NANO TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS IN AEROSPACE

1. SANTOSH SANTU

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Why to use nano tech?
 Why atomic level( nano scale)?
 Nano materials
 Nano tech applications
 Applications in aerospace
 Disadvantages
 Conclusion
 References

4. 0.22 m
Fullerenes C60
22 cm 0.7 nm
10 millions
times smaller
1 billion
times smaller
WHAT IS NANOSCALE?
12,756 km
1.27 × 107 m 0.7 × 10-9 m

6. WHY ATOMIC LEVEL(NANO SCALE)?
 Nano materials are intermediate in size between isolated atoms ,
molecules and bulk materials . At this scale, matter shows exceptional
properties.
1.Due to smallness, mass is small. Electro- magnetic forces become
dominant.
2.Increased surface-to-volume ratio.
3.Quantum confinement . Due to smallness, electrons are confined in
space . This results in changes in electronic and optical properties.
Regardless of whether we consider nano or bulk, its physical and
chemical properties depend a lot on its surface properties.

7. HOW DO YOU BUILD SOMETHING SO SMALL?
 “Top-down approach” – building something by starting
with a larger component and carving away material (like
a sculpture).
 In nanotechnology: patterning (using photolithography)
and etching away material, as in building integrated
circuits
 “Bottom-up approach” – building something by
assembling smaller components (like building a car
engine).
 In nanotechnology: self-assembly of atoms and
molecules, as in chemical and biological systems

8. NANO MATERIALS
1.CARBON BASED
These nanomaterials are composed mostly of carbon, most
commonly taking the form of a hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or
tubes. Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials are
referred to as fullerenes, while cylindrical ones are called
nanotubes.
2.METAL BASED
These nanomaterials include quantum dots (closely packed
semiconductor crystal comprised of hundreds or thousands of
atoms, and whose size is on the order of a few nanometers to a
few hundred nanometers), nanogold, nanosilver and metal
oxides, such as titanium dioxide. Changing the size of quantum
dots changes their optical properties.

10. 3. DENDRIMERS
These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers built from
branched units. The surface of a dendrimer has numerous chain
ends, which can be tailored to perform specific chemical
functions.
4.COMPOSITES
Composites combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or
with larger, bulk-type materials. Nanoparticles, such as
nanosized clays, are already being added to products ranging
from auto parts to packaging materials, to enhance mechanical,
thermal, barrier, and flame-retardant properties.

11. CARBON NANO TUBE (CNT)
 CNTs also known
as buckytubes
are allotropes of
carbon with a
cylindrical
nanostructure.
Nanotubes have
been constructed
with length-to-
diameter ratio of up
to 132,000,000:1
 carbon nanotube,
the strongest and
stiffest materials
discovered till to
date

12.  Properties of Nano Tubes
• Strength :- Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest
materials yet discovered in terms of tensile
strength and elastic modulus respectively.
• Hardness:- The hardness of compressed SWNTs is 462–546
GPa, surpassing the value of 420 GPa for diamond
• Electrical:- In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an
electrical current density of 4 × 109 A/cm2 which is more than
1,000 times greater than metals such as copper.
• Thermal:- All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal
conductors along the tube, the temperature stability of carbon
nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and
about 750 °C in air.

17. AEROSPACE
APPLICATIONS

18. WHAT DOES THE INDUSTRY WANT?
 Materials that are:
 Lighter
 Stronger
 More Durable(fatigue
and corrosion)
 Resistant to Extreme
Conditions
 Also interested in
materials that have
unique properties http://www.washingtonstatewire.com/admin/contentmanager/photos/1914090722%
20Boeing%20787.jpg

19. INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS
 Advanced Composites
Materials
 Space Elevator
 Aerospace Paint
 Deicing Materials
 Jet engine applications
http://www.backpackersguide.co.uk/images/plane-travel.jpg

20. ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 Nano Fibers are laid out in
tape or fabric form
 put in a mold under heat and
pressure.
 The resin matrix flows over
nano fibers
 Heat is removed and it
solidifies.
 It can be formed into various
shapes. In some cases,
these fibers are wound
tightly to increase strength.
http://people.sabanciuniv.edu/~yusufm/research/composite.jp
g

21. ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
 Traditionally used: Aluminum
metal
 Aluminum made planes
heavier, consume more fuel
 Fiberglass was first used in
the Boeing 707 passenger jet
in the 1950s, only 2% of the
structure.
 Now , about one-third of the
structure of the commercial
planes uses composites
 Composites are stronger
 Composites makes aircrafts
lighter :~ 20% lighter
 Fuel efficient

22. SPACE ELEVATOR
 A space elevator is a proposed
type of space transportation
system .
 Its main component is a ribbon-
like cable anchored to the
surface and extending into
space.
 It is designed to permit vehicle
transport along the cable from a
planetary surface, such as the
Earth's, directly into space or
orbit, without the use of large
rockets.

