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Psyco241 ch4(1)understanding others2012wclass
- 1. PSYCO 241 Social Psychology Chapter 4: Understanding Others (1) Takahiko Masuda, Ph.D Department of Psychology University of Alberta PSYCO 241, Masuda 1
- 2. Today’s Plan PSYCO 241, Masuda 2
- 3. Today’s Plan • Why do Social Psychologists Study Causal Attribution? PSYCO 241, Masuda 2
- 4. Today’s Plan • Why do Social Psychologists Study Causal Attribution? • Common Sense Psychology PSYCO 241, Masuda 2
- 5. Today’s Plan • Why do Social Psychologists Study Causal Attribution? • Common Sense Psychology • The Process of Causal Attribution PSYCO 241, Masuda 2
- 6. Today’s Plan • Why do Social Psychologists Study Causal Attribution? • Common Sense Psychology • The Process of Causal Attribution • Error and Biases in Attribution PSYCO 241, Masuda 2
- 7. Why Social Psychologists Study Attribution attribution - linking a cause to an instance of behavior - one’s own or that of other people 1. The Pervasiveness and Importance of Attribution 2. Explanatory Style and Attribution Explanatory style - a person’s habitual way of explaining events, typically assessed along three dimensions: internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific. PSYCO 241, Masuda 3
- 8. Explanation Styles • If you attribute all positive experiences to external/unstable and specific factors, and all negative experiences to internal / Chris Peterson @ Michigan external/ and global factors, you will be very pessimistic. • If you attribute all positive experiences to internal/stable/ and ______ factors, and all negative experiences to ______/ _______/ and ______ factors, you will be Martin Seligman @ Princeton very optimistic PSYCO 241, Masuda 4
- 9. PSYCO 241, Masuda 5
- 10. Common Sense Psychology: Physical World Fritz Heider PSYCO 241, Masuda 6
- 11. Common Sense Psychology: Physical World Fritz Heider PSYCO 241, Masuda 6
- 12. Common Sense Psychology: Physical World Fritz Heider PSYCO 241, Masuda 6
- 13. Common Sense Psychology: Physical World Fritz Heider PSYCO 241, Masuda 6
- 14. Common Sense Psychology: Psychological World PSYCO 241, Masuda 7
- 15. Common Sense Psychology: Psychological World PSYCO 241, Masuda 7
- 16. Common Sense Psychology: Psychological World PSYCO 241, Masuda 7
- 17. Common Sense Psychology: Psychological World PSYCO 241, Masuda 7
- 18. Common Sense Psychology: Psychological World PSYCO 241, Masuda 7
- 19. The Processes of Causal Attribution 1. Attribution and Single-Instance Observation 2. Attribution and Covariation 3. Attribution and Imagining an Alternate Chain of Events PSYCO 241, Masuda 8
- 20. 1. Attribution and Single-Instance Observation Discounting principle - idea that we should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behaviour if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it Contextual Factor Intention Augmentation principle - idea that we should assign greater weight to a particular cause of behaviour if there are other causes present that normally would produce the opposite outcome. Contextual Factor Intention PSYCO 241, Masuda 9
- 21. PSYCO 241, Masuda 10
- 22. 2. Attribution and Covariation Covariation Principle – idea that we should attribute behavior to potential causes that co-occur with the behavior Harold Kelly PSYCO 241, Masuda 11
- 23. 3 types of covariation information • Consensus: What most people would do in a given situation • Distinctiveness: What an individual does in different situations • Consistency: What an individual does in a given situation on different occasions. PSYCO 241, Masuda 12
- 24. Shall We Dance? PSYCO 241, Masuda 13
- 25. Is Richard Gere Clumsy? Richard Gere mistakenly stepped on Jeniffer Lopez’s feet… • Consensus: Do most people step on their partner’s feet when they dance? • Distinctiveness: Does Richard Gere step on other’s feet in different situations? • Consistency:Does Richard Gere step on his partner’s feet next time when they dance? PSYCO 241, Masuda 14
- 26. Internal vs. External Attributions Internal Attribution: Attributing the causes of one’s behavior to the person’s personality, skill, talent, and abilities (e.g. Richard Gere is clumsy!) External Attribution: Attributing the causes of one’s behavior to situational factors (e.g. Dancing is very difficult!) PSYCO 241, Masuda 15
- 27. PSYCO 241, Masuda 16
- 28. 3. Attribution and Imagining an Alternate Chain of Events counterfactual thoughts - thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened “if only” something had been done differently WO/Wine Sauce W/Wine Sauce W/ Wine Sauce Her Decision… An Alternative Decision PSYCO 241, Masuda 17
- 29. PSYCO 241, Masuda 18
- 30. Olympic Athletes’ Emotional Reaction Emotional Amplification - a ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening Silver medalists were less happy than the bronze medalists Goal PSYCO 241, Masuda 19
- 31. Olympic Athletes’ Emotional Reaction Emotional Amplification - a ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening Silver medalists were less happy than the bronze medalists I win! Goal PSYCO 241, Masuda 19
- 32. Olympic Athletes’ Emotional Reaction Emotional Amplification - a ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening Silver medalists were less happy than the bronze medalists I failed to get a gold Medal! I win! Goal PSYCO 241, Masuda 19
