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Rol actual de los nuevos
antiplaquetarios en el
Sindrome Coronario Agudo
Dr. Ramón Corbalán H.
Facultad de Medicina
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Circ Res. 2007;100:1261-1275.
Terapia Antiplaquetaria Dual
 La inhibición de las plaquetas es una estrategia clave para tratar y
prevenir recurrencia de eventos isquémicos en pacientes
• Con sindromes coronarios agudos1,2
• Sometidos a PCI3
 Las metas de este tratamiento son la inhibición rápida, consistente y
efectiva de la activación y agregación plaquetaria3-5
 La terapia antiplaquetaria dual con AAS y una tienopiridina
(Clopidogrel) ha constituído el goal standard de tratamiento en
pacientes con SCA1
1Anderson JL et al. Circulation 2007;116:e148-304
2Antman EM et al. Circulation 2008;117:296-329
3King SB et al. Circulation 2008;117:261-295
4Hochholzer W et al. Circulation 2005;111:2560-2564
5Wiviott SD et al. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2006;7:214-225
ASA=Acetylsalicylic Acid; ACS=Acute Coronary Syndrome; PCI=Percutaneous Coronary
Intervention
Limitaciones de Clopidogrel
Puede demorar entre 5 y 7 días en alcanzar niveles
plasmáticos efectivos cuando se inicia como dosis de
mantención.1
Importante variación interindividual en niveles de
inhibición plasmática2:
• 20% a 30% de pacientes pueden tener niveles mínimos de
inhibición plaquetaria con las dosis de carga de 300mg y de
mantención de 300mg
• Este fenómeno se ha denominado “ resistencia a clopidogrel ”
1Savi P et al. Semin Thromb Hemost 2005;31(2):174-183
2Gurbel PA, Tantry US. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006;3(7):387-395
Expresión de receptor
GP IIb/IIIa
Metabolismo Hepático
Vía Citocromo P450
Mala adherencia
Administración Inadecuada
Absorción Variable
Interacciones Drogas
Polimorfismos Genéticos enzimas CYP
Interacciones Drogas (3A4/5; 2C19)
Polimorfismos Genéticos receptor P2Y12
Vías Alternativas de activación plaquetaria
Liberación de ADP circulante
Reactividad plaquetaria basal elevada
Polimorfismos Genéticos
Absorción Intestinal
Receptor P2Y12
(inhibición irreversible)
Metabolito activo
CYP = cytochrome P450
O’Donoghue M, Wiviott SD. Circulation. 2006;114:e600-e606.
Variabilidad en Respuesta a Clopidogrel
The First Clopidogrel Resistance Study (300 mg):
A “Fingerprint” of Clopidogrel Response
Gurbel PA et al. Circulation. 2003;107:2908-2913.
2 Hours
5 Days
 Aggregation (%)
Resistance = 63% Resistance = 31%Resistance
Resistance = 31%
Resistance
Resistance = 15%
 Aggregation (%)
 Aggregation (%)
Resistance
Patients(%)
12
24
≤ -30
(-30,-20]
(-20,-10]
(-10,0]
(0,10]
(10,20]
(20,30]
(30,40]
(40,50]
(50,60]
>60
Patients(%)
11
22
≤ -10 (-10,0] (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] >60
14
28
≤ -30
(-30,-20]
(-20,-10]
(-10,0]
(0,10]
(10,20]
(20,30]
(30,40]
(40,50]
(50,60]
>60
10
20
≤ -30
(-30,-20]
(-20,-10]
(-10,0]
(0,10]
(10,20]
(20,30]
(30,40]
(40,50]
(50,60]
>60
 Aggregation (%)
Resistance
Patients(%)Patients(%)
24 Hours
30 Days
Variability
Relevancia Clínica
Estudios recientes sugieren que la menor inhibición
plaquetaria post Clopidogrel puede ser relevante1-3
Los niveles bajos de inhibición plaquetaria se han
asociado con mayor riesgo de:
• Aumento de eventos cardiovasculares1
• Trombosis subaguda de stents2
• Eventos Isquémicosevents 3
1Matetzky S et al. Circulation 2004;109(25):3171-3175
2Barragan P et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;59(3):295-302
3Cuisset T et al. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4(3):542-549
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
10
20
30
40
5 µM ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation Death/ACS/CVA by 6 mo
Days
1 2 3 4 5 6
Baseline(%)
Quartiles of response
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Clop resist 40
6.7
0 0
Percent
P = 0.007
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Matetzky S et al. Circulation. 2004;109:3171-3175. Wiviott SD, Antman EM. Circulation. 2004;109:3064-3067.
Clopidogrel Response Variability and
Increased Risk of Ischemic Events Primary PCI for STEMI (N = 60)
Variabilidad de Respuesta a Clopidogrel:
Aumento de la Dosis (300 mg vs. 600 mg)
Gurbel PA et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1392-1396.
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
≤-30
(-30,-20]
(-20,-10]
(-10,0]
(0,10]
(10,20]
(20,30]
(30,40]
(40,50]
(50,60]
(60,70]
> 70
300 mg Clopidogrel
600 mg Clopidogrel
D Aggregation (5 µM ADP-induced Aggregation) at 24 Hr
Patients(%)
Resistance = 28% (300 mg)
Resistance = 8% (600 mg)
Platelet P2 Receptors/Inhibitors
G protein
Molecular structure Intrinsic ion
channel
G protein
Receptor subtype
P2X1
P2Y1 P2Y12
GPCR
Gj
GPCR
Gq
PLC/IP3
[Ca2+]j
AC
[cAMP]
Shape change
Transient
aggregation
Sustained
aggregation
Secretion
Secondary
Messenger system
Functional response
[Na+/Ca2+]i
Shape Change
Aggregation
ADP
X
Adapted From Bhatt and Topol, Nature Reviews Drug Disc 2:15-28, 2003
Ticlopidine
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Cangrelor
Ticagrelor
Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12
 Indirectos
(Tienopiridinas)
• Ticlopidina
• Clopidogrel
• Prasugrel
 Directos (No
Tienopiridinas)
• Cangrelor
• Ticagrelor
• Elinogrel
Necesidad de nuevos agentes
antiplaquetarios:
1. Prodroga
2. Variabilidad Interindividual
3. Bloqueador Irreversible
4. Resistencia
5. Interacción medicamentos
Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12
Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticagrelor
Clase Tienopiridina Tienopiridina Análogo ATP
Reversibilidad irreversible irreversible reversible
Administración oral oral oral
Efecto peak 2-3 hrs 1 hr 1,5 hrs
Eliminación 3 hrs 3,7 hrs 12 hrs
Duración 5-8 días 5-10 días 24 hrs
Trials CURE TRITON PLATO
Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12 Prasugrel
• Inhibición plaquetaria más rápida y consistente
• Conversión a metabolito menos dependiente de CYP
• Concentración plasmática máxima en 30 minutos
• Menor variabilidad interindividual
• Aprobado por FDA
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
InhibitionofPlateletAggregation(%)
Response to
Prasugrel
Response to
Clopidogrel
Comparing Response of Clopidogrel (300 mg) and
Prasugrel (60 mg) by IPA at 24 Hours
Brandt J et al. Am Heart J. 2007;153:66.e9-66.e16
(20 µM ADP)
Background
Variability
TRITON TIMI-38 Study Design
Double-blind
ACS (STEMI or UA/NSTEMI) and Planned PCI
ASA
PRASUGREL
60 mg LD/ 10 mg MD
CLOPIDOGREL
300 mg LD/ 75 mg MD
First-degree end point: CV death, MI, stroke
Second-degree end points: CV death, MI, stroke, rehospitalization,
recurrent ischemia, UTVR
Median duration of therapy: 12 months
N=13,600
Wiviott SD, et al. Am Heart J. 2006;152:627-635.
UTVR = urgent target vessel revascularization; TRITON TIMI = TRial to assess Improvement in Therapeutic
Outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibitioN with prasugrel Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction
FDA-approved dosage for clopidogrel: 75 mg daily; 300 mg loading dose
Prasugrel is not yet approved for use
Days
35
events
TRITON TIMI-38: Balance of Efficacy
and Safety
HR 0.81
(0.73-0.90)
P = .0004
HR 1.32
(1.03-1.68)
P = .03
138
events
NNT = 46
NNH = 167
Wiviott SD, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015.
EndPoint(%)
12.1
9.9
1.8
2.4
0
5
10
15
0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450
CV Death/MI/Stroke
TIMI Major
Non-CABG Bleeds
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel
HR = hazard ratio; NNT = number needed to treat; NNH = number needed to harm
TRITON TIMI-38: Stent Thrombosis
(ARC Definite + Probable)
Days
0
1
2
3
0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450
HR 0.48
P < .0001
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel 2.4
(142)
74 events
NNT = 77
1.1
(68)
EndPoint(%)
Any Stent at Index PCI
N = 12,844
ARC = Academic Research Consortium; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention
Wiviott SD, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015.
Diabetic Subgroup
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450
HR 0.70
P<0.001
Days
Endpoint(%)
CV Death / MI / Stroke
TIMI Major
NonCABG Bleeds
NNT = 21
N=3146
17.0
12.2
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Clopidogrel 2.6
2.5
TRITON TIMI-38 Net Clinical Benefit:
Bleeding Risk Subgroups
Overall
≥60 kg
<60 kg
<75
No
Yes
0.5 1 2
Prior
Stroke / TIA
Age
Weight
Risk (%)
+ 37
-16
-1
-16
+3
-14
-13
Prasugrel Better Clopidogrel BetterHR
Pint = 0.006
Pint = 0.18
Pint = 0.36
Post-hoc analysis
Wiviott SD, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015.
