3. The historical perspective
In the beginning, no protection for computer software. It
was de facto open source
Software was seen as a complement of HW
No copyright until 1980
No patenting until mid to late 1990s
Could be kept a trade secret, but not effective
Richard Stallman in the 1980s - founded
GNU and the Free Software Foundation
Open Source Movement
initiated by Eric S. Raymond
4. The historical perspective
1974 UNIX operating system developed at Bell Labs
1976 Richard Stallman published Emacs at MIT AI Lab
1981 First MS-DOS version
1983 Richard Stallman founds the Free Software Foundation
1987 GNU project releases the initial version of GCC
1990 Beginning of graphical OS
Released Windows 3.0 and OS/2.
1993 Linus Torvalds releases first version of Linux built
1995 Windows 95. Microsoft’s first fully graphical OS
1997 Debian Free Software Guidelines released
1998 Netscape releases navigator in source
6. The source of all: Copyright
• Copyright is a legal concept
It gives the creator of an original work rights to it
Limited in time
• Copyright also exists in Sofware
Open Source model is premised on That
Copyright is an intangible right; it exists independently of the
code
• Copyright Attaches On Creation of Original Code
Copyright Notice and Registration Not Required
Ownership Initially Vests in Authors or Institution
7. The four freedoms
• The software copyright as approved by the FSF (Free Software
Foundation) states the Four Freedoms (Richard Stallman,1984):
To freely re-distribute of the software without royalties or licensing fees
to the author
To get Source code available with the software or made available with
no cost of distribution
To analyse the code by anyone at anytime
To mofidy the software or derive other software from it, and to
redistribute the modified software under the same terms.
• The copyright forms not covering are Proprietary software, Closed
software
8. Misleading software
Some software companies take advantage of the open-
source movement to enlarge their visibility for other
purposes
The general public often gets confused the multiplicity
of terms:
Freeware : free but no source code
Shareware : not free and no source code
Public Domain : without copyright
Charityware : costs covered by donations
9. Open Source vs Free Software
• The ultimate goal of FSF (Free Software Foundation) is to
widespread the benefits of software for the whole mankind
• The Open Source Software pursues the technological development
and generation of knowledge in software by means of the available
collaborative tools.
• Open Source Software (OSS) is not as restrictive as the FSF.
Basically, the source code must be available
• The definition of OSS was
based on the Debian Free
Software by Bruce Perens
12. Open Source Licenses
Licenses define the copyrights of the software
Although the higher number of licenses, they can be grouped
into three categories:
Strongly protective: Can’t distribute proprietary version or
directly combine (link) into proprietary work (GPL)
Weakly protective: Can’t distribute proprietary version of
this component, but can link into larger proprietary work
(LGPL)
Permissive: Can make proprietary
versions (MIT, BSD-new)
13. Protective License : GPL
GNU General Public License (“GPL”)
Grants right to copy, modify and distribute
Requires that source code be made available to future
licenses
Generally Seen as “Viral” : Any derivative work is applied with
the same license
Potential incompatible with patents
Proprietary distribution models difficult
14. Weakly Protective : LGPL
GNU Lesser General Public License (“LGPL”):
Similar to GPL but more flexible in the terms
Somewhat easier for licenses to combine the LGPL code with
a separate program and distribute the combination under
separate licenses
Often used with Open Source Libraries that are compiled into
an application program
15. Permissive Licenses: BSD
BSD/MIT/Apache Style License:
More permissive licenses; claimed to be the open-
source licenses
Generally allow free distribution, modifying, and license
change; much like public domain software
No future open source requirement
Variants may include non-standard restrictions
E.g., no military use – but not OSI-compliant
Disclaims Warranties
Subject to third-party patent claims
17. The cathedral and the bazaar (I)
"The Cathedral and the Bazaar“ is an article published in 1997
The publication has become a prominent voice in
the open source movement
Raymond Co-founded the Open Source Initiative
in 1998
The author unveils a “development model"
through the history of the Linux kernel
This model is presented as revolutionary, since it Eric S. Raymond
is useful to build large systems without
apparently any or few organization at all
18. The cathedral and the bazaar (II)
The Cathedral: The “classic" model.
Closed environment.
Small group of leaders/developers.
Only “stable” releases on
Used both in classic models : waterfall, spiral
Examples: Microsoft Office, Acrobat Reader, GCC
The Bazaar: The model introduced by Linus Torvalds.
Open environment, any person can participate
There are no clear leaders
However, there is a benevolent-dictator
“Release early, Release often".
Examples: Linux, CVS, Fetchmail
19. Still there?
Don’t worry. We are about to finish …
21. Bussiness Models (I)
Free Software is promissing but …
I need to get my bills paid.
I need to pay with my mortgage
I need my son to go to the kindergarten
I need my health insurance
How do you we make a competitive
company of all that?
22. Bussiness Models (II)
Hecker classification (Frank Hecker,1998) is the most widely
accepted bussiness models by the OSI the Open Source
Initiative:
"Support Sellers," in which revenue comes from media
distribution, branding, training, consulting, custom development
"Loss Leader," where a no-charge open-source product is used
to promote other traditional commercial software
"Widget Frosting," for companies that are in business primarily
to sell hardware but which use the open-source model
"Accessorizing," for companies which distribute books, and
other physical items associated
23. Bussiness Models (II)
"Service Enabler," where open-source software is created and
distributed primarily to support access to revenue-generating on-
line services
"Brand Licensing," in which a company charges other companies
for the right to use its brand names and trademarks in creating
derivative products
"Sell It, Free It," where a company's
software products start out their product
life cycle as traditional commercial
products and then are continually
converted to open-source products when
appropriate
25. Companies using open-source
• IBM Corporation
Uses and develops Apache and Linux; created Secure Mailer
and created other software on AlphaWorks
• Hewlett & Packard
Uses and releases products running Linux
• Sun Microsystems
Uses Linux; supports some open source development efforts
(Forte IDE for Java and the Mozilla web browser)
27. OSS Conclusions
• The Free Software was envisaged by Richard Stallman and is
based in four fundamental freedoms:
Freedom of execution
Freedom of study
Freedom of redistribution
Freedom of modification
• Open source: supports the access to the source code which
allows to a faster spread of knowledge and enlarge the
community of users/developers
• Open Source Software is becoming the perfect spot for both
academia and industry for research technology transfer