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Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                  Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha




Ref Page   Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 1/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                  Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

 Learning Objectives

      In this chapter you will learn about:


              § Computer
              § Data processing
              § Characteristic features of computers
              § Computers’ evolution to their present form
              § Computer generations
              § Characteristic features of each computer generation




Ref Page 01                Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 2/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                              Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

  Computer

      § The word computer comes from the word “compute”,
        which means, “to calculate”

      § Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can
        perform arithmetic operations at high speed

      § A computer is also called a data processor because it can
        store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired




Ref Page 01            Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 3/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                  Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

 Data Processing

      The activity of processing data using a computer is called
      data processing
                                 Data

                                   Capture Data


                                 Manipulate Data


                                  Output Results

                                  Information
              Data is raw material used as input and information is
              processed data obtained as output of data processing



Ref Page 01                Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 4/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                              Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

  Characteristics of Computers

      1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it
         automatically without human interventions


      2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs
         very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6),
         nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12)


      3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high
         and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.
         Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or
         unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage-
         In-Garbage-Out (GIGO)

                                                              (Continued on next slide)




Ref Page 02            Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers               Slide 5/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                           Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Characteristics of Computers
(Continued from previous slide..)


            4) Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness,
               and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for
               hours without creating any error and without grumbling


            5) Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost
               any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of
               logical steps


            6) Power of Remembering: Computer can store and
               recall any amount of information because of its
               secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain
               information only when it is asked to do so

                                                                           (Continued on next slide)



  Ref Page 02                       Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers              Slide 6/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                           Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Characteristics of Computers
(Continued from previous slide..)


            7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed
               to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard


            8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their
               judgement is based on the instructions given to them in
               the form of programs that are written by us (human
               beings)




                                                                           (Continued on next slide)



  Ref Page 03                       Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers              Slide 7/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                              Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

  Evolution of Computers

      § Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding
        machine in 1642
      § Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first
        calculator for multiplication in 1671
      § Keyboard machines originated in the United States
        around 1880
      § Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept
        of punched cards that were extensively used as input
        media until late 1970s




Ref Page 03            Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 8/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                           Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Evolution of Computers
(Continued from previous slide..)


            § Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of
              modern digital computers

                     §     He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822

                     §     He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in
                           1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions

                     §     His efforts established a number of principles that
                           are fundamental to the design of any digital
                           computer




                                                                           (Continued on next slide)



  Ref Page 03                       Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers              Slide 9/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                             Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

 Some Well Known Early Computers

      § The Mark I Computer (1937-44)
      § The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42)
      § The ENIAC (1943-46)
      § The EDVAC (1946-52)
      § The EDSAC (1947-49)
      § Manchester Mark I (1948)
      § The UNIVAC I (1951)




Ref Page 03           Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 10/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                              Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

  Computer Generations

      § “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It
        provides a framework for the growth of computer industry


      § Originally it was used to distinguish between various
        hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to
        include both hardware and software


      § Till today, there are five computer generations




                                                              (Continued on next slide)



Ref Page 05            Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers              Slide 11/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                                    Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Computer Generations
(Continued from previous slide..)




                            Key hardware          Key software                    Key                     Some
     Generation
                                                                                                      representative
      (Period)              technologies          technologies               characteristics             systems

    First               § Vacuum tubes          § Machine        and     § Bulky in size              §   ENIAC
    (1942-1955)         § Electromagnetic         assembly               § Highly unreliable          §   EDVAC
                          relay memory            languages              § Limited       commercial   §   EDSAC
                        § Punched       cards   § Stored    program        use and costly             §   UNIVAC I
                          secondary storage       concept                § Difficult     commercial   §   IBM 701
                                                § Mostly    scientific     production
                                                  applications           § Difficult to use
    Second              § Transistors           § Batch     operating    § Faster, smaller, more      §   Honeywell 400
    (1955-1964)         § Magnetic      cores     system                 reliable and easier to       §   IBM 7030
                          memory                § High-level             program than previous        §   CDC 1604
                        § Magnetic tapes          programming            generation systems
                                                                                                      §   UNIVAC LARC
                        § Disks for secondary     languages              § Commercial production
                          storage               § Scientific     and     was still difficult and
                                                  commercial             costly
                                                  applications



                                                                                               (Continued on next slide)




  Ref Page 13                              Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers                             Slide 12/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                                   Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Computer Generations
(Continued from previous slide..)



       Generation            Key hardware         Key software               Key                    Some rep.
        (Period)             technologies         technologies          characteristics              systems

      Third               § ICs with SSI and    § Timesharing       § Faster, smaller, more       § IBM 360/370
      (1964-1975)           MSI technologies      operating           reliable, easier and        § PDP-8
                          § Larger magnetic       system              cheaper to produce          § PDP-11
                            cores memory        § Standardization   § Commercially, easier        § CDC 6600
                          § Larger capacity       of high-level       to use, and easier to
                            disks and             programming         upgrade than
                            magnetic tapes        languages           previous generation
                            secondary           § Unbundling of       systems
                            storage               software from     § Scientific, commercial
                          § Minicomputers;        hardware            and interactive on-
                            upward                                    line applications
                            compatible family
                            of computers




                                                                                          (Continued on next slide)



  Ref Page 13                             Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers                       Slide 13/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                                       Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Computer Generations
(Continued from previous slide..)



        Generation              Key hardware                 Key software                  Key                Some rep.
         (Period)               Technologies                 technologies             characteristics          systems

     Fourth              § ICs      with       VLSI    § Operating systems for     § Small, affordable,     § IBM PC and
     (1975-1989)           technology                    PCs with GUI and            reliable, and easy       its clones
                         § Microprocessors;              multiple windows on a       to use PCs             § Apple II
                           semiconductor memory          single terminal screen    § More       powerful    § TRS-80
                         § Larger capacity hard        § Multiprocessing      OS     and         reliable   § VAX 9000
                           disks     as     in-built     with         concurrent     mainframe
                                                         programming                 systems         and    § CRAY-1
                           secondary storage
                                                         languages                   supercomputers         § CRAY-2
                         § Magnetic tapes and
                           floppy disks as portable    § UNIX operating system     § Totally     general    § CRAY-X/MP
                           storage media                 with C programming          purpose machines
                         § Personal computers            language                  § Easier to produce
                         § Supercomputers based        § Object-oriented design      commercially
                           on    parallel    vector      and programming           § Easier to upgrade
                           processing           and    § PC,     Network-based,    § Rapid      software
                           symmetric                     and     supercomputing      development
                           multiprocessing               applications                possible
                           technologies
                         § Spread of high-speed
                           computer networks

                                                                                                (Continued on next slide)



  Ref Page 13                               Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers                            Slide 14/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                                     Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

     Computer Generations
(Continued from previous slide..)



       Generation            Key hardware            Key software                 Key                  Some rep.
        (Period)             technologies            technologies            characteristics            systems

      Fifth              § ICs    with    ULSI    § Micro-kernel based,    § Portable computers     § IBM notebooks
      (1989-               technology               multithreading,        § Powerful, cheaper,     § Pentium PCs
      Present)           § Larger      capacity     distributed OS           reliable, and easier   § SUN
                           main       memory,     § Parallel                 to    use    desktop     Workstations
                           hard disks with          programming              machines               § IBM SP/2
                           RAID support             libraries like MPI &   § Powerful
                                                    PVM                                             § SGI Origin 2000
                         § Optical disks as                                  supercomputers
                           portable read-only     § JAVA                                            § PARAM 10000
                                                                           § High uptime due to
                           storage media          § World Wide Web           hot-pluggable
                         § Notebooks,             § Multimedia,              components
                           powerful    desktop      Internet               § Totally      general
                           PCs             and      applications             purpose machines
                           workstations           § More         complex   § Easier to produce
                         § Powerful servers,        supercomputing           commercially,
                           supercomputers           applications             easier to upgrade
                         § Internet                                        § Rapid       software
                         § Cluster computing                                 development
                                                                             possible




  Ref Page 13                               Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers                         Slide 15/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                   Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha

  Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations
  Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations




        (a) A Vacuum Tube         (b) A Transistor            (c) An IC Chip




Ref Page 07                 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 16/17
Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha
                                 Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha


  Key Words/Phrases

      § Computer                             § Integrated Circuit (IC)
      § Computer generations                 § Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
      § Computer Supported Cooperative       § Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
        Working (CSCW)                       § Microprocessor
      § Data                                 § Personal Computer (PC)
      § Data processing                      § Second-generation computers
      § Data processor                       § Small Scale Integration (SSI)
      § First-generation computers           § Stored program concept
      § Fourth-generation computers          § Third-generation computers
      § Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO)        § Transistor
      § Graphical User Interface (GUI)       § Ultra Large Scale Integration
      § Groupware                              (ULSI)
      § Information                          § Vacuum tubes




Ref Page 12               Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers          Slide 17/17

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Computer Fundamentals Chapter 01 introduction

