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Recycling of Rice Straw ,[object Object],- an entry point to sustainable  rice production,[object Object],Effects on soil, climate and farmers’ livelihoods,[object Object],2nd ECHO Asia Agricultural Conference,[object Object],September 21-25, 2009,[object Object],Chiang Mai, Thailand,[object Object],Winfried Scheewe,[object Object],DED-Cambodia/CEDAC,[object Object],Phnom Penh, Cambodia,[object Object]
Does rice straw have any value?,[object Object],Burning of rice straw is a common sight during the harvest period in many parts of South and Southeast Asia. ,[object Object],Farmers are unaware: Straw from one hectare contains 25 to 40 kg N. = Farmers are burning          money. ,[object Object],Yet, the energy (carbon) contained in the straw may be even more important. ,[object Object]
Biomass open burning – Global overview,[object Object],Burning of rice straw and other biomass is practiced in most Asian countries ,[object Object]
Overview,[object Object],	We will look here at some details of the recycling of rice strawby scattering it equally in the field or mulching. ,[object Object],Effects on soil ,[object Object],Effects on the atmosphere ,[object Object],Effects on farmers’ livelihoods ,[object Object],will be discussed,[object Object]
Why do farmers burn the straw?,[object Object],Straw was traditionally used as fodder ,[object Object],Mechanization less animals needed,[object Object],Additional cropping cycles,[object Object],straw disturbs land preparation  waste,[object Object],Availability of fertilizers,[object Object],To supposedly prevent further spread of diseases,[object Object],Concept: clean field, (variation of slash & burn),[object Object]
Why farmers should NOT burn it?,[object Object],1 ton of straw contains:,[object Object],5 to 8 kg nitrogen,[object Object],1.2 kg phosphorous,[object Object],20 kg potassium,[object Object],40 kg silica,[object Object],400 kg carbon,[object Object],Per hectare, about 5 tons of straw are left,[object Object]
What happens if the straw is burnt?,[object Object],400 kilogram of carbon go back to the  atmosphere,[object Object],93 % of the nitrogen goes back to the atmosphere, = 30 to 40 kg N/ha ,[object Object],25 % of the phosphorous and 21 % of the potassium disappear  ,[object Object],Silica is left, but the heat makes it insoluble.,[object Object],Straw burns with temperatures  up to 700◦ C,[object Object]
What can farmers do instead?,[object Object],Just leave the heap- do nothing (straw will slowly decay in one spot, much of the carbon will be lost),[object Object],Set up a compost pile (controlled composting) ,[object Object],Distribute the straw equally in the field ,[object Object]
Mulching – some considerations (1),[object Object],Scatter the straw equally soon (immediately) after threshing in the field,[object Object],The straw is left for about 4 weeks on the surface to decompose before plowing,[object Object],This allows bacteria involved in the decomposition to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere   ,[object Object]
Mulching – some considerations (2),[object Object],Ideally combined with a green manure  crop,[object Object],If possible, the straw should be only shallowly incorporated to decom-pose more for several days under aerobe condition before further land preparation for the next planting,[object Object]
What are the effects on the soil?,[object Object],Nitrogen and other nutrients recycled,[object Object],Additional N-fixed,[object Object],Part of the carbon is incorporated into the humus (SOM) content of the soil ,[object Object],Nutrient deficienciesminimized,[object Object],Iron (and other) toxicities reduced,[object Object]
A closer look at Nitrogen,[object Object],One tonne of rice grains absorbs about 12.5 kilogram N.If the yield is 4.5 tons, the grain contains approx. 56 kg N. ,[object Object],The straw contains about 30 kg  N.,[object Object],Grains  		56 kg NStraw	 		30 kg N-------------------------------------Requirement	86 kg N,[object Object]
Several farmers obtained yields of over 4 t/ha over many years without additional inputs.,[object Object],Question:If no synthetic fertilizer was applied, where did the nitrogen come from?,[object Object],- From the straw (per ha)	30 kg - N-fixation associated with  the  decomposition 		25 kg- N-fixation by soil-borne     micro-organisms 		27 kg- Rain				   4 kgTotal		            	 86 kg N/ha,[object Object],Several kind of orga-nismsare involved in natural processes which provide nitrogen to the crop.,[object Object], All need energy which the carbon of the straw supplies.,[object Object]
Humus content,[object Object],Over time, humus content increases,[object Object],pH level ↑,[object Object],Nutrient supply more balanced,[object Object],Plant health improved,[object Object],Insect problems less likely,[object Object],Soil structure improved,[object Object],Water retention increases,[object Object],Nutrient deficiencies corrected,[object Object]
Nutrient deficiencies corrected,[object Object],Farm of Isidro Prado,[object Object],After 15 years of conventional cultivationZinc deficiency became a problem,[object Object],Yield declined by 60 to 70%,[object Object],Straw application  within two years, yield back to normal levelsof over 4.5 t/ha(40 sacks from 0.38 ha),[object Object]
