1. Spanish 3 Grammar Concepts Sancho Flynn

2. Table of Contents 1. El Pretérito 2. PreteriteTriggers 3. Car, Gar, Zars 4. SpockVerbs 5. Snake Verbs 6. SnakeyVerbs 7. CucharachaIrregulars and Triggers 8. El Imperfecto 9. ImperfectTriggers 10. ImperfectIrregulars 11. Preterite vs. Imperfect 12. Ser vs. Estar 13. Verbs Like Gustar 14. Comparatives/Superlatives 15. Transition Words 16. El Futuro 17. Future Irregulars 18. Future Trigger Words 19. Por 20. Para

3. El Pretérito Has a fixed point and time Has a beginning and end Events that happen a specific number of times Events that were part of a chain of events Used for sudden changes in mood, feelings, or emotions -ar verbs -er /-ir verbs -é -amos -í -imos -aste -asteis -iste -isteis -ió -ieron -ó -aron

4. Preterite Trigger Words There are many triggers words that make it a little easier to distinguish when the preterite is being used including: Ayer, después, el mespasado, entonces, anoche, and el otrodía

5. Car, Gar, Zars -car verbs -gar verbs -qué -camos -gué -gamos -gaste -gasteis -caste -casteis -gó -garon -có -caron -zar verbs -cé -zamos -zaste -zasteis -zó -zaron

6. Spock Verbs dar and ver -imos -í ser and ir -iste -isteis fui fuimos -ió -ieron fuiste fuisteis ir dar fue fueron ser ver hacer hice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hacer hizo hicieron

7. Snake Verbs Irregular preterites that change only in 3rd person (he, she, it) Verbs change from e-i or o-u An example for e-i would be decir which changes to dij- An example for o-u would be dormir which changes durm-

8. Snakey Verbs Like Snake Verbs, Snakey Verbs also change only in 3rd person Verbs change from i-y or e-y An example for i-y would be oír which changes to oy- An example for e-y would be leer which changes to ley-

10. Estar- estuv

11. Poder- pud

12. Poner- pus

13. Querer- quis

14. Saber- sup

15. Tener- tuv

16. Venir- vin-e -imos -iste -isteis All end in: -o -ieron

17. El Imperfecto Actions that were repeated habitually For telling time For stating one’s age For mental states (usually) For physical sensations (usually) To describe the characteristics of people, things or conditions For actions that “set the stage” for another past action -er/-ir verbs -ar verbs -íamos -aba -ábamos -ía -ías -íais -abas -abais -ía -ían -aba -aban

18. Imperfect Trigger Words There are a variety of imperfect trigger words including: a veces, a menudo, mientras, muchasveces, todos los días, and cadadía

19. Imperfect Irregulars As shown below, ser, ir, and ver are all examples of irregular imperfect verbs ser ir era éramos iba íbamos eras erais ibas ibais era eran iba iban ver veía veíamos veías veíais veía veían

20. Preterite vs. Imperfect

21. Ser vs. Estar Ser is associated with the acronym DOCTOR PED which stands for: D: description O: origin C: characteristics T: time O: occupation R: relationship P: possession E: events D: dates Estar is associated with the acronym HELPING which stands for: H: health E: emotions L: location P: present condition I N G

22. Verbs Like Gustar Some verbs like gustar are: Encantar: to love Molestar: to bother Faltar: to lack Fascinar: to fascinate Apetecer: to wish for Disgustar: to disgust Interesar: to interest

23. Comparatives/Superlatives The formula for comparatives and superlatives are: más + adjective + que (más meaning more and que meaning than) Same thing for less than which is menos + adjective + que Other words for comparatives/superlatives are: Tan como (as…as), tantocomo (as much as), and el más There are four irregulars in bueno, viejo, malo, and joven bueno mejorviejo  mayor malo  peorjoven  menor

24. Transition Words

25. El Futuro Infinitive + ending I, You, He/She, We, You All, They WILL The endings are the same for -ar, -ir, and –er Ser, ir, and estar are actually regular -é -emos -ás -éis -á -án

26. Future Irregulars Decir dir Hacer  har Salir  saldr Tener  tendr Valer  valdr Venir  vendr The future of “Hay eshabrá” = There will be Poder podr Querer  querr Saber  sabr Caber  cabr Haber  habr

27. Future Trigger Words En ___días, horas, semanas, años El proximodía, hora, semana, año Mañana, or any day of the to come

28. Por Passing through… PORtal General rather than specific location… PORtugal How long something lasts… PORever The cause of something An exchange… imPORt/exPORt Doing something in place of or instead of someone else… I’m POR, pay for me A means of transportation… transPORtation

