooth lane change and merging with communication

33. INTER/INTRA PLATOON COMMUNICATION
Ad-hoc communication between vehicles

34. DISADVANTAGES:-
 Bogus Traffic Information
 Disruption of Network Operation
 Cheating with Identity, Position or Speed
 Jamming
 Forgery

35. BOGUS TRAFFIC INFORMATION
Traffic
jam
ahead

36. DISRUPTION OF NETWORK OPERATION
SLOW
DOWN
The way
is clear

37. CHEATING WITH IDENTITY, POSITION OR SPEED
I was not
there!

38. JAMMING:- THE JAMMER DELIBERATELY
GENERATES INTERFERING
TRANSMISSIONS THAT PREVENTS
COMMUNICATION

39. FORGERY:- FAST CONTAMINATION OF
LARGE PORTIONS OF THE VEHICULAR
NETWORK COVERAGE AREA WITH FALSE
INFORMATION

40. CONCLUSION
 Design of communication protocols in IVC is extremely challenging
 Protocols have potential to support many new innovative applications
 These technologies can greatly enhance the infotainment, safety, comfort,
communication and convenience value of new vehicles.
 As vehicles become “smarter”, security and privacy gain importance

41. THANK YOU