SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  59
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
The Individual Geographies of Gentrification: between emancipation and conflict 
Dr Brian Doucet 
Assistant Professor of Urban Geography, Utrecht University 
Presentation to: Dynamiques démographiques bruxelloises 28 November 2014
The Future is Urban!!!!
The Future is Urban 
•Ed Glaeser The Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier 
•Richard Florida: The Creative Class 
•Cities will be the sites which solve many of society’s greatest challenges! 
–Economic growth 
–Environmental sustainability 
–Social mobility 
–Transport congestion 
–Innovation and creativity
•‘London by the mid-70s was on its knees. Peeling, crumbling, falling apart. There was no way out.’ 
–London: The Modern Babylon
The Future is Urban: a relatively new phenomenon 
1977 World Series 
‘The Bronx is Burning!’
The Revival of Cities 
•Deindustrialisation 
–Closure of factories, reductions in pollution 
•Rise of service sector 
–Finance, education, creative (located in cities) 
•Changing preferences 
–Boredom in the suburbs, excitement in the city! 
•Changing policies 
–Cities as ‘economic engines of growth’ 
•Changing transport 
–Desire to reduce travel times
The Celebrated City
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
When in doubt of what this city looks like… 
Think Jane Jacobs!
•This is what urban residents want 
•This is what developers want to build 
•This is what local governments try to promote 
•But...
What kind of city does this produce? 
•There are very nice, liveable, prosperous places, with walkable neighbourhoods, diversity, historic preservation etc. etc. etc. 
•There is a Geography to this! 
–Not all places look like that 
–Not everyone can live there 
•Increasingly rich core 
•Rising poverty in the suburbs 
•A more polarised population, labour force, neighbourhood structure
The Gentrification of the (inner-) City 
•‘The most politically-loaded word in human geography’ (Davidson and Lees, 2005) 
•Ruth Glass – class transformation through individual households 
•Neil Smith – class remake of the central urban landscape 
•The production of affluent space – no longer seen as just households 
–Governments, developers, housing associations
Gentrification 
•The biggest force affecting urban neighbourhoods 
•But also a product of the wider political and economic context 
–Gentrification in the Netherlands is different than in Belgium 
–Gentrification in Charleroi is different than in Brussels 
•Not just old working-class houses 
–New build developments, flagships, adaptive re-use 
–Upward class transformation 
•Implies some form of displacement 
–Often ignored by those who ‘make the city’ 
–So listening to those who live through it is important!
The Global Gentrification Landscape
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
The Gentrified City 
Seen as: 
•Successful 
•Prosperous 
•Sustainable 
•Creative 
•These are the spaces we are producing and aspiring to produce in cities 
•This is the Urban Renaissance 
•This is the Urban Future
The Challenge… 
Is to produce the types of cities that are both economically vibrant, prosperous, healthy places to be and cities which are inclusive to everyone who wants to live, work and play there. Otherwise the economic, social, cultural and health benefits of urban life will be increasingly accessible to fewer and fewer people. This will limit the ability of cities to be the sites which offer real solutions to society’s great challenges.
Neighbourhood change 
•Understanding neighbourhood change is key to unlocking cities’ potential as socially inclusive solutions 
–Dynamics and production of neighbourhood change 
–Governance of neighbourhood change 
–Geography of neighbourhood change 
–Experience of neighbourhood change
The Experiences of Gentrification 
•“My purpose here is…to point out that there is next to nothing published on the experiences of non- gentrifying groups living in the neighbourhoods into which the much-researched cosmopolitan middle classes are arriving en masse.” (Slater, 2006, p. 743) 
•“Our trio of case studies leads us to strongly endorse recent calls for critical gentrification researchers to pay more attention to how the power geometries of the latest incarnations of social mix will play out between the different groups in public space.” (Rose et al., 2013, p. 447
Two case studies 
•Indische Buurt in Amsterdam 
•Afrikaanderwijk in Rotterdam
The Context of the Netherlands 
•Gentrification doesn’t just ‘happen’ 
•Netherlands 
–Van ‘Bouwen voor de buurt’ naar ‘bouwen voor de stad’ 
–From ‘Building for the neighbourhood’ to ‘building for the city’ 
•But gentrification is milder than in other countries (UK, US)
Indische Buurt, Amsterdam 
•Built early 20th Century 
–Lower-middle class 
•1960s/70s suburbanisation of (middle-class) Dutch 
•Arrival of immigrants 
–2/3 of population 1st or 2nd generation 
•Housing stock: 20% owned, 70% social rent, 10% private rent 
•Gentrification in recent years (NW quadrant) 
–Housing and amenities
Methods 
•Semi-structured interviews with patrons of bruincafés in the Indische Buurt 
–Gathering places for working-class Dutch 
–Places under threat of displacement? 
•22 interviews 
–Supported by interviews with pub owners 
•4 pubs 
–One of which has subsequently closed
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd
Changes in the Neighbourood 
•Improvements to housing stock and public space seen as tangible benefits 
•New restaurants and amenities 
–‘contribute to the bustle of the neighbourhood’ 
•Change from ‘vague Turkish restaurant’ to ‘something nice and open, that I would visit without a doubt.’ 
•If ‘foreign’ establishments become more up market and cater to ‘middle-class tastes’ they were appreciated by our non-middle-class Dutch respondents
Changes in the Neighbourood 
•Changing demographics 
–Presence of immigrants 
–Arrival of ‘new Dutch people’ 
•3 groups in the neighbourhood 
–Dutch working-class 
–Immigrants and ethnic groups 
–Dutch middle-class gentrifiers