29. Para For whom something is done… surprise PARAty Destination… PARAguay The purpose for which something is done… PARAsites To express an opinion… PARAdon me, but To contrast or comPARA To express idea of deadline… PARAmedic

30. Grammar Book Part 2 Sancho Flynn

31. Conditional & Irregulars Conditional Tense Irregulars The conditional is often used to express probability, possibility, and wonder and is usually understood to be would, could, must have or probably. Here is the suffix you would add onto –ar, -er, and –ir verbs: There are 12 irregular verbs in theconditional tense. They are: caber (cabr-), poner (pondr-), decir (dira-) haber (habr-), salir (saldr-), hacer (har-), poder (podr-), tener (tendr-), querer (querr-), valer (valdr-), saber (sabr-), and venir (vendr-). ía íamos ías íais ía ían

32. The perfect tense is compound, formed with the verb haber and the past participle of another verb. -ar verbs go to –ado; -er/-ir verbs go to –ido The action was completed recently. The perfect tense is true in both the past and the present. Perfect Tense he hemos has habeis ha han

33. Poner puesto Abrir abierto Hacer  hecho Cubrir  cubierto Morir  muerto Escribir  escrito Volver  vuelto Decir  dicho Ir  ido Romper  roto Ver  visto Resolver  resuelto Perfect Tense Irregulars

34. The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb haber with the past participle. The past perfect tense is used when you had or have done something. Like the perfect tense, you drop the –ar and -er/-ir and add –ado and –ido. Past Perfect Tense había habíamos habías habíais había habían

35. The subjunctive perfect tense is usually used to indicate that an action was completed with verbs in the present or perfect tense. Used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive. Present subjunctive + past participle Subjunctive Perfect Tense haya hayamos hayas hayáis Past participle haya hayan

36. We use ‘se’ to avoid specifying who is doing the action. The verb is always in the 3rd person when using ‘se.’ For example: Se vende pan en el supermercado. Impersonal Se

37. Saber Used to express factual information. Yo no sé tu número de teléfono. Conocer Associatedwithbeingunfamiliarwith a person, place, orobject. Yo no conozco a Sancho. Saber vs. Conocer

38. Tan is used with adjectives and adverbs. tan + adjective (adverb) + como We are familiar with the phrase: tan…como (as…as) Example: El libro es tan bueno como la película. Tanto is associated with nouns and adverbs. tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como We are familiar withthephrase: tanto…como (as many/much…as) Example: Juan tiene tanto dinero como María. Tan & Tanto

39. Affirmative: Conjugate to the 3rd person endings: ar (a), er/ir (e) Hablar habla Comer  come escribir  escribe Negative: Conjugate to the tú form: ar (es), er/ir (as) Hablar  no hables Comer  no comas Escribir  no escribas Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven DOP/IOP: DOPs must be attached to the end of the affrimative command, and they must be placed in front of the command if it’s a negative command. Example: Cómpralas, No lascompres IOPs must be placed in front of DOPs when attached to the affirmative command and when it’s a negative command. Example: Compramelo, No me lo compres Informal Commands

40. Formal Commands Usted: Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the opposite ending: ar (e), er/ir (a) Ex: hablar hable comer  coma escribir  escriba Ustedes: Conjugate to the yo form, drop the O, and add the opposite ending of the third plural form: ar (en), er/ir (an) Ex: hablar  hablen comer  comanescribir  escriban

41. Go to the yo form of the verb, drop the O and add the opposite nosotros form ending: Comemos comamos Mono Verbs: When you are making the verb reflexsive for nos, you drop the s Comemosnos  Comemonos Nosotros Commands

42. Indicative- facts, real, definite Mood- attitudes, uncertainty, hypothetical Put it in the yo form and change it to the opposite ending: hablar hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hableís, hablen Queconnects clauses When there is no change in subject from clause to clause, use infinitives. Subjunctive

43. Car, gar, zar are the same they always are: Conducir conduzcaDecir  digaJugar  juegueAlmorzar  almuerce Other irregulars are dar, estar, and saber. Hay  haya Subjunctive Irregulars dar dé demos des deís den den

44. Impersonal Expressions: Es buenoque, esmaloque, esmejorque, esimportanteque, esnecesarioque, esurgenteque All express a need, an order, or a desire Expressions of Emotion: Sentirque, alegrarseque, temerque, esperarque All express fear, joy, anger, regret, happiness, surprise, and pity Subjunctive Trigger Phrases

45. Serve the same function as they do in English (obviously) They are: Este(a) (this), estos(as) (these) Ese(a) (that), esos(as) (those) Aquel(la) (that _ over there), aquellos(as) (those _ over there) Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns