2. INTRODUCTION
The aseptic culture of plant protoplasts, cells, tissues or
organs under conditions which lead to cell multiplication or
regeneration of organs or whole plants.
3. HISTORY OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
The idea of the totipotency of plant cell was given by
Haberlandt in 1902.
White first time established successful root culture of
tomato in 1937.
Vanoverbeek used coconut milk for growth and
development of young Datura embryos in 1941.
Skoog and Miller demonstrated the role of auxin and
cytokinin on root and shoot formation in tobacco – tissue in
1957.
Murashige and Skoog introduced the medium for tobacco
culture in 1962.
Guha and Maheshwari obtained for the first time haploid
Plants through anther culture of Datura.
5. Callus – A tissue that develops in response to injury caused
by physical or chemical means, most cells of which are
differentiated although may be and are often highly
unorganized within the tissue. In nature, this wound tissue
produces a protective layer of cells to cover an injury, example.
Differentiated Cells - products of cellular maturation, i.e.
cell types with particular function, e.g. xylem tracheary
elements; large cells that are highly vacuolated with
relatively little cytoplasm
Undifferentiated Cells - meristematic; progenitors of
differentiated somatic cells, e.g. small, isodiametric, small
vacuoles.
7. CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE
Tissues and cells cultured in a agitated liquid medium
produce a suspension of single cells and cells clumps of few
to may cell, these are called suspension cultures.
9. PROTOPLAST CULTURES
Isolated protoplasts have been described as "naked" cells because the
cell wall has been removed by either a mechanical or an enzymatic
process.
Protoplasts can be induced to reform a cell and divide if placed in a
suitable nutrient medium than form callus.
16. ANTHER CULTURE/POLLEN CULTURE
Anther culture is a technique by which the developing
anthers from unopened flower bud are cultured on a nutrient
medium where the microspores within the cultured anther
develop into callus tissue or embryoids that give rise to
haploid plant.
Application
Production of haploid plant
Production of useful gametoclonal varition.
18. SOMATIC EMBRRYOGENESIS
In somatic embryogenesis the embryos regenerate from
somatic cells, tissue or organs either de nove directly from
the tissues, which is the opposite of zygotic or sexual
embryogenesis.
19. TWO TYPES OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS
Direct embryogenesis
The embryos initiate directly from explants in the
absence of callus formation.
Indirect embryogenesis
Callus from explants takes place from which
embryos are developed.
20. APPLICATION
Production of artificial seeds.
As source materials for embryogenic protoplast.
For genetic transformation.
Production of primary metabolites specific to seeds
such as lipids in oil seeds.
21. OVARY/OVULE CULTURE
Ovary or ovule culture involves development of haploid from
unfertilized cells of embryosac present in ovary.