3. INTRODUCTION cont..
• Traffic management is define as how to use
the existing roads and infrastructures to
maximize the effectiveness of the use to
reduce the crowding of traffic
• Traffic management can be in long term and
also in short term (according the situation)
• It is therefore an essential element in
increasing the efficiency and safety of
transport networks and operations
4. OBJECTIVES/PURPOSES OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
1) To reduce the number of accidents
2) To ensure the smoothness of traffic movement
3) To improve the movement of goods and
humans
4) To balance the modal split
5) To minimize the clash between vehicles and
the pedestrian
6) To control and manage the car park
6. TECHNIQUE OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
1) Physical management of road system
2) Instruct form and traffic regulation
management
3) Management of information to road users
4) Management of payment for traffic facilities
8. CAR PARK CONTROL
• Highly charged for park to reduce the number
of vehicles to enter the urban area
• The volume of traffic in urban area can be
reduce
• The balance between the request to park the
car and the ability of provision car park must
be created
9. RAMP METERING
• Ramp metering is designed to control the rate
of traffic entering a freeway. The objective is
to maintain a predetermined level of service
on the freeway by adjusting the on-ramp
traffic volume with a traffic signal. Typical
waiting times at ramp metering signals are
between 5 to 6 seconds per vehicle.
11. - Ramp meter light rotate every few
seconds, with one lane displaying
Green and the other displaying red
12. • Ramp meters are turned on before rush hour
begins, and operate at different times of day
depending on traffic patterns. Every few
seconds, a cycle from red to green allows one
vehicle at a time to merge onto the freeway.
On two-lane ramps, the left and right lanes
have alternating lights, so the left lane goes
while the right is stopped, and vice versa.
13. BENEFITS OF RAMP METER
• Reduce congestion on freeway
• Maintain more steady traffic flow
• Allow more cars to use freeway
• Allow merging vehicle to enter freeway traffic more
smoothly
• Smoother and safer freeway entries.
• Minimized sudden weaving and braking.
• More consistent traffic flows.
• Improved freeway speeds.
• Decreased travel times.
• Reduced rear end accidents.
14. How They Work
The meters work and look similar to traffic signals. Drivers must
consider and obey them as they would other traffic signals.
Specifically:
• A red light means stop, a green light means go.
• A typical meter cycle is two seconds of green and two to ten seconds
of red. The wait on the ramp is usually about one minute.
• Flashing yellow lights located near the ramp entrance alert motorists
that the meter is on and that they should be prepared to stop.
15. Signs and pavement markings indicate where to stop and how to proceed.
Depending on the location, ramp meters will have one or two lanes. Two lane
ramps will use a staggered release where the left releases the vehicle first and
then as its signal turns red, the right signal turns green.
Most ramp meters permit one vehicle to proceed per green light, but
some high traffic ramps will allow two vehicles to pass per green light.
Signs before and at the signal will indicate the number of cars permitted
per green light.
18. Instructions & Regulations Forms
Management Traffic
Traffic Control
Turning movement barriers
one-way street
Limiting vehicle speed
Tidal flow method (Tidal)
Road Marking
19. Traffic Control
• Control using a traffic light at the intersection.
• Limiting the use of the road to certain vehicle
types (according to weight criteria, the speed
and size of the vehicle).
• Limiting and controlling parking.
• Temporary regulations (due to festivals, sports
and other)
• Regulation without strict enforcement will not
achieve effective traffic management.
20. Turning movement barriers
• Right and left turn movements can affect the
smooth ride and is one of the causes of
accidents.
• Turning to the right block. The driver can
move way to the right to do either movement
round P, G or Q.
• Prevent rotate left - implemented on a street
with a lot of pedestrians.
21. one-way street
• Can improve traffic flow round the city especially when
the road network in the area has a network of roads
and cut parallel to each other at right angles.
• Technique can increase the capacity of one-way streets
every road in the road network and reduce the range
of the change in flow at the intersection.
• By converting two-way route to a one-way path,
conflict point substantially reduced.
22. Limiting vehicle speed
• Reduced the number of accidents and their gravity
when the vehicle speed is reduced.
• The type of speed limits:
• Reasonable speed limit - according to the road
conditions cuacadan.
• Ultimate speed limit - set the highest and lowest speed
limit allowed (rate 85 percentage)
• The recommended speed limit - recommend the
appropriate speed limit to the driver (not used) on the
curve.