  • 1. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Ref Page Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 1/17
  • 2. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Learning Objectives In this chapter you will learn about: § Computer § Data processing § Characteristic features of computers § Computers’ evolution to their present form § Computer generations § Characteristic features of each computer generation Ref Page 01 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 2/17
  • 3. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer § The word computer comes from the word “compute”, which means, “to calculate” § Thereby, a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic operations at high speed § A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired Ref Page 01 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 3/17
  • 4. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Data Processing The activity of processing data using a computer is called data processing Data Capture Data Manipulate Data Output Results Information Data is raw material used as input and information is processed data obtained as output of data processing Ref Page 01 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 4/17
  • 5. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Characteristics of Computers 1) Automatic: Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions 2) Speed: Computer can perform data processing jobs very fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and picoseconds (10-12) 3) Accuracy: Accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design. Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable programs are often referred to as Garbage- In-Garbage-Out (GIGO) (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 02 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 5/17
  • 6. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Characteristics of Computers (Continued from previous slide..) 4) Diligence: Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error and without grumbling 5) Versatility: Computer is capable of performing almost any task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps 6) Power of Remembering: Computer can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or looses certain information only when it is asked to do so (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 02 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 6/17
  • 7. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Characteristics of Computers (Continued from previous slide..) 7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its own decision in this regard 8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgement is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us (human beings) (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 03 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 7/17
  • 8. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Evolution of Computers § Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642 § Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671 § Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880 § Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s Ref Page 03 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 8/17
  • 9. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Evolution of Computers (Continued from previous slide..) § Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers § He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822 § He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions § His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 03 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 9/17
  • 10. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Some Well Known Early Computers § The Mark I Computer (1937-44) § The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939-42) § The ENIAC (1943-46) § The EDVAC (1946-52) § The EDSAC (1947-49) § Manchester Mark I (1948) § The UNIVAC I (1951) Ref Page 03 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 10/17
  • 11. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Generations § “Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry § Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software § Till today, there are five computer generations (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 05 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 11/17
  • 12. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) Key hardware Key software Key Some Generation representative (Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems First § Vacuum tubes § Machine and § Bulky in size § ENIAC (1942-1955) § Electromagnetic assembly § Highly unreliable § EDVAC relay memory languages § Limited commercial § EDSAC § Punched cards § Stored program use and costly § UNIVAC I secondary storage concept § Difficult commercial § IBM 701 § Mostly scientific production applications § Difficult to use Second § Transistors § Batch operating § Faster, smaller, more § Honeywell 400 (1955-1964) § Magnetic cores system reliable and easier to § IBM 7030 memory § High-level program than previous § CDC 1604 § Magnetic tapes programming generation systems § UNIVAC LARC § Disks for secondary languages § Commercial production storage § Scientific and was still difficult and commercial costly applications (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 13 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 12/17
  • 13. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep. (Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems Third § ICs with SSI and § Timesharing § Faster, smaller, more § IBM 360/370 (1964-1975) MSI technologies operating reliable, easier and § PDP-8 § Larger magnetic system cheaper to produce § PDP-11 cores memory § Standardization § Commercially, easier § CDC 6600 § Larger capacity of high-level to use, and easier to disks and programming upgrade than magnetic tapes languages previous generation secondary § Unbundling of systems storage software from § Scientific, commercial § Minicomputers; hardware and interactive on- upward line applications compatible family of computers (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 13 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 13/17
  • 14. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep. (Period) Technologies technologies characteristics systems Fourth § ICs with VLSI § Operating systems for § Small, affordable, § IBM PC and (1975-1989) technology PCs with GUI and reliable, and easy its clones § Microprocessors; multiple windows on a to use PCs § Apple II semiconductor memory single terminal screen § More powerful § TRS-80 § Larger capacity hard § Multiprocessing OS and reliable § VAX 9000 disks as in-built with concurrent mainframe programming systems and § CRAY-1 secondary storage languages supercomputers § CRAY-2 § Magnetic tapes and floppy disks as portable § UNIX operating system § Totally general § CRAY-X/MP storage media with C programming purpose machines § Personal computers language § Easier to produce § Supercomputers based § Object-oriented design commercially on parallel vector and programming § Easier to upgrade processing and § PC, Network-based, § Rapid software symmetric and supercomputing development multiprocessing applications possible technologies § Spread of high-speed computer networks (Continued on next slide) Ref Page 13 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 14/17
  • 15. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Generations (Continued from previous slide..) Generation Key hardware Key software Key Some rep. (Period) technologies technologies characteristics systems Fifth § ICs with ULSI § Micro-kernel based, § Portable computers § IBM notebooks (1989- technology multithreading, § Powerful, cheaper, § Pentium PCs Present) § Larger capacity distributed OS reliable, and easier § SUN main memory, § Parallel to use desktop Workstations hard disks with programming machines § IBM SP/2 RAID support libraries like MPI & § Powerful PVM § SGI Origin 2000 § Optical disks as supercomputers portable read-only § JAVA § PARAM 10000 § High uptime due to storage media § World Wide Web hot-pluggable § Notebooks, § Multimedia, components powerful desktop Internet § Totally general PCs and applications purpose machines workstations § More complex § Easier to produce § Powerful servers, supercomputing commercially, supercomputers applications easier to upgrade § Internet § Rapid software § Cluster computing development possible Ref Page 13 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 15/17
  • 16. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations Electronic Devices Used in Computers of Different Generations (a) A Vacuum Tube (b) A Transistor (c) An IC Chip Ref Page 07 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 16/17
  • 17. Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Computer Fundamentals: Pradeep K. Sinha & Priti Sinha Key Words/Phrases § Computer § Integrated Circuit (IC) § Computer generations § Large Scale Integration (VLSI) § Computer Supported Cooperative § Medium Scale Integration (MSI) Working (CSCW) § Microprocessor § Data § Personal Computer (PC) § Data processing § Second-generation computers § Data processor § Small Scale Integration (SSI) § First-generation computers § Stored program concept § Fourth-generation computers § Third-generation computers § Garbage-in-garbage-out (GIGO) § Transistor § Graphical User Interface (GUI) § Ultra Large Scale Integration § Groupware (ULSI) § Information § Vacuum tubes Ref Page 12 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers Slide 17/17