This document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). It discusses the differences between projects and programs, and defines various M&E processes like assessment, audit, supervision, monitoring, surveillance, review, and evaluation. It also defines indicators and provides examples. Targets are defined as the numbers or percentages set for intended results. Outcome levels including outputs, outcomes, and impacts are explained. Finally, an M&E framework example is shown to illustrate different types of data.

1. Foundation of M & EKey
Terminology
Sin Somuny, MD, MPH,
Executive Director, MEDiCAM
08-12 July, 2013

2. 2
Project and Program
• Project _ A time-bound intervention that is
carried out to meet established objectives
within cost and schedule, and is a collection
of one or more activities and usually involves
a single sector, theme or geographic area.
• Program _ A time-bound intervention,
which is a collection of one or more projects
that coordinate to achieve a desired program
goal.

3. 3
• Assessment _ A process (which may or may not be
systematic) of gathering information, analyzing and then
making a judgment on the basis of information.
• Audit_ Verification of the legality and regularity of the
implementation of resources, carried out by independent
auditors (Further step is investigation)
• Supervision _A process in which the legally responsible
organization, periodically reviews progress towards
objectives, identifies key obstacles, helps find workable
solutions and make strategic changes, as required
• Monitoring _ is the routine collection of information on an
ongoing basis to support basic management and
accountability functions and to establish that inputs,
activities and outputs have occurred.
Key Terminologies related

4. 4
• Surveillance_An ongoing, systematic collection, analysis,
and interpretation of health-related data essential to the
planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health
practice
• Review_An assessment of the performance of a project or
program, periodically or on an as-needed basis
• Evaluation_Is a comprehensive examination of the
outcome and impact; how it contributes to the purpose and
goal
– Focus on impact and sustainability
– May happen
» at the end of the phase
» and/or beyond the end of the phase
Key Terminologies related

5. Definition of Indicator
• An indicator can be defined as something
that helps us to understand where we are,
where we are going and how far we are from
the goal. Therefore it can be a sign, a number,
a graphic and so on. It must be a clue, a
symptom, a pointer to something that is
changing. Indicators are presentations of
measurements. They are bits of information
that summarize the characteristics of systems
or highlight what is happening in a system.

6. Indicator
Indicators are variables that help to measure changes, directly or
indirectly (WHO).
Indicators are “an indirect measures of an event or condition”.
For example: a baby’s weight for ages is an indicators of the
baby’s nutritional status. (Wilson & Sapannuchart, 1993).
An indicator is “a statistic of direct normative interest which
facilitates concise, comprehensive and balanced
judgments about conditions of major aspects of a society”
(Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969).
Indicators are variables that indicate or show a given
situation, and thus can be used to measure change”
(Green, 1992).

7. Some Examples of Indicators
• What is the indicator of weight?
• What is the indicator of temperature?
• How do you know that your child is doing good or
bad at school?
• How you measure your family’s economic status?
• How do we know whether people are healthy or
not? Or How do we measure health of the people?
• How can we understand the nutritional status of
children?

8. តម្លៃលទ្ធផលរំពឹងទ្ុក Targets
តតើអ្វីនិងចំនួនបុន្មា នដែលត ើងចង់សតរលចបាន?Whator how manydowe wishto accomplish?
• Numbers and/orpercentage set asvalueof IntendedResult for anindicator
• សរាប់សូចន្មករនីលួ ៗត ើងចំបាច់កំណត់តម្លៃលទ្ធផលរំពឹងទ្ុកFor each indicator we need toassign atarget value;
• ត ើងបញ្ជា ក់តម្លៃលទ្ធផលរំពឹងទ្ុកតោ សួរសំណូ រ-តតើអ្វីខ្ៃះឬចំនួនបុន្មា នដែលត ើងសងឃឹលថានឹងទ្ទ្ួលបានតៅកនុងរ ៈតពលកំណត់លួ we specify
thetarget byasking—whator howmuchwe hope to obtainina determined timeframe.

9. Example of target
• Fat people want to get thin and skinny
people want to get fat: What to do?
• Are you spending more than you earn?
• You are now earning about 400 US dollars a
month, what is your target for the next year
earning?
• What are the MDG 4 & 5 targets?

10. Inputs and Processes

11. Outputs and Outcomes

12. Outcome levels

13. Outcome levels

16. Program-based Data Population-based Biological,
Behavioral & Social Data
Staff
Funds
Materials
Facilities
Supplies
Input
(Resources)
Trainings
Services
Education
Treatments
Interventions
Activities
( Interventions,
Services)
# Staff Trained
# Condoms Distributed
# Test Kits Distributed
# Clients Served
# Tests Conducted
Output
(Immediate
Effects)
Situation Analysis
Response Analysis
Stakeholder Needs
Resource Analysis
Collaboration plans
Program
Development Data
Assessment
& Planning
Provider Behavior
Risk Behavior
Service Use
Behavior
Clinical Outcomes
Quality of Life
Outcomes
(Intermediate
Effects)
HIV Incid/Prev
Social Norms
STI Incid/Prev
AIDS Morb/Mort
Economic Impact
Impact
(Long-term
Effects)
របតេទ្តផេងៗម្នទ្ិននន័ ដែលបង្ហា ញកនុងគតរាងM&E(M&EframeworkIllustrative DataTypes)

17. % of delivery at health facility
% of Skilled Birth Attendant
% of Antenatal Care Visit
% of C-Section
% of anemia of reproductive women
% of anemia in pregnant women
Outcomes Impact

18. # of pregnant wo-
men referred for ANC
# of delivery paid
by HEF
# of women
educated
Training of
midwife
OutcomeOutputs
Health
Education
# of midwifes
trained
Health
Equity Fund
ActivitiesInputs
•Human
Resources,
•Financial
Resource,
•Infrastruct
ures
•etc…