23. Tidal flow method (Tidal)
• Kebanyakan bandar-bandar mengalami satu keadaan
lazim ‘ ’ pada setipa hari
kerja dengan meningkatkan penggunaan kenderaan
persendirian yang membuat perjalanan pergi dan
balik dari tempat kerja.
• Ini akan mewujudkan penggunaan terkurung under
utilization untuk sesetengah kelebaran jalan raya dan
penggunaan terlebih over utilization untuk
sesetengah orang lain yang mewujudkan kesesakan
tanpa penggunaan sepenuhnya kelebaran jalan raya,
25. • Biasanya rizab penengah mesti dibuka bagi
pelaksanaan operasi pasang surut dan dalam masa
yang sama lampu isyarat dipersimpangan perlu
diselaraskan mengikut keutamaan lalu lintas.
• Contohnya jika jalan raya mempunyai 3 lorong, lorong
yang tengah boleh digunakan sebagai lorong pasang
surut pada waktu pagi dan petang bagi aliran masuk
dan keluar Bandar. Sistem ini akan berfungsi dengan
baik jika lalu lintas yang jelas dan mencukupi, kadang
kala pencahayaan diperlukan dan maklumat
diberikan kepada pengguna jalan raya.
26. Road Marking
• Traffic marking is an object or device whether fixed or movable, or
lines or marks on the road.
• This notation is used to provide information, tions, requirements,
restrictions or prohibitions on road users.
• It includes street signs, traffic signals, road surface markings, road
studs and so on.
• The detailed description can be referred to:
• Technical Instructions (street) 2A/85 - standard traffic signs
• Instruction techniques (path) 2B/85 - traffic signs application
• Instruction techniques (path) 2C/85 - temporary work signs and
control Zones
• Instruction techniques (path) 2B/85 - road working and delineation
27. Road user information and technology
Traffic direction sign
Control traffic route
High occupant vehicles campaingn
program (HOV)
28. Traffic direction sign
By definition, it includes roadside signs, traffic signs, road
marking, road studs bounce back and other indicators on
the upper side down the roadway.
a. In the form of traffic marking and also the road surface
b. Traffic travel directions easy to understand, clear and
provided at the appropriate time and distance
c. Guide signs for pedestrians, parking, cyclists, can help
smooth and user safety.
d. Using the map as a guide, especially to visitors and
tourists.
29. cont...
e. Important information about public transport
services will help rebalance the modal split.
f. Information technology state of the art to
provide the information users need quickly.
g. Signs must be designed for the expected traffic
conditions and to be used in the way of speed.
h. That so the driver is not distracted from the task
of driving, the sign should contain important
and its information and its importance can
clearly be seen at a glance.
30. Control traffic route
Control using a traffic light crossroad.
Restrict the use of certain types of vehicles on the road
according to the criteria weight, speed and size.
Limiting and controlling parking.
Temporary regulations (festivals, sports etc.)
** Regulation without strict enforcement will not achieve
effective traffic management.
31. High occupant vehicles campaingn
program (HOV)
Incentives to use public transport or car share can be
increased through increasing the incentives for motorists.
The car with many passenger on the road should get
priority so that they can save time and money, particularly
during peak periods.
Passenger vehicles will be personally liable to the penalty
that they would find it too long to get to any destination.
To achieve this objective, a special lane for the cars with
many passenger have to be provided:
a. Co-Flow Lane
b. Contrary lane flow
c. Lane Can Change Direction (Tidal Flow)
32. cont...
Co-flow Lane:
a. Dedicated lane available for vehicles with many
passengers on all the time or part time.
b. Co-flow lanes allow vehicles moving in the same direction
with the vehicles in other lanes.
Contrary Lane Flow:
a. The vehicles with many passengers allowed in a direction
opposite to the direction of the other lanes.
b. To run this technique, attention must be given in
the planning, design and publicity.
33. cont...
c. To implement this technique, must be made by
physical separation such as islands or road
marking.
Lane Can Change Direction (Tidal Flow):
a. This is usually provided in the middle lane highway.
b. In the morning peak, whose direction is opposite in
the afternoon.
34. High occupant vehicles campaingn
program (HOV)
Factors that should be considered in
planning for special lanes are:
1. The ability to enforce lane alley to abuse by private
vehicles could be reduced.
2. Location and position of the lane must be strategic so the
cars with many passenger will use the lane.
3. Effect of special lanes for private vehicles that do not have
many passengers.
35. cont...
4. Expenses and profits caused by the use of
vehicles that have a lot of passengers.