•‘I hear people say: the neighbourhood is going to be upgraded, more yuppies moving in, people who have higher salaries and who do not belong to the original population. Those are people, just like immigrants, who do not participate in the neighbourhood and who do not have a connection to people from the neighbourhood. They feel more distant.’
Changes in the role of pubs in the neighbourhood 
•Gentrifiers: a nice place to spend some time 
•Working-class: a vital element of their daily lives 
–‘Stimulate social cohesion in the Indische Buurt’
Changes in the role of pubs in the neighbourhood 
•‘My roots are here and I find them in the pub. I feel that in everything, in my fibres. This typical Amsterdam humour, people from Amsterdam always make fun of each other. Here I can handle it; here I feel it. Here I know it, you also know exactly what you can tell to a person or not. I really like that. It is also a bit of the old, familiar feeling.’ 
•In a changing neighbourhood, the local pub represents one of the last bastions of the old, working-class community
Changing social interactions within the pub 
•Welcome gentrifiers if they accept the norms of the pub 
•Are they searching for ‘authenticity’? 
•‘If the pub owner is dancing on the table, these yuppies find it brilliant … The yuppies are a bit fed up with these fancy, but cold, sterile pubs. But at least the groups [of yuppies] that come here always say: ‘you do not see this type of real brown pub that often anymore’
Changing social interactions within the pub 
•People who buy a house, I do not expect them to come here [to this pub], no … I think their social networks are very different … You will never see them in a pub here or in the Dapperbuurt. Their network is probably not in this neighbourhood either’ 
•‘this all goes very smoothly, they just are going to sit in a corner of the pub. Very cosy, after all Amsterdam stands for freedom, liberty, that is what you notice, also in this pub. You can do whatever you want, foreigners are welcome as well, of course.’ 
–Note that foreigners refers to tourists, not immigrants 
•Less openness towards immigrants
Afrikaanderwijk in Rotterdam 
•19th Century southern expansion of Rotterdam 
–Dockworkers and port activities 
•Mid 20th Century – port moved west 
–Neighbourhoods declined 
•Urban renewal 1970s/80s 
•Today over 80% non-western 
•3500 inhabitants 
•Average household income: 23,500; Rotterdam 29,300
The Afrikaanderwijk 
Current Transformations 
•Attract well-educated, double income families 
•Done through built environment 
•Some displacement, though much social housing retained 
•Those who ‘live through’ the process focus of our study
Rotterdam 
•Improvements to housing stock 
•Increase of owner occupied housing 
•‘Rich city with poor people’ 
•Attract more affluent people to the city in general, Rotterdam South specifically 
•Municipality, housing associations, developers leading this transformation 
–State-led gentrification
What about the residents who stay put? 
•Literature: loss of friends, family, amenities, community. New amenities ‘not for us’ 
•Research with Daphne Koenders: two themes 
–How changes in the neighbourhood affect perceptions towards 
•Amenities 
•Place Attachment
Hope 
•Hope that the neighbourhood will improve 
–Physical, economic 
•Many saw their neighbourhood as a problem area (achterstandswijk) 
•Hope that Dutch people will return to the Afrikaanderwijk 
–Expressed by Dutch and non-Dutch 
•‘I see that the Dutch are coming back to the Afrikaanderwijk. I think that’s great. First it was a ghetto, where only foreigners lived. Where were all the Dutch people? They had moved to the suburbs and now they are coming back. I think that’s good, diversity in society.’ 
–Hussam
Amenity Change 
•Many squares and public spaces remain the same 
–Not taken over by gentrifiers 
–Few businesses have left (yet) 
•Pride in the new stores and businesses that have arrived
Amenities 
•Not for us… 
–‘I can’t afford to go there … Everything is new and attractive. But even a sample is not affordable.’ 
•…but seen as important for the area 
–You can’t have an amenity for all inhabitants, a bit of variety is good … If you have six call centres (belwinkels) in one place that isn’t a good impression for the neighbourhood. This is more unique, for the new people here and maybe it even brings in people from the rest of Rotterdam.
Place Attachment 
•Our respondents indicate that they are more attached to the neighbourhood 
–They see the area getting better 
–No real loss of amenities 
–A lot is expected from the gentrifiers
Ethnicity of Class change? 
•Respondents (Dutch and non-Dutch) experience this as ethnic, rather than class change 
•You’re seen as Turk, Moroccan, Surinamese, Eastern European or Dutch first and social status is less important 
•‘They build these new houses and there are only Turks living in them. We are not going to improve like that.’ 
–Ria
Conclusions 
•We live in an age of cities 
–And that’s a good thing 
•Challenge is to ensure that everyone can benefit from this 
–Socially inclusive cities 
–Housing, employment, sustainability, amenities 
•Understanding the experiences of ordinary residents is central to analysing the effects of neighbourhood change
•Gentrification often seen as a threat OR an improvement to the neighbourood 
–Our respondents see both 
•More nuanced – not so ‘black/white’’ 
•Many benefits of gentrification enjoyed by all residents 
–Increased amenities, safety, public space 
•These will only be temporary if residents/businesses get displaced 
•We see gentrification as a class transformation, many residents see it as an ethnic change (Dutch returning)
Policy recommendations 
•Provision for housing to ensure that residents can remain in the area to enjoy benefits of neighbourhood improvement 
•Strong social or not-for-profit housing 
–Many respondents not under immediate threat of displacement 
•Neighbourhood improvement without displacement should be the ultimate goal 
•Policies to encourage mix of amenities 
–Amenities important for place identity, community, stability 
•Listen to people who live in these places
Thanks! www.briandoucet.com, b.m.doucet@uu.nl @bmdoucet

Contenu connexe

Tendances

seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15
seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15
seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15seartsorg
 
Remembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internet
Remembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internetRemembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internet
Remembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internetAlan Freeman
 
8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview
8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview
8.2 - Dream Nonprofit OverviewJessica L Kindrick
 
Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013
Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013
Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013social_life_presentations
 
Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health London Dialogue
Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health London DialogueCentre for Urban Design and Mental Health London Dialogue
Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health London DialogueLayla McCay
 
Dominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder care
Dominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder careDominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder care
Dominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder careRunwaySale
 
Art Reach 20th Anniversary Annual Report
Art Reach 20th Anniversary Annual ReportArt Reach 20th Anniversary Annual Report
Art Reach 20th Anniversary Annual ReportPamela Shropshire
 
Death of great american cities synopsis
 Death of great american cities synopsis Death of great american cities synopsis
Death of great american cities synopsisSomesh Siddharth
 

Tendances (10)

Gentrification
GentrificationGentrification
Gentrification
 
seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15
seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15
seARTS Overview Presented to Gloucester Rotary 9-8-15
 
Remembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internet
Remembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internetRemembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internet
Remembering the future: Place and narrative in the age of the internet
 
8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview
8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview
8.2 - Dream Nonprofit Overview
 
Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013
Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013
Placemaking & social investment in Malmö November 2013
 
Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health London Dialogue
Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health London DialogueCentre for Urban Design and Mental Health London Dialogue
Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health London Dialogue
 