≥75
Subgrupos de Riesgo de Hemorragias
Consideraciones terapeuticas
Significant
Net Clinical Benefit
with Prasugrel
80%
MD
10 mg
16%
4%
Terapia Antiplaquetaria en SCA
Single
Antiplatelet Rx
Dual
Antiplatelet Rx
Higher
IPA
ASA
ASA +
Clopidogrel ASA +
Prasugrel
- 22%
- 20%
- 19%
+ 60% + 38% + 32%
Reduction
in
Ischemic
Events
Increase
in
Major
Bleeds
Resumen
 El estudio TRITON-TIMI 38 demostró superioridad de
Prasugrel tanto en sus dosis de carga como de
mantención para reducisr eventos isquémicos en
pacientes con Sindromes Coronarios Agudos
 Sin embargo, se observó un mayor riesgo de
hemorragias en los pacientes tratados con Prasugrel
 Comparado con Clopidogrel la administración de
Prasugrel resultó en.
 Efecto más rápido
 Inhibición plaquetaria mayor y consistente
Adams RJ. et al. Stroke. 2008;39;1647-1652
AHA/ASA Secondary Prevention Guidelines
Class III Recommendation
The addition of aspirin to clopidogrel increases the risk of hemorrhage.
Combination therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel is not routinely
recommended for ischemic stroke or TIA patients unless they have a
specific indication for this therapy (ie, coronary stent of acute coronary
syndrome) (Class III, Level of Evidence A).
OH
OH
O
OH
N
F
S
N
H
N
N
N
N
F
Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12
Ticagrelor
• Primer inhibidor directo, reversible, vo
• No es pro-droga, no requiere activación metabólica
• Mayor inhibición plaquetaria que clopidogrel
• “onset” y “offset” más rápido que clopidogrel
• Recuperación funcional de las plaquetas
PLATO study design
6–12 months treatment
PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention
CV = cardiovascular
NSTEMI ACS (moderate-to-high risk) STEMI (if primary PCI) (N=18,624)
Clopidogrel-treated or -naive; randomized <24 hours of index event
After randomization, 1,261 patients underwent CABG and were on
study drug treatment for ≤7 days prior to surgery
Primary endpoint: CV death + MI + Stroke
Primary safety endpoint: Total major bleeding
Clopidogrel
If pre-treated, no additional loading dose;
if naive, standard 300 mg loading dose,
then 75 mg qd maintenance;
(additional 300 mg allowed pre-PCI)
Ticagrelor
180 mg loading dose, then
90 mg bid maintenance;
(additional 90 mg pre-PCI)
Recommendations for patients undergoing CABG:
Study drugs withheld prior to surgery – 5 days for clopidogrel and
24–72 hours for ticagrelor. Study drug be restarted as soon as
possible after surgery and prior to discharge
PLATO main endpoints*
No. at risk
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
9,291
9,333
8,521
8,628
8,362
8,460
8,124
Months from randomization
6,743
6,743
5,096
5,161
4,047
4,1478,219
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
13
K-Mestimatedrate(%)
9.8
11.7
HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.77–0.92), p=0.0003
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
K-M = Kaplan-Meier; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval
* Wallentin, L et al., New Eng J Med. 2009;361:1045–1057
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
5
0
15
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
11.20
11.58
HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.95–1.13), p=0.434
K-Mestimatedrate(%)
Months from randomization
Primary safety endpointPrimary efficacy endpoint
9,186
9,235
7,305
7,246
6,930
6,826
6,670 5,209
5,129
3,841
3,783
3,479
3,4336,545
PLATO
Ticagrelor: Perfil de Seguridad
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Hgia Mayor PLATO TIMI Mayor Txf GR Hgia Riesgo vital/fatal Hgia Fatal
KMestimado(%poraño) Ticagrelor Clopidogrel
Sin aumento de hemorragias
Cannon et al. Lancet 2010;375:283-293.
PLATO
Ticagrelor: Impacto en Mortalidad Cardiovascular
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
6
4
3
2
1
0
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
4.0
5.1
HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.69–0.91), p=0.001
7
5
9,291
9,333
8,865
8,294
8,780
8,822
8,589
Days after randomisation
7079
7119
5,441
5,482
4,364
4,4198,626
Cumulativeincidence(%)
Disminución de mortalidad
cardiovascular
Cannon et al. Lancet 2010;375:283-293.
PLATO
Ticagrelor: Trombosis del Stent
Trombosis
Stent (%)
Ticagrelor
(n=6.732)
Clopidogrel
(n=6.676)
HR (95% IC) p
Definitiva 1,0 1,6
0,62
(0,45-0,85)
0,003
Probable o
Definitiva
1,7 2,3
0,72
(0,56-0,93)
0,01
Posible,
Probable o
Definitiva
2,2 3,1
0,72
(0,58-0,90)
0,003
Cannon et al. Lancet 2010;375:283-293.
PLATO: Dosis de AAS y eficacia:
Circulation 2011; DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318226950d
CURE: Relation Between Safety
and ASA Dosage1
1. Clopidogrel Prescribing Information, US, February 2002.
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
Bleedingrate(%)
2.0%
2.6%
2.3%
3.5%
4.0%
4.9%
ASA dose 75–325 mg
100–200 mg > 200 mg< 100 mg
Placebo*
Clopidogrel*
*On top of standard therapy (including ASA)
La dosis más segura de AAS
asociada a tienopiridinas es
de ≤ 100 mg
TROMBOSIS TARDIA DE STENTS
Recomendación de ASA + Clopidogrel por un año
Long-term Thienopyridine therapy and autcomes in patients with ACS treated
with Coronary stenting: The primary results of The TIMI-38 Coronary Stent
Registry.
N=2.110 pts (1679pts › 12 meses TAD)
Conclusion: In ACS pts receiving stents, prolonged thienopyridine was not associated
with lower trombotic events: however, there was a tendency toward lower rates in
those with DES. M. Bonaca et al ACC 2011
Death, MI, or Stent Thrombosis at 2
years
TIMI Major or Minor Bleeding at 2 years
% %
La terapia antiplaquetaria
dual post PCI+ stents
recubiertos debiera
mantenerse por 12 meses
Platelet Receptors
Platelet
Thrombin
ADP
Epinephrine
Collagen Anionic
phospholipid
surfaces
GP
IIb/IIIa
Platelet
Fibrinogen
GP Ia
P2Y1
GP VI
PAR-4
TBX A2 TBXA2-R
Serotonin 5HT2A
P2Y12
PAR-1
GP
IIb/IIIa
EPI-R
 SCH 530348 is an oral, potent, selective thrombin receptor antagonist (TRA)
being developed for the prevention and treatment of atherothrombosis.
 Preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated SCH 530348 to have
antithrombotic properties, with no increase in bleeding time or clotting times
(aPTT, PT, ACT).
TRA Background
Galbulimima baccata
 Himbacine derivative
 Bark of the Australian Magnolia
 Found in the tropical zones of eastern
Malaysia, New Guinea, northern
Australia and the Solomon Islands.
 ~25%
Development Strategy for
Thrombin Receptor Antagonist
Reduction
of Clinical
Events
ASA Clopidogrel TRANo Tx
↑38%
No Add’l D
Major
Bleeding
 6-20%
 SCA se caracterizan por formación aumentada de trombina
que persiste incluso luego del evento agudo
 Trombina es el principal activador de la plaqueta
 Actúa a través de receptor PAR-1
 El bloqueo de los receptores PAR-1 tendría ventajas
potenciales en el corto y largo plazo
 Estudios iniciales en pacientes sometidos a PCI electiva han
mostrado resultados alentadores: TRA-PCI
 Actualmente en evaluación en SCA: TRACER
Antagonista de los receptores de Trombina
(TRA)
TRACER
SCH 530348 (Vorapaxar) en SCA
• Muerte cardiovascular a 1 año, IAM, Stroke, Isquemia recurrente con
Rehosp, Revascularización Coronaria Urgente •
SCA SIN SDST
N = 10,000
SCH 530348
40 mg carga, 2.5 mg/día
n=5000
Placebo
(y terapia usual)
n=5000
Thrombin Receptor Antagonist for Clinical Event
Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome
PARE !!!!
TRILOGY ACS: TaRgeted platelet Inhibition to
cLarify the Optimal strateGy to medicallY
manage Acute Coronary Syndromes
TRILOGY ACS – Objetivo Primario
• Probar la hipótesis de que la combinación de
AAS+Prasugrel es superior a la de AAS+Clopidogrel
administrados a pacientes con SCA SEST dentro de los
primeros 7 días y en los que se decide manejo médico.
• Objetivo primario compuesto: Muerte CV, IAM o ACV
Necesidad Médica Insatisfecha:
Los pacientes con manejo médico solo de
su SCA
Existe un grupo variable de pacientes en los
que no se efectúa intervención precoz post
SCA
Es una población diferente: Edad avanzada,
alta incidencia de insuficiencia renal, más co-
morbilidades
Poco estudiados en ensayos clínicos
randomizados
Conclusiones
 Actualmente importante “armamentario” de
antiagregantes plaquetarios para el manejo de los
SCA y uso rutinario en PCI.
 Preocupación por Clopidogrel y efecto de
Polimorfismos: necesidad de investigarlos ???
 Bloqueo plaquetario triple: atractiva posibilidad,
pero... esperar resultados de TRACER y TRA 2P
 Mejores perspectivas considerando todo lo anterior:
• Prasugrel
• Ticagrelor
• Vorapaxar

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Antiplaquetarios en el síndrome coronario agudo

  • 1. Rol actual de los nuevos antiplaquetarios en el Sindrome Coronario Agudo Dr. Ramón Corbalán H. Facultad de Medicina Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
  • 2. Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Circ Res. 2007;100:1261-1275.
  • 3. Terapia Antiplaquetaria Dual  La inhibición de las plaquetas es una estrategia clave para tratar y prevenir recurrencia de eventos isquémicos en pacientes • Con sindromes coronarios agudos1,2 • Sometidos a PCI3  Las metas de este tratamiento son la inhibición rápida, consistente y efectiva de la activación y agregación plaquetaria3-5  La terapia antiplaquetaria dual con AAS y una tienopiridina (Clopidogrel) ha constituído el goal standard de tratamiento en pacientes con SCA1 1Anderson JL et al. Circulation 2007;116:e148-304 2Antman EM et al. Circulation 2008;117:296-329 3King SB et al. Circulation 2008;117:261-295 4Hochholzer W et al. Circulation 2005;111:2560-2564 5Wiviott SD et al. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2006;7:214-225 ASA=Acetylsalicylic Acid; ACS=Acute Coronary Syndrome; PCI=Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
  • 4. Limitaciones de Clopidogrel Puede demorar entre 5 y 7 días en alcanzar niveles plasmáticos efectivos cuando se inicia como dosis de mantención.1 Importante variación interindividual en niveles de inhibición plasmática2: • 20% a 30% de pacientes pueden tener niveles mínimos de inhibición plaquetaria con las dosis de carga de 300mg y de mantención de 300mg • Este fenómeno se ha denominado “ resistencia a clopidogrel ” 1Savi P et al. Semin Thromb Hemost 2005;31(2):174-183 2Gurbel PA, Tantry US. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006;3(7):387-395
  • 5. Expresión de receptor GP IIb/IIIa Metabolismo Hepático Vía Citocromo P450 Mala adherencia Administración Inadecuada Absorción Variable Interacciones Drogas Polimorfismos Genéticos enzimas CYP Interacciones Drogas (3A4/5; 2C19) Polimorfismos Genéticos receptor P2Y12 Vías Alternativas de activación plaquetaria Liberación de ADP circulante Reactividad plaquetaria basal elevada Polimorfismos Genéticos Absorción Intestinal Receptor P2Y12 (inhibición irreversible) Metabolito activo CYP = cytochrome P450 O’Donoghue M, Wiviott SD. Circulation. 2006;114:e600-e606. Variabilidad en Respuesta a Clopidogrel
  • 6. The First Clopidogrel Resistance Study (300 mg): A “Fingerprint” of Clopidogrel Response Gurbel PA et al. Circulation. 2003;107:2908-2913. 2 Hours 5 Days  Aggregation (%) Resistance = 63% Resistance = 31%Resistance Resistance = 31% Resistance Resistance = 15%  Aggregation (%)  Aggregation (%) Resistance Patients(%) 12 24 ≤ -30 (-30,-20] (-20,-10] (-10,0] (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] >60 Patients(%) 11 22 ≤ -10 (-10,0] (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] >60 14 28 ≤ -30 (-30,-20] (-20,-10] (-10,0] (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] >60 10 20 ≤ -30 (-30,-20] (-20,-10] (-10,0] (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] >60  Aggregation (%) Resistance Patients(%)Patients(%) 24 Hours 30 Days Variability
  • 7. Relevancia Clínica Estudios recientes sugieren que la menor inhibición plaquetaria post Clopidogrel puede ser relevante1-3 Los niveles bajos de inhibición plaquetaria se han asociado con mayor riesgo de: • Aumento de eventos cardiovasculares1 • Trombosis subaguda de stents2 • Eventos Isquémicosevents 3 1Matetzky S et al. Circulation 2004;109(25):3171-3175 2Barragan P et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;59(3):295-302 3Cuisset T et al. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4(3):542-549