Iron toxicity corrected,[object Object],In some places iron toxicity is a problem due to ,[object Object],strongly reducing conditions in the soil and/or low pH,[object Object],low and unbalanced crop nutrient status ,[object Object],Causes stunted growth, extremely limited tillering.,[object Object],These conditions can be corrected just by returning the straw,[object Object]
Straw management and climate (1),[object Object],Burning  releases carbon,[object Object],Philippines: 3.26 million tons C per year (= 12 million tons CO2),[object Object],Total emissions 2006: 8.4 Giga-tons carbon ,[object Object],Burning causes pollution (including polycyclic aro-matic hydrocarbons, some are toxic),[object Object],Incorporation  may add to releases of methane ,[object Object]
Straw management and climate (2),[object Object],The main sources of greenhouse gases emissions in agriculture,[object Object],Million tons CO2 -eq,[object Object],Agriculture contributes between 17 and 32% of all global human-induced green house gases.,[object Object],Of this, 12% is caused by biomass (incl. rice straw) burning ,[object Object],Cool Farming: Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential, www.greenpeace.org  (2008),[object Object]
Straw management and climate (3),[object Object],Decomposition under anaerobe condition: Methane emissions ↑,[object Object],If synthetic N is applied Nitrous Oxide emissions ↑,[object Object],Synthetic N requires energy (~1.4%of the world's annual energy supply),[object Object], causes CO2 emission,[object Object],Generally:Recycling of straw minimizes releases of CO2 + othergreen house gases from rice fields,[object Object],Carbon (humus) in soil ↑,[object Object]
Straw management and climate (4),[object Object],Soils can serve as carbon sinks,[object Object],Generally, soils have lost carbon due to clearing and cultivation,[object Object],Claim by IRRI scientists: Irrigated soils still high in humus (or SOM),[object Object],Rainfed rice fields provide different conditions than irrigated fields,[object Object]
Effect on farmers’ livelihoods (1),[object Object],Comparaison MASIPAG (Organic) vs. Conventional (2003),[object Object],In the year 2003, the Philippine NGO TCSAI compared yield and income 10 pairs of farmers with adjacent organic and conventional fields irrigated fields and 12 pairs with rainfed fields.,[object Object],The organic farmer, who recycled  the straw had a almost 10 percent higher net income than their conventional neighbors. They had less costs for inputs, but therefore higher labor costs.,[object Object],However, the cost-benefit analysis did not includecost for the capital necessary to purchase inputs. Commonly, loans for rice production are obtained from informal lenders. Thus, most conventional farmer have significant deductions from their income due to higher capital costs.,[object Object]
Effect on farmers’ livelihoods (2),[object Object],Mr. Isidro Prado:,[object Object],Before recycling rice straw he needed to borrow 4,000.00 Pesos and paid up to 3,500 Pesos for each PHP 1,000.00 (=14,000.00),[object Object],Later he needed to borrow only PHP 2,000.00 for which he paid a much lower interest rates (= 3,750.00) ,[object Object]
STOP burning rice straw,[object Object],Need to raise awareness,[object Object],Many NGOs promote sustainable practices ,[object Object],Many provinces and municipalities have issued ordinances prohibiting the burning of rice straw,[object Object]
STOP burning rice straw (2),[object Object],Group of Advocates for Sustainable Agriculture, Inc.,[object Object],Tandag, Surigao del Sur,[object Object],AngPaggamitsaUhotsa malungtarongagricultura,[object Object],(The use of rice straw for sustainable agriculture),[object Object]
STOP burning rice straw (3),[object Object],CITY ORDINANCENO. 229, S-2006  (TAGUM City),[object Object],d. Agricultural Areas:,[object Object],1. Agricultural wastes, e.g. rice straws, corncobs, must not be burned but be stockpiled in a proper location and composted. ,[object Object]
Tribute,[object Object],The idea to recycle rice straw in the field was among others propagated by the late Lorenzo P. Jose, a pioneering organic farmer in Central Luzon, Philippines.,[object Object],Mr. Jose had learnt about this from the lateMasanobu Fukuoka, a Japanese farmer and philosopher. He first published his ideas about natural farming in his book The One-Straw Revolution.,[object Object],Mr. Masanobu Fukuoka. He died in 2008 in the age of 95 years.,[object Object]
Conclusion,[object Object],The recycling of rice straw by scattering it in the field follows nature’s way. ,[object Object],It is a simple way to recover and maintain soil fertility.,[object Object],Some progress has been made to address this “burning” issue. ,[object Object],Obviously more efforts are needed to inform farmers about  the benefits!,[object Object],Thank you !,[object Object]

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Effects recycling of rice straw 2009 09 23-v 07-2011

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