2. Surveys
(A Thumbnail Introduction)
“ A type of research to collect the data
and facts bout some certain situation or
issue from the target population existing
in surroundings having relevance to the
nature of study.”
“ Survey research is the research
strategy to study the relationships and
characteristics.”
3. “surveys are based on the desire to
collect information (usually by
questionnaire) about a well defined
issue or situation (hypothesis) from the
well defined population”
Surveys are method of data collection
in which information is gathered
through oral or written questioning”
4. “Data collection through survey involves
persuasion of respondents and then on
some level social interaction between
the respondents and the research
interviewer”
A team effort of many people having
diverse skills.
surveys are now used in all areas of life.
For example business, politics,
agriculture, industry, education, media
etc.
5. Why surveys? (Purpose & Uses)
To provide someone with information
(to describe the situations).
To explain the situations (analytical
surveys).
Problem identification & solving.
To measure the change.
To study attitudes, behavior and habits.
6. To examine the cause-effect
relationship.
To study the characteristics.
To formulate a hypothesis.
To test a hypothesis.
Decision making.
7. Types Of Surveys:
Descriptive Survey
“A descriptive survey attempts to picture or
document current conditions or attitudes
that is, to describe what exists at the
moment”
Examples:
Audience survey to determine the program
taste.
To study the changing values, life style by the
effect of some special type of program.
8. Analytical Surveys
“An analytical survey attempts to describe
and explain WHY certain situations exist.
Here we examine two, or more variable to
test our research hypothesis”
Examples:
How life-style effects the t.v. viewing habits.
Impact of war games on teenagers.
9. Some more types…
1- Factual surveys.
(respondents act as reporters).
2- Opinion surveys.
(respondents expresses his view point
opinion).
3-Interpretative surveys.
(interpretation )
Example: Why do you read newspapers?
10. Steps in the Process of
Survey Research
Step 1:-
Develop Hypotheses.
Decide on type of survey (mail,
interview, telephone).
Write survey questions.
Decide on response categories.
Design layout.
11. Step 2:-
Plan how to record data.
Pilot test survey instrument.
Revise the instrument.
12. Step 3:-
Decide on target population.
Get sampling frame.
Decide on sampling size.
Select sample.
14. Step 5 :-
Enter data into computers.
Recheck all data.
Perform statistical analysis on data.
15. Step 6:-
Describe methods and findings in
research report.
Present findings to others for critique
and evaluation.
16. Three Methods of survey
Mailed
questionnaire.
Personal interview.
Telephone interview.
17. The Mailed Questionnaire
It is one of the most
important data collection
survey method.
Mail survey involves
sending a cover letter and a
questionnaire to a specific
person.
18. Advantages
Low cost.
Reduction in biasing errors.
Greater anonymity.
Accessibility.
Less time & trained staff.
20. Personal Interviews
Interviewing is a form of
questioning characterized
by the fact that it employs
verbal questioning.
Together with the
questionnaire , interviews
make up the survey
method, which is one of the
most popular technique of
data collection.
21. Advantages
Flexibility in questioning.
Control over the interview situation.
High response rate.
Collection of supplement data.
23. Telephone Interview
Telephone interview
demonstrates the
same structural
characteristics as
standard interviewing
technique, except
that it is conducted by
telephone.
26. Mailed Questionnaire
Introduction
Mail survey involves sending a cover letter
and a questionnaire to a specific person.
The cover letter states the purpose sponsor
instructions and time of return.
The questionnaire---- totally self explanatory,
clear and simple.
27. Advantages of Questionnaire
Less expensive (no need of interviewers).
Quick results.
Less opportunity for bias and errors.
Wide coverage
Respondents may use personal records.
Collection of data about sensitive topics.
Less time consumption.
High response rate.
28. Disadvantages
Many factors effect on response rate
Low education.
Disliking to write.
Disliking to read.
No interest in the topic.
No further explanations
Lack of understanding of respondents.