  • 8. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 5 µM ADP-induced Platelet Aggregation Death/ACS/CVA by 6 mo Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baseline(%) Quartiles of response Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Clop resist 40 6.7 0 0 Percent P = 0.007 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Matetzky S et al. Circulation. 2004;109:3171-3175. Wiviott SD, Antman EM. Circulation. 2004;109:3064-3067. Clopidogrel Response Variability and Increased Risk of Ischemic Events Primary PCI for STEMI (N = 60)
  • 9. Variabilidad de Respuesta a Clopidogrel: Aumento de la Dosis (300 mg vs. 600 mg) Gurbel PA et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1392-1396. 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 ≤-30 (-30,-20] (-20,-10] (-10,0] (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] (60,70] > 70 300 mg Clopidogrel 600 mg Clopidogrel D Aggregation (5 µM ADP-induced Aggregation) at 24 Hr Patients(%) Resistance = 28% (300 mg) Resistance = 8% (600 mg)
  • 10. Platelet P2 Receptors/Inhibitors G protein Molecular structure Intrinsic ion channel G protein Receptor subtype P2X1 P2Y1 P2Y12 GPCR Gj GPCR Gq PLC/IP3 [Ca2+]j AC [cAMP] Shape change Transient aggregation Sustained aggregation Secretion Secondary Messenger system Functional response [Na+/Ca2+]i Shape Change Aggregation ADP X Adapted From Bhatt and Topol, Nature Reviews Drug Disc 2:15-28, 2003 Ticlopidine Clopidogrel Prasugrel Cangrelor Ticagrelor
  • 11. Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12  Indirectos (Tienopiridinas) • Ticlopidina • Clopidogrel • Prasugrel  Directos (No Tienopiridinas) • Cangrelor • Ticagrelor • Elinogrel Necesidad de nuevos agentes antiplaquetarios: 1. Prodroga 2. Variabilidad Interindividual 3. Bloqueador Irreversible 4. Resistencia 5. Interacción medicamentos
  • 12. Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12 Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticagrelor Clase Tienopiridina Tienopiridina Análogo ATP Reversibilidad irreversible irreversible reversible Administración oral oral oral Efecto peak 2-3 hrs 1 hr 1,5 hrs Eliminación 3 hrs 3,7 hrs 12 hrs Duración 5-8 días 5-10 días 24 hrs Trials CURE TRITON PLATO
  • 13. Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12 Prasugrel • Inhibición plaquetaria más rápida y consistente • Conversión a metabolito menos dependiente de CYP • Concentración plasmática máxima en 30 minutos • Menor variabilidad interindividual • Aprobado por FDA
  • 14. -20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 InhibitionofPlateletAggregation(%) Response to Prasugrel Response to Clopidogrel Comparing Response of Clopidogrel (300 mg) and Prasugrel (60 mg) by IPA at 24 Hours Brandt J et al. Am Heart J. 2007;153:66.e9-66.e16 (20 µM ADP) Background Variability
  • 15. TRITON TIMI-38 Study Design Double-blind ACS (STEMI or UA/NSTEMI) and Planned PCI ASA PRASUGREL 60 mg LD/ 10 mg MD CLOPIDOGREL 300 mg LD/ 75 mg MD First-degree end point: CV death, MI, stroke Second-degree end points: CV death, MI, stroke, rehospitalization, recurrent ischemia, UTVR Median duration of therapy: 12 months N=13,600 Wiviott SD, et al. Am Heart J. 2006;152:627-635. UTVR = urgent target vessel revascularization; TRITON TIMI = TRial to assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibitioN with prasugrel Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction FDA-approved dosage for clopidogrel: 75 mg daily; 300 mg loading dose Prasugrel is not yet approved for use
  • 16. Days 35 events TRITON TIMI-38: Balance of Efficacy and Safety HR 0.81 (0.73-0.90) P = .0004 HR 1.32 (1.03-1.68) P = .03 138 events NNT = 46 NNH = 167 Wiviott SD, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015. EndPoint(%) 12.1 9.9 1.8 2.4 0 5 10 15 0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450 CV Death/MI/Stroke TIMI Major Non-CABG Bleeds Clopidogrel Prasugrel Prasugrel Clopidogrel HR = hazard ratio; NNT = number needed to treat; NNH = number needed to harm
  • 17. TRITON TIMI-38: Stent Thrombosis (ARC Definite + Probable) Days 0 1 2 3 0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450 HR 0.48 P < .0001 Prasugrel Clopidogrel 2.4 (142) 74 events NNT = 77 1.1 (68) EndPoint(%) Any Stent at Index PCI N = 12,844 ARC = Academic Research Consortium; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention Wiviott SD, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015.
