10. South and central
America
North America
Africa
Asia non OECD
Europe
China
EL 101*1 – April 2009
Source : AIE
CIS
World electricity generation 2006
World total = 18 921 TWh
5134
3531
959
1658
588
Middle
East
682 2904
1679
Asia OECD
1786
World electricity production by
source (TWh)
Coal 7756
Natural Gas 3807
Nuclear 2792
Hydro 3035
Oil 1096
Renewable 435
11. AF004 – October 2009
Source : BP Statistical Review
Energy consumption in Africa
Mtoe
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07
Electricité primaire
Charbon
Gaz naturel
Pétrole
Millions de tep
Electricity (primary)
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
12. The energy divides
Divide between Africa
and the rest of the world
(15% of world
population for 3% of
world energy
consumption)
Divide between North
Africa-South Africa and
the rest of Africa
Divide between urban
and rural areas: Urban
areas look like energy
spots
3%
7%
Region energy consumption proportion
Energy barriers
North and South Africa: two specific areas
14. Energy Integration in Southern Africa
Existing situation
Needs in electricity
The Integrated Resource Plan
What about renewables?
Integration : benefits and existing pools
15. Source : African Energy
Southern Africa’s power
Industry and Interconnections
An existing electrical
integration mostly
between Mozambique and
South Africa
H
H
T T
T
W
H
T
TT
T
N
N Nuclear Power Plant
W Wind Power
T Thermal Power Plant
H Hydro Power Plant
Main power transmission line
Remarque : 1 circle = 3 power plants at least except nuclear
power plant for which 1 circle = 1 power plant
16. Southern African Power Pool
South Africa represents 81% of SAPP in 2010 and will
remain at 77% of SAPP in 2025
17. The Integrated Resource Plan : Context and Description
Obligation after National Energy Act of 2008
Long term electricity capacity plan to develop a
sustainable electricity investment strategy for generation
capacity and transmission infrastructure for South Africa
over the next 25 years.
Demand-side management (DSM)
Pricing
Capacity provided by all generators (Eskom and independant
power producers)
Environment
18. The Integrated Resource Plan : Hypothesis
GDP growth on average 4,6 % per year over the next 20
years
It requires from 30 439 MW to 52 724 MW of new capacity
depending on scenarios for 454 357GWh produced in 2030.
It assumes at least 3420 MW of demand side management
programmes
19. 5 models studied to establish
the balanced revised scenario
A base case which minimise directs costs
3 emissions limits based scenarios
EM 1.0 : imposes an annual emission limit of 275 MT
EM 2.0 : imposes an emission limit of 275 MT of carbon dioxide by 2025 but
allows emissions to go to higher levels prior to 2025
EM 3.0 : imposes a tighter emission limit of 220MT of carbon dioxide from 2020
A Carbon Tax based scenario (CT 0.0) : imposes carbon taxes escalated to
2010 Rands an contained in the LTMS documents
2 others model were studied : a regional developement model and an
enhanced DSM model
Sources : DOE
20. The Integrated Resource Plan
3 scenarios Low Cost Scenario Balanced Scenario
Low Carbon
Scenario
Funding (BUS$) 78 85 (+10%) 125 (+60%)
Carbon emissions
(MT)
380 275 (-30%) 220 (-40%)
Generation mix by
2030
Capacity
development (MW)
21. The Integrated Resource Plan : Challenges
A huge amount of renewables capacity
Wind : 4 500 MW in the Balanced scenario up to 2019
Solar : 400 MW
Wind + Solar : 7 200 MW between 2019 and 2030
Questions raised :
Is it possible to build such capacities : resources, technical
problems
Problem of cost and economic rentability?
Ability for quick construction and maintenance?
Problem of grid stability?
22. The Integrated Resource Plan : Challenges (2)
Decentralised electricity not adressed
Importance of transmission lines
23. Integration benefits
Benefits : foster the development of the economy.
Keys actions :
Develop infrastructures
Most important partners :
Mozambique. There is already an important hydro production
(Caora Bassa) and new capacities will be built. Mozambique is also
supplying natural gas to RSA (Sasol)
Zambia (hydro potential)
Zimbabwe
Limited cooperation :
RDC. RSA is interested in electricity of Inga. But the Chinese
presence (exchange of raw materials against investments) makes
difficult this cooperation.
Angola
Key issue : transmission
24. Euratom (1957)
Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community)
Success :
Legal framework, safety standard uniformisation
Progressive enlargement of the cooperation
Broad development on innovative technology
Decrease in energy dependance
Efficient information centralisation about nuclear stocks and flows,
and investment
Fight against nuclear proliferation
Lacks :
Some legislative contents (about normalisation for example)
Decision process
25. ECSC (1951)
European Coal and Steel Community
Success :
Long term vision and comon process
• Peace, stability, prosperity, solidarity
• Efficient response during crisis
Autonomous legal framework
• Uniform social protection and labour law
Lacks :
Emergence of great enterprises
Difficulty for struggling on price non-accordance and for assuring
transparancy
No equalization in salary
26. Benefits of integration
In West Africa cost of kwh supposed to be reduced by 50
% if good interconnections between the different
countries of WAPP (West African Power Pool)