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Building, Owning & Operating an Independent Power Producer Business in Turkey by Implementing an Innovative Power Cycle Technology.
- 1. Effect of Magnetotellurics Data Density in Geothermal Resource Exploration Mehran Gharibi Quantec Geoscience GeoPower, Turkey 2011
- 2. Outline: • Objectives • Introduction to Magnetotelluric (MT) Method • Titan-24 and Spartan MT measurements • MT in Geothermal Exploration • 3D Inversion and Interpretation • Summary
- 3. Objectives: Investigate resolution and reliability of the 3D MT resistivity models in terms of the data density used in inversion; i.e. Resolution vs. Frequency density.
- 4. Magneto-Telluric (MT) Method • The MT is a frequency-domain natural-field EM geophysical method – frequency range 10000 Hz - 0.001 Hz • The method uses the earth’s EM natural time variations - Lower Frequencies ( < 1 Hz): Ionospheric; initiated by interaction of the solar wind with the earth’s magnetic field. - Higher Frequencies ( > 1 Hz): Atmospheric; initiated by global lightning activities. • Image the earth's electrical resistivity structure – from nearly the surface to several tens of km.
- 5. MT measurements Schematic of simultaneous measurement of plane-wave electromagnetic field fluctuations in five components: Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy and Hz Ground surface Electric field dipoles Ex Ey Hz Hy Hx Magnetic field sensors ⎛ E x ⎞ ⎛ Z xx Z xy ⎞⎛ H x ⎞ Apparent Resistivity of ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ Calculate Inversion ⎜E ⎟ ⎜Z Z yy ⎟⎜ H y ⎟ Resistivity Subsurface ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ yx ⎠⎝ ⎠
- 6. Calibration Chamber for Magnetic Sensors 3-layer passive shielded and active Active-Field field cancellation calibration room Cancellation Frame Solenoid Magnetic Passive Active Frequency Sheilding Sheilding coil sensor (Hz) Factor Factor 4m 10K 100,000 100,000 1K 50,000 50,000 100 2,000 2,000 10 100 1,000 1 50 1,000 0.1 20 1,000 3-layer Passive Magnetically 0.01 10 1,000 Shielded Room
- 7. Spartan MT acquisition Acquisition system • Full tensor MT • 24-bit resolution • Automatic data acquisition • Remote reference processing Field setup • Man portable • Coils buried • Flexible spacing • Low environmental footprint
- 8. Titan-24 MT Acquisition Typical 2 Channel Station AM Set-up • Full tensor MT • 24-bit resolution Battery • High spatial site density • DC-IP acquisition capability 2400m current electrode (mobile) cross-line potential electrode (fixed) cross- 50m in-line potential electrode (fixed) in- 100m Bx infinity current electrode (fixed) By 100m 2 channel AM >10 km Base magnetometer Site 1 channel AM LAN Link to Logging Truck Line Length - 2400 m 24 E x 100m dipoles 12 E y 100m dipoles 25 current stations 2 Bx/B y magnetometer sites >20 km Bx By Remote Magnetometer site 8
- 9. MT Method in Geothermal Explorations: • MT data are used to produce electrical resistivity distribution of the subsurface • Electrical resistivity is a function of; • solid matrix - geological formation and alteration • pore fluids - chemistry and salinity • porosity – geological fissure and fracture • temperature • A geothermal system or a hydrothermal reservoir is defined and controlled by a combination of the above factors. • Resistivity signature associated with the geothermal system is used to detect/map/characterize the reservoir
- 10. Interpretation of the MT Data ⎛ 0 Z⎞ ⎛ 0 Z xy ⎞ ⎛ Z xx Z xy ⎞ • Data ⎜ ⎜− Z ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 0⎟ ⎠ ⎜Z ⎝ yx 0 ⎟ ⎠ ⎜Z ⎝ yx Z yy ⎟ ⎠ ρ ρxy, ρyx • Inversion 1-D 2-D 3-D • Resistivity Model
- 11. Spartan MT Field Survey • Large scale MT survey over a geothermal resource area • More than 160 MT sites • Site spacing between 500 m and 1000 m • Frequency range 250 Hz – 0.001 Hz • Objective is to identify an exploration drilling location • Geothermal reservoir target at >1500 m • Interpretation based on 3-D with different number of frequencies.
- 12. MT survey location Map 3D inversion area 2D cross-sections
- 13. 3-D Inversions The original frequency band is decimated for the 3-D inversions 5 Frequencies (1 per decade) Original Decimated
- 14. 3-D Inversion – 5 Frequencies • # of frequency per site: 5 • # of sites: 162 • # of Mesh: 25 x 41 x 18 • Inversion time: 602 hours • Hardware: 2 x CPU processor with 4 GB RAM 4 km
- 15. 3-D Inversion – 5 Frequencies Surface = 0 m Conductive Cap Resistive Core Interpreted Geothermal System
- 16. 3-D Inversion – 5 Frequencies Surface = -1300 m Conductive Cap Resistive Core Interpreted Geothermal System
- 17. 3-D Inversion – 5 Frequencies Surface = -2000 m Anomaly or Artifact !? Interpreted Geothermal System
- 18. 3-D Inversion – 5 Frequencies Surface = -3000 m Anomaly or Artifact !? Interpreted Geothermal System
- 19. 3-D Inversion – 5 Frequencies Selected Cross-sections Conductive Resistive Cap Core Interpreted Geothermal System
- 20. 3-D Inversions The original frequency band is decimated for the 3-D inversions 18 Frequencies (3 per decade) Original Decimated
- 21. 3-D Inversion – 18 Frequencies • # of frequency per site: 18 • # of sites: 162 • # of Mesh: 25 x 41 x 18 • Inversion time: 552 hours • Hardware: 2 x 4 CPU processor with 24 GB RAM 4 km
- 22. 3-D Inversion – 18 Frequencies Surface = 0 m Conductive Cap Resistive Core Interpreted Geothermal System
- 23. 3-D Inversion – 18 Frequencies Surface = -1300 m Conductive Cap Resistive Core Interpreted Geothermal System
- 24. 3-D Inversion – 18 Frequencies Surface = -2000 m No Artifact ! Geothermal reservoir!?
- 25. 18 Frequencies Selected Cross-sections 5 Frequencies Interpreted Interpreted Geothermal Geothermal System System
- 26. Summary • Geothermal fields and resources can efficiently be mapped and characterized using MT measurements. • 3-D inversions are computationally expensive; - a subset of the dataset with 3 frequencies/decade would be sufficient to produce the resistivity distribution of the subsurface while minimizing the artifacts • Development in 3D inversion; - Parallel computing of the 3-D MT inversion using cluster of high performance CPUs (e.g. 48 CPUs and 64 GB RAM) - It speeds up the inversion process several times (5-10 times).
- 27. Thank You Toronto, Canada Reno, USA Hermosillo, Mexico Mumbai, India Arequipa, Peru Goiania, Brazil Lobatse, Botswana Santiago, Chile Mendoza, Argentina Brisbane, Australia www.quantecgeoscience.com