5. Demand for organizing programs use vehicles for
many passenger.
6. Create programs that assist and promote the
sharing of vehicle.
36. 5.3.3.3.1 SHARING OF
TRANSPORTATION
• Use car sharing system is intended to increase the number of
passengers per vehicle as well as reduce the number of vehicles per
kilometer
• Support from the community shows the system is able to reduce traffic
congestion
• This system was first used in the U.S. to save on fuel consumption
during the tenaha crisis in 1973-1974.
• Because of its effectiveness and well received, it was also used in other
countries
i. Car pooling/ tumpang
• Is a group of vehicles using the vehicle in turn to make the trip from
origin to destination nearby.
• Usually without involving payment
39. CONT….
ii. Lift giving / penberian tumpang
• Passengers are offered to make a deal with the use of
private vehicles without payment.
iii. Car sharing / pakatan
• Based/similar to ‘Lift givng’ but since its frequency,
passengers contribute payments for the operation and
maintenance for the vehicles.
• However, the amount is not set.
iv. Van pooling / penumpang
• The use of vans, mini buses owned or leased by a group of
workers (who have it as a personal vehicle or sometimes
secured by the employer) to make a deal.
40. CONT…
v. Subscription bus / langganan
• A team of workers renting a bus with or without the help of an
employer to travel to work or to the office (buses, factories, goverment
bus).
• The system reduces the use of public transportion during peak hours so
that the need for additional non-economic transportation can be
reduced.
• It is suitable if the public transportion system is inefficient.
• In addition, a parking space can be reduced. Employers did not have to
face the problem of workers trasportation.
• To attract more people to share a car or van and to make these
programs more effective, the following should be done:
41. CONT…
i. Special lanes for vehicles / passengers lot (bus, van, or car
that have more than 2 passengers )
ii. Giving priority parking
iii. Flexible working hours
iv. Promotion and advertising
v. Service availability to collect passengers at the place of
origin and destination that will allow individuals to share
a car or van to go somewhere. This ensures that user of
shared transportation will increase.
42. The Priority of Public Transportation
• The strategies used in giving priority to public
transport, including
– Create a new public transport services.
– Improve existing services
– Create a trip by private car more difficult.
• Public transport services
– Its means operates buses along the new road
– Construction of an underground rail system or
open in the city.
43. • Improve public transport services
-Factors affecting the level of service that a person's
decision whether to take public transport or pedestrians,
or even drive a car and whether to shop in the city or at
the local store is like the following:
-frequency of service
-Traffic congestion and the distance between
stopping places
-travel speed
-Comfort when in the vehicle
-Comfort in the place to stop or station
• Between public transport is the most widely used buses.
Many bus priority measures to be implemented now are:
44. i. Bus lanes follow the flow.
• Lane is reserved for buses traveling towards the
same with other traffic
ii. Retrograde flow bus lane.
• Is a one-way lanes reserved for buses to move in
either direction "wrong" to prevent the junction or
to service road
iii. Bus lane
• specific and priority entrance to the road in the
city.
iv. Bus-only roads
• An existing road and converted to the use of bus-
only use.
v. Bus routes.
• Is a separate path design and built for buses only.
45. vi. Bus access the pedestrian area
• buses use this road to pick up passengers right in
the downtown area, is likely to avoid congestion in
the inner ring road
vii. Bus tracking options at traffic lights
• maybe proceed when flow decreasing bus or
street width is not enough to accommodate a bus
lane
viii. Basic traffic other management method
• Include the traffic rules that give priority to the bus
when the bus leaves the station, the prohibition of
parking place near bus stops and bus routes in
general and also includes an exemption from the
prohibition obstructs other vehicle turning
movements at intersections
46.
47.
48. Traffic Constraints Method
objectives:
i. Control the amount of private car
ii. To discourage vehicles entering the centre city
iii. To balance the modal split
Traffic Constraints Requirements:
i. Alternative modes of transportation in the form
- System and efficient operation of public
transport
- Short route or alternative routes
i. Control and enforcement
ii. Education and information systems
49. iv. Method parking fees
• Tickets are charged at hourly windscreen and
drivers can pay to park or cottage attended
• Using coupons that are purchased and the time
and date information will be indicated on the
coupon for a period of parking. The validity period
for each coupon there is a 1-hour and a day
• Pay at the entrance or exit a car
• Using special permit purchased for 1 month
• Fee does not apply - (free)
• Parking illegal - unofficial payments to attended
50. 5.3.4 Payment for facility Traffic
Management
License Additional Area
Parking Management
Appreciation Blockade
Physical Barriers
51. Road Recognition System
• The fee for the use of the long road
• The area is often charged the busy city center and zone
• The latest technology needed to apply this system
• Car travel should be followed carefully
• Often in every way in and out of the area for a charge to
be coupled device detector to verify the identity of each
complete car. Every car needs to be installed a device that
can communicate with sensors above. The data obtained
will then be the turn off and payment for the period of a
car is in the area is will be charged each month
• For example: Road tax.
