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Ch13ppt respiratory system honors
1.
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide
Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College The Respiratory System 13 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
Organs of the
Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs—alveoli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
Organs of the
Respiratory System PLAY Respiration: Respiratory Tract Figure 13.1 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
Functions of the
Respiratory System Gas exchanges between the blood and external environment Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs Passageways to the lungs purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
The Nose Only
externally visible part of the respiratory system Air enters the nose through the external nostrils (nares) Interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal septum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
Anatomy of the
Nasal Cavity Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that Moisten air Trap incoming foreign particles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
Pharynx (Throat) Muscular
passage from nasal cavity to larynx Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
Larynx (Voice Box)
Routes air and food into proper channels (epiglottis – flap that covers the trachea/larynx when food enters throat) Plays a role in speech Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
Structures of the
Larynx Vocal folds (true vocal cords) Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) Glottis—opening between vocal cords Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
Trachea (Windpipe) Four-inch-long
tube that connects larynx with bronchi Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage Lined with ciliated mucosa Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
Upper Respiratory Tract Figure
13.2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
Trachea (Windpipe) Figure 13.3b Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
Main (Primary) Bronchi
Formed by division of the trachea Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
Main Bronchi Figure 13.1 Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
Main Bronchi Figure 13.4b Copyright
© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16.
Lungs Occupy most
of the thoracic cavity Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion) Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures Left lung—two lobes Right lung—three lobes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
17.
Lungs Figure 13.4a Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
18.
Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree
Divisions All but the smallest of these passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
19.
Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree
Divisions Figure 13.5b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
20.
Respiratory Zone Structures
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli (air sacs) Site of gas exchange = alveoli only Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
21.
Bronchial (Respiratory) Tree
Divisions Figure 13.5a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.
Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood
Barrier) Thin squamous epithelial layer lines alveolar walls Alveolar pores connect neighboring air sacs Pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli On one side of the membrane is air and on the other side is blood flowing past Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
23.
Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood
Barrier) Figure 13.6 (1 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
24.
Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood
Barrier) Figure 13.6 (2 of 2) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
25.
Gas Exchange Gas
crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion Oxygen enters the blood Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli Alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”) add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris Surfactant (a lipid molecule) coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
26.
Four Events of
Respiration Pulmonary ventilation—moving air in and out of the lungs (commonly called breathing) External respiration—gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli Oxygen is loaded into the blood Carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
27.
Four Events of
Respiration Respiratory gas transport—transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream Internal respiration—gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
28.
Mechanics of Breathing (Pulmonary
Ventilation) Two phases Inspiration = inhalation flow of air into lungs Expiration = exhalation air leaving lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29.
Inspiration Diaphragm and
external intercostal muscles contract The size of the thoracic cavity increases External air is pulled into the lungs due to Increase in intrapulmonary volume Decrease in gas pressure Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30.
Inspiration Figure 13.7a Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31.
Expiration Largely a
passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs due to Decrease in intrapulmonary volume Increase in gas pressure Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32.
Expiration Figure 13.7b Copyright ©
2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33.
External Respiration, Gas
Transport, and Internal Respiration Summary Figure 13.10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34.
Nonrespiratory Air (Gas)
Movements Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions Examples: Cough and sneeze—clears lungs of debris Crying—emotionally induced mechanism Laughing—similar to crying Hiccup—sudden inspirations (spasms of the diaphragm) Yawn—very deep inspiration Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35.
Neural Regulation of
Respiration Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) 12–15 respirations per minute Hyperpnea Increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36.
Respiratory Volumes and
Capacities Normal breathing moves about 500 mL of air with each breath This respiratory volume is tidal volume (TV) Many factors that affect respiratory capacity A person’s size Sex Age Physical condition Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37.
Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation Results from increased CO2 in the blood (acidosis) Breathing becomes deeper and more rapid Blows off more CO2 to restore normal blood pH Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38.
Hyperventilation and Hypoventilation
Hypoventilation Results when blood becomes alkaline (alkalosis) Extremely slow or shallow breathing Allows CO2 to accumulate in the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39.
Respiratory Disorders: Chronic
Bronchitis Mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severely inflamed Mucus production increases Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange Risk of lung infection increases Pneumonia is common Called “blue bloaters” due to hypoxia and cyanosis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40.
Respiratory Disorders: Emphysema
Alveoli enlarge as adjacent chambers break through Chronic inflammation promotes lung fibrosis Airways collapse during expiration Patients use a large amount of energy to exhale Overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest Cyanosis appears late in the disease; sufferers are often called “pink puffers” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41.
A Closer Look:
Lung Cancer Accounts for one-third of all cancer deaths in the United States Increased incidence is associated with smoking Three common types Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small cell carcinoma Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42.
A Closer Look:
Lung Cancer Figure 13.14 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43.
Developmental Aspects of the
Respiratory System Asthma Chronic inflamed hypersensitive bronchiole passages Response to irritants with dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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