  • 18. Diabetic Subgroup 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 30 60 90 180 270 360 450 HR 0.70 P<0.001 Days Endpoint(%) CV Death / MI / Stroke TIMI Major NonCABG Bleeds NNT = 21 N=3146 17.0 12.2 Prasugrel Clopidogrel Prasugrel Clopidogrel 2.6 2.5
  • 19. TRITON TIMI-38 Net Clinical Benefit: Bleeding Risk Subgroups Overall ≥60 kg <60 kg <75 No Yes 0.5 1 2 Prior Stroke / TIA Age Weight Risk (%) + 37 -16 -1 -16 +3 -14 -13 Prasugrel Better Clopidogrel BetterHR Pint = 0.006 Pint = 0.18 Pint = 0.36 Post-hoc analysis Wiviott SD, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015. ≥75
  • 20. Subgrupos de Riesgo de Hemorragias Consideraciones terapeuticas Significant Net Clinical Benefit with Prasugrel 80% MD 10 mg 16% 4%
  • 21. Terapia Antiplaquetaria en SCA Single Antiplatelet Rx Dual Antiplatelet Rx Higher IPA ASA ASA + Clopidogrel ASA + Prasugrel - 22% - 20% - 19% + 60% + 38% + 32% Reduction in Ischemic Events Increase in Major Bleeds
  • 22. Resumen  El estudio TRITON-TIMI 38 demostró superioridad de Prasugrel tanto en sus dosis de carga como de mantención para reducisr eventos isquémicos en pacientes con Sindromes Coronarios Agudos  Sin embargo, se observó un mayor riesgo de hemorragias en los pacientes tratados con Prasugrel  Comparado con Clopidogrel la administración de Prasugrel resultó en.  Efecto más rápido  Inhibición plaquetaria mayor y consistente
  • 23. Adams RJ. et al. Stroke. 2008;39;1647-1652 AHA/ASA Secondary Prevention Guidelines Class III Recommendation The addition of aspirin to clopidogrel increases the risk of hemorrhage. Combination therapy of aspirin and clopidogrel is not routinely recommended for ischemic stroke or TIA patients unless they have a specific indication for this therapy (ie, coronary stent of acute coronary syndrome) (Class III, Level of Evidence A).
  • 24. OH OH O OH N F S N H N N N N F Inhibidores Receptor P2Y12 Ticagrelor • Primer inhibidor directo, reversible, vo • No es pro-droga, no requiere activación metabólica • Mayor inhibición plaquetaria que clopidogrel • “onset” y “offset” más rápido que clopidogrel • Recuperación funcional de las plaquetas
  • 25. PLATO study design 6–12 months treatment PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention CV = cardiovascular NSTEMI ACS (moderate-to-high risk) STEMI (if primary PCI) (N=18,624) Clopidogrel-treated or -naive; randomized <24 hours of index event After randomization, 1,261 patients underwent CABG and were on study drug treatment for ≤7 days prior to surgery Primary endpoint: CV death + MI + Stroke Primary safety endpoint: Total major bleeding Clopidogrel If pre-treated, no additional loading dose; if naive, standard 300 mg loading dose, then 75 mg qd maintenance; (additional 300 mg allowed pre-PCI) Ticagrelor 180 mg loading dose, then 90 mg bid maintenance; (additional 90 mg pre-PCI) Recommendations for patients undergoing CABG: Study drugs withheld prior to surgery – 5 days for clopidogrel and 24–72 hours for ticagrelor. Study drug be restarted as soon as possible after surgery and prior to discharge
  • 26. PLATO main endpoints* No. at risk Clopidogrel Ticagrelor 9,291 9,333 8,521 8,628 8,362 8,460 8,124 Months from randomization 6,743 6,743 5,096 5,161 4,047 4,1478,219 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 13 K-Mestimatedrate(%) 9.8 11.7 HR 0.84 (95% CI 0.77–0.92), p=0.0003 Clopidogrel Ticagrelor K-M = Kaplan-Meier; HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval * Wallentin, L et al., New Eng J Med. 2009;361:1045–1057 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 5 0 15 Clopidogrel Ticagrelor 11.20 11.58 HR 1.04 (95% CI 0.95–1.13), p=0.434 K-Mestimatedrate(%) Months from randomization Primary safety endpointPrimary efficacy endpoint 9,186 9,235 7,305 7,246 6,930 6,826 6,670 5,209 5,129 3,841 3,783 3,479 3,4336,545
  • 27. PLATO Ticagrelor: Perfil de Seguridad 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Hgia Mayor PLATO TIMI Mayor Txf GR Hgia Riesgo vital/fatal Hgia Fatal KMestimado(%poraño) Ticagrelor Clopidogrel Sin aumento de hemorragias Cannon et al. Lancet 2010;375:283-293.
  • 28. PLATO Ticagrelor: Impacto en Mortalidad Cardiovascular 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 6 4 3 2 1 0 Clopidogrel Ticagrelor 4.0 5.1 HR 0.79 (95% CI 0.69–0.91), p=0.001 7 5 9,291 9,333 8,865 8,294 8,780 8,822 8,589 Days after randomisation 7079 7119 5,441 5,482 4,364 4,4198,626 Cumulativeincidence(%) Disminución de mortalidad cardiovascular Cannon et al. Lancet 2010;375:283-293.
  • 29. PLATO Ticagrelor: Trombosis del Stent Trombosis Stent (%) Ticagrelor (n=6.732) Clopidogrel (n=6.676) HR (95% IC) p Definitiva 1,0 1,6 0,62 (0,45-0,85) 0,003 Probable o Definitiva 1,7 2,3 0,72 (0,56-0,93) 0,01 Posible, Probable o Definitiva 2,2 3,1 0,72 (0,58-0,90) 0,003 Cannon et al. Lancet 2010;375:283-293.