52. • In this method, the charge is based on the number of
vehicles entering an area identified
• There are electronic loops buried within the limits
and on every vehicle in pairs of electronic devices
• When the vehicle is passing loops buried in the road
surface, the identification is made and the signal sent
to the control center
• Computer will calculate the total path is made and
the party will send the bill to the vehicle users
53. License Additional Area
• This method has been practiced in Singapore
• This method requires that any vehicle that have
passengers less than 4 people who purchase or license
and posting it in the car mirror before entering the
zone during peak is identify
• Controller or the police will control at every entrance
area and will sue cars without license that have
passengers or less than 4 people
• The purpose of this rule is to promote travel by car that
are not needed during peak hours
• In addition this method also encourages car sharing
54. • Motorists are required to show a special
license when entering The site specific. The
aim is to limit the number of vehicles entering
an area identified to reduce disruption and
traffic congestion for example inmate
designated areas given special passes to enter
the area he inhabits and the vehicle does not
have a pass and not allowed to enter
55. Maintenance of vehiscle
location
• Vehicle users will be charged a fee for every traffic
convenience that already provided.
• The other way through the parking lot. The users would be
charged when they are parking.
• However, not all user traffic facilities will put the vehicle
especially those that have a private car park.
• therefore, not all traffic users can be charged via this method.
• Charge a fee for parking is charged at a higher rate to restrict
motorists entering the city , in this way the traffic volume in
urban areas can be reduced. Even so, a balance must be
established between demand and capacity to provide parking
in the city parking
56. Parking Management
• Parking management - ensuring the types of
transportation modes that will be used either to
drive your own car to the city center or take public
transportation or carpool.
• For example, the provision of car parking on the
outskirts of the city to park private vehicles so that
they can catch public transport to the city center to
reduce traffic congestion in the city center
• Private vehicles will be using public transport. LRT
example provided in the event they have the facilities
to park and also convenient public transport services.
57. Parking Management
• Examples of the maintenance train is in location:
Restricting parking on street
Permit for the occupants of a residential area
Metered parking
Priority parking to users who share kerete. This
step can be enforced by issuing special premit
shared car or van
58. Parking management
Recognised In Things Must Enforce Parking Management are:
i. Public vehicle users
a. Public transport users will increase unless effective
public transport services exist.
b. Before to reduce the amount of car parking in the urban
areas, private vehicles shall be given an alternative that
allows them to enjoy the effects of the reduction of
parking.
c. For example, an effective public transport system and
comfort must be provided to the users so that they can
go to the city center without using their own vehicles.
59. Parking management
ii. Implications for the reduction in location vehicles
a. Implications for the reduction of parking varies depending on
the main purpose of the car driver.
b. For example, the company's employees or employees of
government offices that do not provide easy parking and
cheap mode of transport had to switch to public transport or
they will share the car.
c. Urged employers to encourage employees to use the
company van or bus factory by providing certain facilities and
incentives, such as free airfare and van / bus air conditioner
factory.
d. But for the end-end eateries or restaurants, the high price of
parking or the number of places that are less cars will cause
their customers to find somewhere else to eat.
e. Finally the restaurant would lose when the other restaurants
would have the advantage.
60. Parking Management
iii. The Inn
a. The property must provide adequate parking.
b. Kingdom needs to give pass on the applicant to
establish the location of the residence if the
train sufficiently supplied.
c. Residents who live in the area to pay for parking
premit this way the number of cars will be
restricted to residents only residential area.
61. Awards siege
• Through this method of payment will be placed in an
area between the first zone to differ.
• Point evaluation will use a charge every time the last
vehicle from one zone to another.
• In this method the charge was imposed on the vehicle
when entering the border zone controlled areas.
• It differs from the method of additional licenses in
areas controlled vehicles and do not need to pay any
charge.
• Vehicles entering the area are charged.
• Receivables payment can be made with electronic
equipment.