We receive minimum amount of in
formations against open ended questions.
29. Disadvantages
No probing and clarification.
No identity of the respondent.(some
one else can also fill).
No supervision- partial responses.
30. When to design?
1-The problem
SOP
PSM
2-Literature review.
3-Hypothesis (Variables, Operationalization)
4-Literature review.
5-Sampling.
6-Questionnaire construction
31. Sampling
“The process of choosing some
representative members from the target
population”
1- Probability Sampling.
2- Non-Probability Sampling.
32. Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling.
Systematic sampling.
Cluster sampling.
Stratified random sampling.
Multi phase sampling.
Multi stage sampling.
Panel studies.
Spatial sampling.
34. Structure of the Questionnaire
There are three main elements:
The cover letter.
The instructions.
The main body.
35. The Cover Letter
The cover letter must have the following
details;
The main objectives and social significance of
the study;
The research team and its sponsors;
The reasons why the respondent should
complete the questionnaire;
Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality;
Requirements for completion such as maximum
time, conditions, etc;
Issues related to ethics.
36. The Instructions
How to fill the questionnaire?
To remind the Ethics.
To request the respondents not to
please the researcher.
37. The Main Body
It includes questions.
Be careful with regard to;
Content.
Structure.
Format.
Wording.
Flow.
38. Questionnaire Format
It refers to the general model which
provides guidelines on hoe the
questions should be placed?
Logical Order
Transition and Flow
40. Steps in Questionnaire
Construction
The process of questionnaire construction
goes through a number of interrelated steps
as;
Step 1: Preparation:
Decision for the most suitable type of
questionnaire.
Determine the way how it will be managed?
Literature Review.
Proper Guidance from the Experts.
41. Step 2:
Constructing the First Draft:
Formulation of the material.
Implementation of decided method of
questionnaire.
Secondary and tertiary questions.
42. Step 3: Self Critique:
Testing of ;
Relevance
Symmetry
Clarity
Simplicity
Accordance with the basic rules.
44. Step 5:
Re-examination & Revision:
After changing …Re-examination by
the experts.
Implementation of the final changes.
45. Step 6: Pre-testing:
Selection of the small sample.
Filling up of the questionnaire.
Analysis of the data.
46. Step 7: Revision:
Revision of the minor changes by the
researcher himself.
Revision of the major changes by the
help of experts.
47. Step 8: Second Pre-test:
Revised questionnaire filling.
Data analysis.
Adjustments & revision.
48. Step 9: Final Draft Formulation:
Editorial work.
Checking for spelling mistakes.
Legibility.
Instructions.
Space for responses.
Scaling issues
General presentation.
49. Types of Questions
Primary Questions
Directly related, as
“Who is boss in your home?”
Secondary Questions
Provides info on secondary issues
50. Types of Questions
Tertiary Questions
Padding Questions (Breather)
Probes (Stimulating)
Direct Questions
Do you believe in god?
Indirect Questions
Do u think that ppl of ur age and status
believe in god?
51. Types of Questions
Suggestive Questions
Filter and contingency Questions
Fixed alternative & Open ended
54. Response Sets
Ladder Scale
Likert Scale
Multiple Choice Options
Semantic Differential Scale
Ranking Scale
Fill in the blanks
Etc…..
55. Rules of Questionnaire
Construction
Well presented, easy to follow.
Good response categories
Clear instructions
Space for answers
Relevancy
Ambiguity
What not to ask?
The language
56. Rules of Questionnaire
Construction
Logical progression
Professional appearance
Print and colors
The size
Ethics
58. Types of Interviews
Structured vs Non-structured
Standardized vs Non-standardized
Other vs self-administrated
Unique vs Panel
Hard vs Soft
Personal vs non-personal
59. Types of Interviews
Oral vs written
Open vs guided
Problem centered
Clinical
Biographical
60. Interview: The process
Seeking respondents
Asking & recording questions
Field supervision and checks
Completion and interpretation