  • 30. PLATO: Dosis de AAS y eficacia: Circulation 2011; DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318226950d
  • 31. CURE: Relation Between Safety and ASA Dosage1 1. Clopidogrel Prescribing Information, US, February 2002. 0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% Bleedingrate(%) 2.0% 2.6% 2.3% 3.5% 4.0% 4.9% ASA dose 75–325 mg 100–200 mg > 200 mg< 100 mg Placebo* Clopidogrel* *On top of standard therapy (including ASA)
  • 32. La dosis más segura de AAS asociada a tienopiridinas es de ≤ 100 mg
  • 33. TROMBOSIS TARDIA DE STENTS Recomendación de ASA + Clopidogrel por un año
  • 34. Long-term Thienopyridine therapy and autcomes in patients with ACS treated with Coronary stenting: The primary results of The TIMI-38 Coronary Stent Registry. N=2.110 pts (1679pts › 12 meses TAD) Conclusion: In ACS pts receiving stents, prolonged thienopyridine was not associated with lower trombotic events: however, there was a tendency toward lower rates in those with DES. M. Bonaca et al ACC 2011 Death, MI, or Stent Thrombosis at 2 years TIMI Major or Minor Bleeding at 2 years % %
  • 35. La terapia antiplaquetaria dual post PCI+ stents recubiertos debiera mantenerse por 12 meses
  • 36. Platelet Receptors Platelet Thrombin ADP Epinephrine Collagen Anionic phospholipid surfaces GP IIb/IIIa Platelet Fibrinogen GP Ia P2Y1 GP VI PAR-4 TBX A2 TBXA2-R Serotonin 5HT2A P2Y12 PAR-1 GP IIb/IIIa EPI-R
  • 37.  SCH 530348 is an oral, potent, selective thrombin receptor antagonist (TRA) being developed for the prevention and treatment of atherothrombosis.  Preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated SCH 530348 to have antithrombotic properties, with no increase in bleeding time or clotting times (aPTT, PT, ACT). TRA Background Galbulimima baccata  Himbacine derivative  Bark of the Australian Magnolia  Found in the tropical zones of eastern Malaysia, New Guinea, northern Australia and the Solomon Islands.
  • 38.  ~25% Development Strategy for Thrombin Receptor Antagonist Reduction of Clinical Events ASA Clopidogrel TRANo Tx ↑38% No Add’l D Major Bleeding  6-20%
  • 39.  SCA se caracterizan por formación aumentada de trombina que persiste incluso luego del evento agudo  Trombina es el principal activador de la plaqueta  Actúa a través de receptor PAR-1  El bloqueo de los receptores PAR-1 tendría ventajas potenciales en el corto y largo plazo  Estudios iniciales en pacientes sometidos a PCI electiva han mostrado resultados alentadores: TRA-PCI  Actualmente en evaluación en SCA: TRACER Antagonista de los receptores de Trombina (TRA)
  • 40. TRACER SCH 530348 (Vorapaxar) en SCA • Muerte cardiovascular a 1 año, IAM, Stroke, Isquemia recurrente con Rehosp, Revascularización Coronaria Urgente • SCA SIN SDST N = 10,000 SCH 530348 40 mg carga, 2.5 mg/día n=5000 Placebo (y terapia usual) n=5000 Thrombin Receptor Antagonist for Clinical Event Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome PARE !!!!
  • 41. TRILOGY ACS: TaRgeted platelet Inhibition to cLarify the Optimal strateGy to medicallY manage Acute Coronary Syndromes
  • 42. TRILOGY ACS – Objetivo Primario • Probar la hipótesis de que la combinación de AAS+Prasugrel es superior a la de AAS+Clopidogrel administrados a pacientes con SCA SEST dentro de los primeros 7 días y en los que se decide manejo médico. • Objetivo primario compuesto: Muerte CV, IAM o ACV
  • 43. Necesidad Médica Insatisfecha: Los pacientes con manejo médico solo de su SCA Existe un grupo variable de pacientes en los que no se efectúa intervención precoz post SCA Es una población diferente: Edad avanzada, alta incidencia de insuficiencia renal, más co- morbilidades Poco estudiados en ensayos clínicos randomizados
  • 44. Conclusiones  Actualmente importante “armamentario” de antiagregantes plaquetarios para el manejo de los SCA y uso rutinario en PCI.  Preocupación por Clopidogrel y efecto de Polimorfismos: necesidad de investigarlos ???  Bloqueo plaquetario triple: atractiva posibilidad, pero... esperar resultados de TRACER y TRA 2P  Mejores perspectivas considerando todo lo anterior: • Prasugrel • Ticagrelor • Vorapaxar