New Settlements or New Communities
New Settlements or New CommunitiesNew Settlements or New Communities
New Settlements or New Communities
 
Dominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder care
Dominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder careDominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder care
Dominic Campbell - Arts and creativity: A role in elder care
 
Art Reach 20th Anniversary Annual Report
Art Reach 20th Anniversary Annual ReportArt Reach 20th Anniversary Annual Report
Art Reach 20th Anniversary Annual Report
 
Death of great american cities synopsis
 Death of great american cities synopsis Death of great american cities synopsis
Death of great american cities synopsis
 

En vedette

International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009
International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009
International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009Coventry University
 
Fringe birmingham lep
Fringe   birmingham lepFringe   birmingham lep
Fringe birmingham leplgconf11
 
Industrial Change In The Uk
Industrial Change In The UkIndustrial Change In The Uk
Industrial Change In The Ukljordan
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTSCAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTSGeorge Dumitrache
 
Managing Urban Change Revision
Managing Urban Change RevisionManaging Urban Change Revision
Managing Urban Change Revisionguest84ae68
 
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisation
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisationL9. winners and losers of deindustruialisation
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisationandypinks
 
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap   review and intro to regenerationL8 ap   review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap review and intro to regenerationandypinks
 
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap   review and intro to regenerationL8 ap   review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap review and intro to regenerationandypinks
 
List of case studies for each unit
List of case studies for each unitList of case studies for each unit
List of case studies for each unitPerrymanGeography
 
Urban change in Birmingham
Urban change in BirminghamUrban change in Birmingham
Urban change in BirminghamPLANETGE0GRAPHY
 
Economic change revision
Economic change revisionEconomic change revision
Economic change revisionMissliv
 
AQA Case Studies Geography
AQA Case Studies GeographyAQA Case Studies Geography
AQA Case Studies Geographyanicholls1234
 

En vedette (15)

International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009
International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009
International Journal Neighbourhood Renewal Conference 2009
 
Fringe birmingham lep
Fringe   birmingham lepFringe   birmingham lep
Fringe birmingham lep
 
Industrial Change In The Uk
Industrial Change In The UkIndustrial Change In The Uk
Industrial Change In The Uk
 
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTSCAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTS
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 5 SETTLEMENTS
 
Managing Urban Change Revision
Managing Urban Change RevisionManaging Urban Change Revision
Managing Urban Change Revision
 
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisation
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisationL9. winners and losers of deindustruialisation
L9. winners and losers of deindustruialisation
 
Rebranding
RebrandingRebranding
Rebranding
 
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap   review and intro to regenerationL8 ap   review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
 
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap   review and intro to regenerationL8 ap   review and intro to regeneration
L8 ap review and intro to regeneration
 
Rebranding
RebrandingRebranding
Rebranding
 
List of case studies for each unit
List of case studies for each unitList of case studies for each unit
List of case studies for each unit
 
Urban change in Birmingham
Urban change in BirminghamUrban change in Birmingham
Urban change in Birmingham
 
Economic change revision
Economic change revisionEconomic change revision
Economic change revision
 
the economy of UK
the economy of UKthe economy of UK
the economy of UK
 
AQA Case Studies Geography
AQA Case Studies GeographyAQA Case Studies Geography
AQA Case Studies Geography
 

Similaire à 20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd

Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7
Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7
Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7Galala University
 
10 07-14 slides
10 07-14 slides10 07-14 slides
10 07-14 slideskarah515
 
1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose
1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose
1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie roseifa2012
 
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realm
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realmSocio economic-cultural aspects of urban realm
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realmMoksha Bhatia
 
suburbization.ppt
suburbization.pptsuburbization.ppt
suburbization.pptNeha Madan
 
540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...
540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...
540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...Urban Leadership Foundation
 
The evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site plan
The evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site planThe evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site plan
The evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site planNigel Campbell
 
Paul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentation
Paul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentationPaul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentation
Paul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentationPhil Jones
 
Be the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summaries
Be the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summariesBe the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summaries
Be the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summariesBe the change - Cambridge
 
20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience
20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience
20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of ResilienceAlbert van der Kooij
 
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history Amit Pokharel
 
Settlement - Introduction for the topic
Settlement - Introduction for the topicSettlement - Introduction for the topic
Settlement - Introduction for the topicErnesto Correa Gómez
 
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history -final
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history -finalPatterns of neighbourhood structure in history -final
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history -finalAmit Pokharel
 
Urban planning theories
Urban planning theoriesUrban planning theories
Urban planning theoriesAkanksha Modi
 

Similaire à 20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd (20)

Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7
Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7
Daup mupd-upl-2015-lecture 7
 
YM AIA ME 2016 Presentation
YM AIA ME 2016 PresentationYM AIA ME 2016 Presentation
YM AIA ME 2016 Presentation
 
ideas 1.pptx
ideas 1.pptxideas 1.pptx
ideas 1.pptx
 
Iap2 north america conference
Iap2 north america conferenceIap2 north america conference
Iap2 north america conference
 
10 07-14 slides
10 07-14 slides10 07-14 slides
10 07-14 slides
 
1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose
1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose
1 lavoie-ifa may 2012 gentrification lavoie rose
 
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realm
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realmSocio economic-cultural aspects of urban realm
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realm
 
suburbization.ppt
suburbization.pptsuburbization.ppt
suburbization.ppt
 
Gentrification in DC
Gentrification in DCGentrification in DC
Gentrification in DC
 
540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...
540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...
540-7 Missiological Tools for Analyzing Urban Realities: Urban Anthropology a...
 
The evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site plan
The evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site planThe evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site plan
The evolving East Port of Spain growth pole and heritage site plan
 
Paul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentation
Paul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentationPaul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentation
Paul Long Royal Geographical Society 2014 presentation
 
Be the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summaries
Be the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summariesBe the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summaries
Be the change - Cambridge: Conversation Cafe summaries
 
20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience
20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience
20121131 i week liepaja 2012, Art of Resilience
 
Urban farming 9
Urban farming 9Urban farming 9
Urban farming 9
 
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history
 
Unit 4. towns and cities
Unit 4. towns and citiesUnit 4. towns and cities
Unit 4. towns and cities
 
Settlement - Introduction for the topic
Settlement - Introduction for the topicSettlement - Introduction for the topic
Settlement - Introduction for the topic
 
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history -final
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history -finalPatterns of neighbourhood structure in history -final
Patterns of neighbourhood structure in history -final
 
Urban planning theories
Urban planning theoriesUrban planning theories
Urban planning theories
 

Plus de SocDemoFB

20141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_2
20141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_220141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_2
20141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_2SocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd
20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd
20141128 demogr bxl_01_xdSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml
20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml
20141128 demogr bxl_10_mlSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv
20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv
20141128 demogr bxl_08_cvSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg
20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg
20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpgSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv
20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv
20141128 demogr bxl_06_mvSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph
20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph
20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jphSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em
20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em
20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_emSocDemoFB
 
20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al
20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al
20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_alSocDemoFB
 
Descriptif dynam demogrbrux
Descriptif dynam demogrbruxDescriptif dynam demogrbrux
Descriptif dynam demogrbruxSocDemoFB
 

Plus de SocDemoFB (10)

20141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_2
20141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_220141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_2
20141128 demogr bxl_03_cd_2
 
20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd
20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd
20141128 demogr bxl_01_xd
 
20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml
20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml
20141128 demogr bxl_10_ml
 
20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv
20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv
20141128 demogr bxl_08_cv
 
20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg
20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg
20141128 demogr bxl_07_jpg
 
20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv
20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv
20141128 demogr bxl_06_mv
 
20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph
20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph
20141128 demogr bxl_05_3_jph
 
20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em
20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em
20141128 demogr bxl_04_qs_em
 
20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al
20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al
20141128 demogr bxl_02_evh_et_al
 
Descriptif dynam demogrbrux
Descriptif dynam demogrbruxDescriptif dynam demogrbrux
Descriptif dynam demogrbrux
 

Dernier

Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?
Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?
Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?Beth Jusino
 
BaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptx
BaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptxBaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptx
BaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptxRaquellaBaruwa
 
DAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptx
DAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptxDAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptx
DAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptxFamilyWorshipCenterD
 
110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation
110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation
110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt PresentationNorHaiFatun
 
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...Kayode Fayemi
 
LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...
LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...
LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti
 
wonder woman:quiz on female achievements
wonder woman:quiz on female achievementswonder woman:quiz on female achievements
wonder woman:quiz on female achievementsRemya Roshni
 
Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -
Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -
Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -alopatenko
 
Retail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptx
Retail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptxRetail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptx
Retail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptxBharathBunny10
 
2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf
2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf
2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdfJoerg Speikamp
 

Dernier (12)

Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?
Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?
Self Editing Your Novel Part 3: Who's Telling This Story?
 
BaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptx
BaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptxBaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptx
BaruwaRaquella_Retail Store Presentation.pptx
 
DAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptx
DAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptxDAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptx
DAY 06 A Revelation 03-10-2024 PpPT.pptx
 
Tethex Cards - complete presentation in English
Tethex Cards - complete presentation in EnglishTethex Cards - complete presentation in English
Tethex Cards - complete presentation in English
 
NOC_SXSW_Non-ObviousThinking_2024_SLIDES.pptx
NOC_SXSW_Non-ObviousThinking_2024_SLIDES.pptxNOC_SXSW_Non-ObviousThinking_2024_SLIDES.pptx
NOC_SXSW_Non-ObviousThinking_2024_SLIDES.pptx
 
110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation
110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation
110 Philippines. quiz bee Power PoInt Presentation
 
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...
Leadership in Difficult Times- Strategies for Overcoming Challenges - Reflect...
 
LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...
LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...
LAUNCH: Intersections between violence against children and violence against ...
 
wonder woman:quiz on female achievements
wonder woman:quiz on female achievementswonder woman:quiz on female achievements
wonder woman:quiz on female achievements
 
Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -
Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -
Evaluating LLM Models for Production Systems Methods and Practices -
 
Retail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptx
Retail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptxRetail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptx
Retail marketing Supply chain management SLIDESHARE.pptx
 
2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf
2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf
2024 QRC PLM Recruitment Praesentation.pdf
 

20141128 demogr bxl_09_bd

  • 1. The Individual Geographies of Gentrification: between emancipation and conflict Dr Brian Doucet Assistant Professor of Urban Geography, Utrecht University Presentation to: Dynamiques démographiques bruxelloises 28 November 2014
  • 2. The Future is Urban!!!!
  • 3. The Future is Urban •Ed Glaeser The Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier •Richard Florida: The Creative Class •Cities will be the sites which solve many of society’s greatest challenges! –Economic growth –Environmental sustainability –Social mobility –Transport congestion –Innovation and creativity
  • 4. •‘London by the mid-70s was on its knees. Peeling, crumbling, falling apart. There was no way out.’ –London: The Modern Babylon
  • 5. The Future is Urban: a relatively new phenomenon 1977 World Series ‘The Bronx is Burning!’
  • 6. The Revival of Cities •Deindustrialisation –Closure of factories, reductions in pollution •Rise of service sector –Finance, education, creative (located in cities) •Changing preferences –Boredom in the suburbs, excitement in the city! •Changing policies –Cities as ‘economic engines of growth’ •Changing transport –Desire to reduce travel times
  • 16. When in doubt of what this city looks like… Think Jane Jacobs!
  • 17. •This is what urban residents want •This is what developers want to build •This is what local governments try to promote •But...
  • 18. What kind of city does this produce? •There are very nice, liveable, prosperous places, with walkable neighbourhoods, diversity, historic preservation etc. etc. etc. •There is a Geography to this! –Not all places look like that –Not everyone can live there •Increasingly rich core •Rising poverty in the suburbs •A more polarised population, labour force, neighbourhood structure
  • 19. The Gentrification of the (inner-) City •‘The most politically-loaded word in human geography’ (Davidson and Lees, 2005) •Ruth Glass – class transformation through individual households •Neil Smith – class remake of the central urban landscape •The production of affluent space – no longer seen as just households –Governments, developers, housing associations
  • 20. Gentrification •The biggest force affecting urban neighbourhoods •But also a product of the wider political and economic context –Gentrification in the Netherlands is different than in Belgium –Gentrification in Charleroi is different than in Brussels •Not just old working-class houses –New build developments, flagships, adaptive re-use –Upward class transformation •Implies some form of displacement –Often ignored by those who ‘make the city’ –So listening to those who live through it is important!
  • 27. The Gentrified City Seen as: •Successful •Prosperous •Sustainable •Creative •These are the spaces we are producing and aspiring to produce in cities •This is the Urban Renaissance •This is the Urban Future
  • 28. The Challenge… Is to produce the types of cities that are both economically vibrant, prosperous, healthy places to be and cities which are inclusive to everyone who wants to live, work and play there. Otherwise the economic, social, cultural and health benefits of urban life will be increasingly accessible to fewer and fewer people. This will limit the ability of cities to be the sites which offer real solutions to society’s great challenges.
  • 29. Neighbourhood change •Understanding neighbourhood change is key to unlocking cities’ potential as socially inclusive solutions –Dynamics and production of neighbourhood change –Governance of neighbourhood change –Geography of neighbourhood change –Experience of neighbourhood change
  • 30. The Experiences of Gentrification •“My purpose here is…to point out that there is next to nothing published on the experiences of non- gentrifying groups living in the neighbourhoods into which the much-researched cosmopolitan middle classes are arriving en masse.” (Slater, 2006, p. 743) •“Our trio of case studies leads us to strongly endorse recent calls for critical gentrification researchers to pay more attention to how the power geometries of the latest incarnations of social mix will play out between the different groups in public space.” (Rose et al., 2013, p. 447
  • 31. Two case studies •Indische Buurt in Amsterdam •Afrikaanderwijk in Rotterdam
  • 32. The Context of the Netherlands •Gentrification doesn’t just ‘happen’ •Netherlands –Van ‘Bouwen voor de buurt’ naar ‘bouwen voor de stad’ –From ‘Building for the neighbourhood’ to ‘building for the city’ •But gentrification is milder than in other countries (UK, US)
  • 33. Indische Buurt, Amsterdam •Built early 20th Century –Lower-middle class •1960s/70s suburbanisation of (middle-class) Dutch •Arrival of immigrants –2/3 of population 1st or 2nd generation •Housing stock: 20% owned, 70% social rent, 10% private rent •Gentrification in recent years (NW quadrant) –Housing and amenities
  • 34. Methods •Semi-structured interviews with patrons of bruincafés in the Indische Buurt –Gathering places for working-class Dutch –Places under threat of displacement? •22 interviews –Supported by interviews with pub owners •4 pubs –One of which has subsequently closed
  • 40. Changes in the Neighbourood •Improvements to housing stock and public space seen as tangible benefits •New restaurants and amenities –‘contribute to the bustle of the neighbourhood’ •Change from ‘vague Turkish restaurant’ to ‘something nice and open, that I would visit without a doubt.’ •If ‘foreign’ establishments become more up market and cater to ‘middle-class tastes’ they were appreciated by our non-middle-class Dutch respondents
  • 41. Changes in the Neighbourood •Changing demographics –Presence of immigrants –Arrival of ‘new Dutch people’ •3 groups in the neighbourhood –Dutch working-class –Immigrants and ethnic groups –Dutch middle-class gentrifiers
  • 42. •‘I hear people say: the neighbourhood is going to be upgraded, more yuppies moving in, people who have higher salaries and who do not belong to the original population. Those are people, just like immigrants, who do not participate in the neighbourhood and who do not have a connection to people from the neighbourhood. They feel more distant.’
  • 43. Changes in the role of pubs in the neighbourhood •Gentrifiers: a nice place to spend some time •Working-class: a vital element of their daily lives –‘Stimulate social cohesion in the Indische Buurt’
  • 44. Changes in the role of pubs in the neighbourhood •‘My roots are here and I find them in the pub. I feel that in everything, in my fibres. This typical Amsterdam humour, people from Amsterdam always make fun of each other. Here I can handle it; here I feel it. Here I know it, you also know exactly what you can tell to a person or not. I really like that. It is also a bit of the old, familiar feeling.’ •In a changing neighbourhood, the local pub represents one of the last bastions of the old, working-class community
  • 45. Changing social interactions within the pub •Welcome gentrifiers if they accept the norms of the pub •Are they searching for ‘authenticity’? •‘If the pub owner is dancing on the table, these yuppies find it brilliant … The yuppies are a bit fed up with these fancy, but cold, sterile pubs. But at least the groups [of yuppies] that come here always say: ‘you do not see this type of real brown pub that often anymore’
  • 46. Changing social interactions within the pub •People who buy a house, I do not expect them to come here [to this pub], no … I think their social networks are very different … You will never see them in a pub here or in the Dapperbuurt. Their network is probably not in this neighbourhood either’ •‘this all goes very smoothly, they just are going to sit in a corner of the pub. Very cosy, after all Amsterdam stands for freedom, liberty, that is what you notice, also in this pub. You can do whatever you want, foreigners are welcome as well, of course.’ –Note that foreigners refers to tourists, not immigrants •Less openness towards immigrants
  • 47. Afrikaanderwijk in Rotterdam •19th Century southern expansion of Rotterdam –Dockworkers and port activities •Mid 20th Century – port moved west –Neighbourhoods declined •Urban renewal 1970s/80s •Today over 80% non-western •3500 inhabitants •Average household income: 23,500; Rotterdam 29,300
  • 48. The Afrikaanderwijk Current Transformations •Attract well-educated, double income families •Done through built environment •Some displacement, though much social housing retained •Those who ‘live through’ the process focus of our study
  • 49. Rotterdam •Improvements to housing stock •Increase of owner occupied housing •‘Rich city with poor people’ •Attract more affluent people to the city in general, Rotterdam South specifically •Municipality, housing associations, developers leading this transformation –State-led gentrification
  • 50. What about the residents who stay put? •Literature: loss of friends, family, amenities, community. New amenities ‘not for us’ •Research with Daphne Koenders: two themes –How changes in the neighbourhood affect perceptions towards •Amenities •Place Attachment
  • 51. Hope •Hope that the neighbourhood will improve –Physical, economic •Many saw their neighbourhood as a problem area (achterstandswijk) •Hope that Dutch people will return to the Afrikaanderwijk –Expressed by Dutch and non-Dutch •‘I see that the Dutch are coming back to the Afrikaanderwijk. I think that’s great. First it was a ghetto, where only foreigners lived. Where were all the Dutch people? They had moved to the suburbs and now they are coming back. I think that’s good, diversity in society.’ –Hussam
  • 52. Amenity Change •Many squares and public spaces remain the same –Not taken over by gentrifiers –Few businesses have left (yet) •Pride in the new stores and businesses that have arrived
  • 53. Amenities •Not for us… –‘I can’t afford to go there … Everything is new and attractive. But even a sample is not affordable.’ •…but seen as important for the area –You can’t have an amenity for all inhabitants, a bit of variety is good … If you have six call centres (belwinkels) in one place that isn’t a good impression for the neighbourhood. This is more unique, for the new people here and maybe it even brings in people from the rest of Rotterdam.
  • 54. Place Attachment •Our respondents indicate that they are more attached to the neighbourhood –They see the area getting better –No real loss of amenities –A lot is expected from the gentrifiers
  • 55. Ethnicity of Class change? •Respondents (Dutch and non-Dutch) experience this as ethnic, rather than class change •You’re seen as Turk, Moroccan, Surinamese, Eastern European or Dutch first and social status is less important •‘They build these new houses and there are only Turks living in them. We are not going to improve like that.’ –Ria
  • 56. Conclusions •We live in an age of cities –And that’s a good thing •Challenge is to ensure that everyone can benefit from this –Socially inclusive cities –Housing, employment, sustainability, amenities •Understanding the experiences of ordinary residents is central to analysing the effects of neighbourhood change
  • 57. •Gentrification often seen as a threat OR an improvement to the neighbourood –Our respondents see both •More nuanced – not so ‘black/white’’ •Many benefits of gentrification enjoyed by all residents –Increased amenities, safety, public space •These will only be temporary if residents/businesses get displaced •We see gentrification as a class transformation, many residents see it as an ethnic change (Dutch returning)
  • 58. Policy recommendations •Provision for housing to ensure that residents can remain in the area to enjoy benefits of neighbourhood improvement •Strong social or not-for-profit housing –Many respondents not under immediate threat of displacement •Neighbourhood improvement without displacement should be the ultimate goal •Policies to encourage mix of amenities –Amenities important for place identity, community, stability •Listen to people who live in these places