Contenu connexe Similaire à Approach to splenomegaly (20) Plus de Sarath Menon (16) Approach to splenomegaly2. INTRODUCTION
Definition & symptoms
Classification
Hypersplenism
Etiology
Step-wise approach
Associated features
Investigations
4. NORMAL SPLEEN
Normal size – 12 cm length , 7 cm width
(radionuclide scan)
-13cm craniocaudal diamtr (USG)
weight- < 250gm
Located along- 9th, 10th,11th ribs mid-axillary
Spleen should be twice the size to be PALPABLE
Palpable spleens are not always ABNORMAL
3% normal population has palpable spleen
7. EXAMINATION OF SPLEEN
Inspection
Percussion – nixon method
- rt.lateral ducubitus, > 8cm
- castells method
supine,lower ICS ,full exp & insp
splenomegaly=dullness
- traubes sign
supine,6th rib,costal margin,
anterior axill. line
splenomegaly= dullness
Palpation - bimanual method,hooking maneuver
12. DIFFERENCES
Sharp edge
Notch –med border
Cross midline
Moves with
respiration
Cannot get above it
Round edge
No notch
Not cross midline
Not moves with resp.
Can get above it
spleen kidney
16. MECHANISM OF SPENOMEGALY
Reactive Reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia
Lymphoid hyperplasia
Proliferation of lymphoma cells
Infiltration by abnormal cells
Extramedullary hemopoeisis
Proliferation of macrophages d/t RBC
destruction
Vascular congestion
18. INFECTIVE
Acute & subacute- IMN, infective endocarditis,
severe pyogenic inf.
Viral hepatitis,CMV,AIDS
Chronic - TB,syphilis,brucellosis
Tropical splenomegaly
Malaria,kala azar, trypanosomiasis
19. CONGESTIVE
Intra hepatic obst.portal hypertension
- cirrhosis,biliary cirrhosis,hemochromatosis
- primary sclerosing cholangitis
Extra-hepatic portal hypertension
- venous malf,thrombosis,stenosis
- ext.occlusion of portal,splenic vein
Chronic passive congestion of cardiac origin
20. HYPERPLASTIC
Extramedullary hemopoeisis- myeloprolif.d/s
- marrow damage
- marrow infiltration
Reticulo endothelial hyperplasia –(abn.RBC)
- sickle cell d/s,spherocytosis,Hbnopathies,
thalassemia major,PNH
21. INFILTRATIVE
Malignant infiltration- CML,lymphoblastic
- lymhomas, MPD,
- angiosarcoma,tumors
- metastasis (melanoma)
benign -
- storage d/s –Gaucher‟s,Neiman-pick
- amyloidosis
- hurler‟s syndrome,MPS
- cysts,fibromas,hemangiomas,hamartomas
-Eosnophilic granulomas
23. MASSIVE SPLENOMEGALY (>8CM
>1000GM)
Myeloproliferative disorder
Chronic malaria,kala-azar (trop. Splenomegaly)
Storage disorders
Thalassemia major
Sarcoidosis
Hairy cell leukemia
Gaucher disease
Diffuse splenic hemangiomatosis
26. STEP-WISE APPROACH TO SPLENOMEGALY
History
Physical examination
Laboratory testings
Imaging
Specialised testing
27. HISTORY
Age ,gender
Race
h/o recent infections like malaria
Fever,weight loss,sweating (lymphomas,infections)
Pruritis
Abnormal bleeding/bruising
Joint pain
h/o alcholism
h/o trauma
h/o neonatal umblical sepsis
Residence & travel abroad
29. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Size of the spleen
Hepatomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Fever
Icterus
Bruising,petechiae
Oral & supf.sepsis
Stigmata of liver disease
Stigmata of RA/SLE
Splinter hemorrhage,retinal hemorrhage
Cardiac murmurs
30. LAB INVESTIGATIONS
CBC
Blood smear
Retic count
Blood C/S
Serology (fungal,viral,parasitic)
LFT
Hb electropheresis/ coombs test
Coag.profile
Amylase/lipase
AMA, Anti CCP,RA factor
Bone marrow analysis
31. IMAGING
USG- sensitive & specific non-invasive
CT scan – etiology of splenomegaly
- liver size,heterogenecity
- splenic mets, abscess,calcf.,cysts
- retro peritoneal LN
- craniocaudal ln > 10 cm
Liver- spleen colloid scan- (RBC –Cr51,Tc99)
- hepatic steatosis,SOL,splenic functions
- PHT,colloid shift +
MRI/ Doppler usg- portal/splenic vein thrombosis
- cavernomas
32. IMAGING
MRI scan- liver hemangiomas
hemochromatosis
erlenmeyer flask sign(Gaucher)
PET scan - Dx & staging of lymphomas
- determine metabolic cells in spleen
33. SPECIALISED TESTING
Abd.fat pad aspiration
JAK-2 mutation
Gene testing(bcr-abl ,C282Y)
Enzyme testing
Lymph node biopsy
FNAB spleen
Splenectomy
Lung or skin biopsy
Liver biopsy
34. SPECIAL SITUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
SPLENOMEGALY
Fever- typhoid,malaria,kalaazar, infect.endocarditis,
leukemia,lymphoma
Tender spleen- rupture,abscess,infarct
a/c illness+ anemia- AIHA,leukemia
Fever + LN- IMN,leukemia,lymhomas,SLE,sarcoid
Anemia- hemolytic anemia,hemoglobinopathies
Jaundice – cirrhosis,hemolytic anemia
Pulsatile spleen- aneurysm
High ESR- connective tissue disorder
Leukopenia- felty‟s syndrome,septicemia
35. TROPICAL SPLENOMEGALY (HMS)
Massive splenomegaly
Endemic areas of malaria,kala-azar
IgM antibodies +
No parasite in blood
Lymhocytic infiltration of splenic sinusoids
Long term anti-malarials
36. SUMMARY
Splenomegaly – major physical finding
Step wise approach- history,physical exam
Look for associated features
Lab investigation & Imaging
Search for etiology & treat