- 33. Olympic Athletes’ Emotional Reaction Emotional Amplification - a ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening Silver medalists were less happy than the bronze medalists OK. I failed to I could be get a gold a medalist! Medal! I win! Goal PSYCO 241, Masuda 19
- 34. Olympic Athletes’ Emotional Reaction Emotional Amplification - a ratcheting up of an emotional reaction to an event that is proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening Silver medalists were less happy than the bronze medalists OK. I failed to I could be get a gold a medalist! Medal! I win! … Goal PSYCO 241, Masuda 19
- 35. PSYCO 241, Masuda 20
- 36. Errors and Biases in Attribution 1. The Self-Serving Bias 2. The Actor-Observer Effect 3. The False-consensus effect 4. The Fundamental Attribution Lee Ross Error Richard Nisbett PSYCO 241, Masuda 21
- 37. 1. The Self-Serving Bias Tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, and attribute success and other good events to oneself Grade Grade A+ D- PSYCO 241, Masuda 22
- 38. 1. The Self-Serving Bias Tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, and attribute success and other good events to oneself I made it, I am smart Grade Grade A+ D- PSYCO 241, Masuda 22
- 39. 1. The Self-Serving Bias Tendency to attribute failure and other bad events to external circumstances, and attribute success and other good events to oneself I am I made it, I smart. But am smart the exam is too difficult Grade Grade A+ D- PSYCO 241, Masuda 22
- 40. 2. The Actor-Observer Difference in Causal Attributions Differences in attribution based on who is making the causal assessment: the actor (who is relatively disposed to make situational attributions) or the observer (who is relatively disposed to make dispositional attributions) Richard Nisbett Edward Jones @ Michigan PSYCO 241, Masuda @ Duke 23
- 41. An actor’s vs. an Observer’s Point of View Actor’s Point of View Observer’s Point of View PSYCO 241, Masuda 24
- 42. An actor’s vs. an Observer’s Point of View Actor’s Point of View Observer’s Point of View PSYCO 241, Masuda 24
- 43. An actor’s vs. an Observer’s Point of View Actor’s Point of View Observer’s Point of View I am surrounded by situations PSYCO 241, Masuda 24
- 44. An actor’s vs. an Observer’s Point of View Actor’s Point of View Observer’s Point of View I am surrounded by situations PSYCO 241, Masuda 24
- 45. An actor’s vs. an Observer’s Point of View Actor’s Point of View Observer’s Point of View The person I am is the center surrounded of this event by situations PSYCO 241, Masuda 24
- 46. Processes that give rise to the Actor- Observer Effect 1. Assumptions about what it is that needs explaining can vary for actors and observers 2. The perceptual salience of the actor and the surrounding situation is different for the actor and the observer 3. Actors and observers differ in the amount and kind of information that they have about the actor and the actor’s behavior PSYCO 241, Masuda 25
- 47. 3. False-Consensus Effect Tendency for people to think that their behavior (as well as their attitudes, values, or responses more generally) is relatively common e.g., Participants who agree with wearing a large sandwitch-board. > 63% would do so.. Participants who refused to ware the board >23% would do so … PSYCO 241, Masuda 26
- 48. False-Consensus Effect: Actual Results • About half of the participants agreed with wearing the sandwich board. • Our causal attribution is strongly biased by our own behavior and attitude. PSYCO 241, Masuda 27
- 49. 4. The Fundamental Attribution Error Tendency to believe that a behaviour is due to a person’s disposition rather than the situation in which the person finds himself PSYCO 241, Masuda 28
- 50. Empirical Research: Free Essay Castro is a great leader Pro-Castro Essay Castro is a dangerous leader Anti-Castro Essay PSYCO 241, Masuda 29
- 51. Empirical Research: Free Essay This person thinks Castro is a “Castro is a great leader great leader” Pro-Castro Essay Castro is a dangerous leader Anti-Castro Essay PSYCO 241, Masuda 29
- 52. Empirical Research: Free Essay This person thinks Castro is a “Castro is a great leader great leader” Pro-Castro Essay Castro is a This person thinks dangerous “Castro is a leader dangerous leader” Anti-Castro Essay PSYCO 241, Masuda 29
- 53. Empirical Research: Request to Forced Essay support Castro Castro is a great leader Pro-Castro Essay Request to criticize Castro Castro is a dangerous leader Anti-Castro Essay PSYCO 241, Masuda 30
- 54. Empirical Research: Request to Forced Essay support Castro Castro is a ???? great leader Pro-Castro Essay Request to criticize Castro Castro is a dangerous leader Anti-Castro Essay PSYCO 241, Masuda 30
- 55. Empirical Research: Request to Forced Essay support Castro Castro is a ???? great leader Pro-Castro Essay Request to criticize Castro Castro is a ???? dangerous leader Anti-Castro Essay PSYCO 241, Masuda 30
- 56. PSYCO 241, Masuda 31
- 57. Can we reduce FAE? • Snider & Jones (1974) asked participants to experience situational constraints • Participants were likely aware of the fact that the content in one’s essay Mark Snider can be completely incongruent with @ Minnesota their true attitude towards the target issue. • But the error was very robust. Edward Jones PSYCO 241, Masuda 32