23. BUCKY PAPER
 Buckypaper is a thin sheet made from an aggregate of carbon
nanotubes or carbon nanotube grid paper. Originally, it was
fabricated as a way to handle carbon nanotubes.
 Buckypaper is a macroscopic aggregate of carbon nanotubes
(CNT), or "buckytubes". It owes its name to
the buckminsterfullerene, the 60
carbon fullerene (an allotrope of carbon with similar bonding that
is sometimes referred to as a "Buckyball" in honor of R.
Buckminster Fuller).
 Buckypaper is one tenth the weight yet potentially 500 times
stronger than steel when its sheets are stacked to form a
composite. It could disperse heat like brass or steel and it could
conduct electricity like copper or silicon.

25. AEROSPACE PAINT AND SEALANT
 Sealants to seal the structures
like fuel tanks, aerodynamic
sealing, and windshield
installation
 PPG Aerospace chromate-free
de-paint/repaint process
includes a epoxy primer
 Based on nanotechnology
 Environment friendly
 Better adhesion
 Corrosion resistant
http://www.aerospace-technology.com/contractors/paints/ppg-
aerospace/ppg-aerospace3.html

26. DEICING
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8504734.stm
http://www.nano.org.uk/news/370/
•When a plane is in the air, icing
can occur
•plane’s performance suffers and
disasters can occur.
•Currently used techniques:
•use bleed air: heating the
surface with engine bleed
air
•mechanical boot: breaking
the bond between surface
and ice
• Issues:
•Too complex,
•too heavy
•draws too much power to
be effective

27. DEICING
 Solution by scientists at Battelle, U. K, deicing
fluid
 is based on nano technology
 weighs 1/100th of current ice protection systems
 uses simple painting methods
 can be applied to a variety of curved surfaces without
needing a custom heater pad design.
 How?
 sprayed on planes prior to flight.
 carbon nanotube coating is applied to surfaces then
energize that coating using the plane’s on-board
electrical system.
 causes the nanotube coating to heat up, thus preventing
ice from forming.

28. “Miniaturisation has obvious advantages in terms of
reducing the weight of cables and thus the overall
weight of the aircraft, helping to lower fuel costs. The
huge number of cables installed in a modern military
aircraft can have a significant impact on an its
weight.”

29. MILITARY APPLICATIONS
 Satellites weighing 15 tons or
more derive 1/3 of their weight
from copper harnesses( an
assembly of cables or wires
which transmit signals or
electrical power).
 Boeing 747 uses up to 135
miles of copper wire that can
weight more than 4000
pounds
 Copper wires also oxidize and
corrode, are susceptible to
vibration fatigue, and create
premature electronics failures
due to overheating conditions.
 Tiny carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) are set to replace
traditional copper wiring in
aircraft applications.http://base1.googlehosted.com/base_media?q=http://www.capitolsupply.
com/ImageServer.ashx%3Ft%3Dproduct%26h%3D200%26w%3D200%2
6imageid%3DCS8516813&size=20&dhm=fdfe56f1&hl=en

30. MILITARY APPLICATIONS
 Conductive coating to
be used on jet fighter
canopies - clear
bubbles that cover
planes' cockpits
 Coating will improve
electromagnetic
shielding and
electrostatic discharge
to prevent electronic
disruption
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/F-16_June_2008.jpg/800px-
F-16_June_2008.jpg

32. POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUTURE
 Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and
programmable materials that
 require less energy to produce than conventional material
 and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships,
aircraft, and space vehicles.
 The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of
nanorobotics.
 These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks
that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone
layer could potentially be able to be performed.
 There would be an entire nano surgical field to help cure everything from
natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs.

33. DRAWBACKS
 Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive
system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage.
 Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the
blood-brain barrier.
 The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the
Nano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that
can continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization.

34. CONCLUSION
 Even though nanotechnology is a fairly new area, it has incredible
potential and is a really exciting area to be involved in.
 Many of the applications discussed here are speculative to say the
least. However, they do not appear to violate the laws of physics.
 The time-to-nanotechnology will be measured in decades, not
years. While a few applications will become feasible in the next few
years.
 The time-to-nanotechnology is very sensitive to the level of effort
expended. Resources allocated to developing nanotechnology are
likely to be richly rewarded, particularly in the long term.
 In recent years every country is showing a lot of interest regarding
the space exploration programs . And, hence let's expect a faster
growth of nanotechnology in aerospace-applications.

35. REFERENCES
1. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology3.htm
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanotechnology
4. http://crnano.org/whatis.htm
5. http://www.wifinotes.com/nanotechnology/introduction-to-nanotechnology.htm
6. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100531082857.htm
7. http://www.technobuzz.com/applications of nano-technology in aerospace
8. http://http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/104.htm