1. DIGESTIVE GLANDS
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

2. DIGESTIVE GLANDS
Pats of GIT ASSOCIATED GLANDS
Ectoderm •Anterior ORAL CAVITY Salivary glands
Endoderm •Middle DUODENUM Liver, Pancreas
•Posterior

3. DIGESTIVE GLANDS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Type of structure – parenchymal lobulated organs
Parenchyma – specialised epithlium:
Epithlium forms:
- Secretory part
- Duct system
Stroma – Connective tissue
- Capsule (DCT)
- Interlobular septae (LCT) with triades
- Intralobular LCT (with calillaries)

4. SALIVARY GLANDS
End- pieces:
1
- Serous
- Mixed
- Mucous
2
3
Duct system
-Intercalated
4 -Striated
-Interlobular
-Common
FUNCIONS OF SALIVA
1. Digection (enzymes) – serous end-pieces
2. Protection of oral mucosa (mucines) – mucous end-pieces
3. Defence (immunoglobulines,microbicidic proteins) – serous
end-pieces, plasmocytes in stroma
4. Regeneration of oral mucosa (growth factors) - ducts
5. Teeth homostasis (pH, pellicula proteins) – striated duct

5. LIVER
1. Parenchymal lobulated organs
2. Stroma – capsule + LCT (weak)
3. Parenchyma – specialised epithlium:
4. Structural unit – lobule
5. Lobule – polyhedral with central vein
in ceter
BLOOD CIRCULATION IN LIVER
Befor lobule
Hepatic artery - - - - - - - - interlobular artery
Portal vein - - - - - - - - - - - -interlobular vein
Inside lobule
Sinusoidal capillaries - - - - central vein (venule)
After lobule
- Collecting vein - - - - - - - - hepatic veins

6. HOW TO FIND HEPATIC LOBULE???
1. Central vein in center of lobule
2. Boundaries of lobule are triades
- Interlobular artery
- Interlobular vein
- Interlobular bile duct
3. Epithelium forms plates.
4. Plates are arrenged radially – to centre
5. Between plates the sinusoidal capillaries
are located

7. HOW TO FIND HEPATIC LOBULE? DIAGNOSTICS

8. HEPATIC LOBULE ZONES
1. Central – is ALTERED UNDER HEART FAILURE
2. Peripheral - is ALTERED UNDER INTOXICATION
Blood flow - to centre (pO2)
At periphery – terminal plate – immature cells (regeneration)
HEPATIC FUNCTIONS
1. Metabolism of Ch and Lipids
2. Production of plasma proteins (albumins, transporters, blood
cloting factors)
3. Pigment metabolism (bilerubine)
4. Bile production
5. Detoxication

9. HEPATOCYTES
-Cuboidal cell
-Round N
-Oxyphilic cytoplasm (LM)
-RER, SER, GA
-Lysosomes, Peroisomes
-Mch, Inclusions
-Between Hc – bile capillar
1. LIGHT (Smooth ER, Peroxisomes – Ch/L metabolism,
detoxication)
2. DARK (RER, Golgi apparatus – protein synthesis)
Poles of hepatocyte

10. STROMAL CELLS IN LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOLOGY
Disse`s space cells
-Enfotheium (no BM, gaps)
-Kupffer cells – macrophges – defence (induce inflammation, fibrosis)
- Big granulated lymphocytes (NK) – antitumor defence
- Lipocytes - accumulation of vitA, E, D; production of reticular fibres

11. PANCREAS
1. Parenchymal lobulated organs
2. Stroma
- capsule
- interlobular septae + Triade
- intralobular LCT + capillaries
3. Parenchyma – specialised epithlium:
4. Two pats:
- exocrine (97%) – acini + ducts
- endocrine (3%) – islets

12. EXOCRINE PANCREAS - SOURCE OF ENZYMES
1. Strucutral unit - acinus
2. Acinus includes
- acinicytes – secretory cells
- centroacinar cells – beginning of
intercalated duct
3. Two zones in acinoctes
- homogenic
- zymogenic
4. Ducts produce fluid with bicarbonates
DIGESTION IN GUT ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED WITH
PANCREATIC JUICE
PRODUCTION

13. PANCREAS REGULATION
1. Autonomic NS – n.
vagus – Ach
2. Gut endocrine cells
- I-cells
- S-cells
- D- cells
- D1- cells
- EC- cells
3. Pancreatic islets
- D-cells
- PP-cells
4. Glucose level in
blood
- Food uptake
- Liver function
- Muscles work

14. ENDOCRINE ISLETS
Endocrine cells
- A-cells – GLUCAGONE
- B-cells - INSULINE
- D- cells – SOMATOSTATINE
- D1- cells – VIP
- PP- cells – PANCREATIC
POLYPEPTIDE