- 58. The Induced Choice Paradigm The Respondent The Inducer Option 1 Option 2 Statements Stetements of Of Altruistic Selfish Behavior Behavior Dan Gilbert PSYCO 241, Masuda 33
- 59. The Induced Choice Paradigm Please read option 1 The Respondent The Inducer Option 1 Option 2 Statements Stetements of Of Altruistic Selfish Behavior Behavior Dan Gilbert PSYCO 241, Masuda 33
- 60. The Induced Choice Paradigm Please read option 1 The Respondent The Inducer Option 1 Option 2 I an willing Statements Stetements to help of Of others! Altruistic Selfish Behavior Behavior Dan Gilbert PSYCO 241, Masuda 33
- 61. The Induced Choice Paradigm Please The responder read option must be altruistic 1 The Respondent The Inducer Option 1 Option 2 I an willing Statements Stetements to help of Of others! Altruistic Selfish Behavior Behavior Dan Gilbert PSYCO 241, Masuda 33
- 62. PSYCO 241, Masuda 34
- 63. The Questioner vs. Contestant Paradigm Am I smarter The observer than the Who is smarter? contestant? The contestant Question 1 Lee Ross Answer 1 @ Stanford The questioner Am I smarter than the questioner? PSYCO 241, Masuda 35
- 64. PSYCO 241, Masuda 36
- 65. Causes of the Fundamental Attribution Error 1. Dispositional inferences can be comforting 2. People tend to attribute behavior to dispositions (they are motivated to do this) just-world hypothesis – people get what they deserve 3. People are more salient causes than situations 4. Behavioral information is considered first, before situational factors 5. Because the behavioral (personality) characterization is rather automatic, it is incorruptible (hard to reverse). PSYCO 241, Masuda 37
- 66. PSYCO 241, Masuda 38
- 67. PSYCO 241, Masuda 39
- 68. Taka’s Thoughts • Are there any cultural variations in socio- cognitive biases? • If so, what are the causes of the cultural differences in cognitive biases? PSYCO 241, Masuda 40
- 69. Summary of Today’s Lecture • Interpretation of human behavior is different from that of physical movement. You need to take into account both internal and external factors • Human attribution processes are not accurate. There are various cognitive biases such as self- serving bias, fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer effect, and the false consensus effect PSYCO 241, Masuda 41
Notes de l'éditeur
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- Asked participants of 6 possible causes of 6 negative experiences and 6 positive experiences - Turned out to be 3 dimensional\nThe amount of possibility of the experience happening again in the future (i.e. car accident) - stable/unstable.\nP\n
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- When you see a person jump:\n1)external factor i.e. wind\n2) persons intentions\nEach time we observe another persons behaviour we debate between whether the action was an external or internal factor.\n
- When you see a person jump:\n1)external factor i.e. wind\n2) persons intentions\nEach time we observe another persons behaviour we debate between whether the action was an external or internal factor.\n
- When you see a person jump:\n1)external factor i.e. wind\n2) persons intentions\nEach time we observe another persons behaviour we debate between whether the action was an external or internal factor.\n
- When you see a person jump:\n1)external factor i.e. wind\n2) persons intentions\nEach time we observe another persons behaviour we debate between whether the action was an external or internal factor.\n
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- The key factor was to be sociable = extraverted was told to one group.\nThe key factor was to be able to be alone in isolation = introverted was told to the other group.\n\n
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- Because of her allergy to the wine - she died. Others would think of the alternative dish w/o wine sauce\n
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- Silver medalists are more focussed on how things they could have done differently to get gold.\n
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- Actor - more sensitive to situational factor.\nObserver - more focus to person’s action as opposed to the situation.\n\nThe actor and observer each are biased, paying attention to one more than the other.\n
- Actor - more sensitive to situational factor.\nObserver - more focus to person’s action as opposed to the situation.\n\nThe actor and observer each are biased, paying attention to one more than the other.\n
- Actor - more sensitive to situational factor.\nObserver - more focus to person’s action as opposed to the situation.\n\nThe actor and observer each are biased, paying attention to one more than the other.\n
- Actor - more sensitive to situational factor.\nObserver - more focus to person’s action as opposed to the situation.\n\nThe actor and observer each are biased, paying attention to one more than the other.\n
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- Observer was far more biased and thought the questioner was smarter than the contestant. \n
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