Criminal Psychology, Free eBook

Adv. MICHAEL LONGO
Professor of Law and Criminal Procedure at the Royal University of Naples
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
TORINO
MOUTH BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS
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ROME
Corso Umberto I,
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MILANO
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FLORENCE
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Deposit. gener. Sicily : O. FIORENZA. Palermo
Dep. January Naples and Prov. : LIBRARY PUBLISHING COMPANY,
Naples
1906
[Iii]

LITERARY PROPERTY
No. 10217-Stab. Tip. Turin, via Ormea, 3.
SACRED TO THE MEMORY
ADVOCATE
RAFFAELE JUSO
In 1906.
[Iv]

PREFACE
The reader who, perchance, have knowledge of my previous
publications, will see at once, sliding this book, that in it I wanted to
systematize the scattered notions of Criminal psychology, giving
them an organic form.
Convinced, after long and diligent meditation, that any branch of
knowledge must reconnect to the unitary scientific cognition, whose
most accurate and high synthesis is contained in monism, I believed
not fool me with solving the problem of crime by means of subjective
theories which portray the process dynamic of all the phenomena of
nature, from inorganic to organic and from them to humans. Thus
the task for the court is stripped of everything that I have come by
creating fictitious old mistakes metaphysical, traditional social
concerns; and so, benanche, that the right to punish a part of the
evolutionary progress in which all disciplines tend to approach, in
theory and in practice. If you do that, this book does not contain the
general or fundamental part of criminal psychology. Because the
concepts in that organization are more evident demonstration, it is
necessary that this follow two other works; a treatise on Criminal
Psychology ethnological, with the aim of studying the action of
forces on the genesis and development environments of the crime;
and a treaty of Special Criminal psychology that examines the facts
for each category of criminal subjective event.
I hope that the welcome, I hope that these my studies, I have
comfort in the future, a novel effort and most deserving.
Lucera, December 9, 1905.
M. LONGO.
[Vii]
[1]

INTRODUCTION
1 Contents of scientific psychology criminale.-2. Process distinction
of any phenomenon; natural formation of pensiero.-3. How is the
psychic event legal data punitivo.-4. Genesis of the sanction
capital; concept of malice in the evolutionary stages of the legal
consciousness of popoli.-5. Brief history of the study of the
psycho-physiological delinquente.-6. Today's writers of different
disciplines around the delinquente.-7. Stadium integrative
psychology criminale.-8. The theory of dynamic criminal basis
of psychological studies of the offender; previous scientific
Romagnosi and Carmignani.
1. -The criminal psychology is a separate branch of
psychology and the science of the common law to punish. The
common psychology teaches the laws of thought or the laws of the
natural formation of the conscience; punitive science deals with the
genesis of the offense and the legislation to prevent and prosecute
corruption. By the last of the principles that govern the production
and evolution of psychic phenomena, with those related to the
phenomenon of crime, criminal psychology is born whose scientific
content is in the complex of the laws that govern the formation of
psychic phenomenon of crime considered by the dual aspect of the
evolutionary process and the process of dissolution . The handling of
this matter taken to give an explanation of how time-enunciamo. But
as the criminal psychology was born and what are its limits of
performance?
2. -Whatever progressive phenomenon, including that of thought,
is not that the distinction made earlier about phenomena less distinct.
From the natural formation of the solar system to the highest
manifestations of the human intelligence principle is constant and
takes the form of precision and consistency in growth with greater
integration of the effect produced. Science can be conceived as
knowledge defined in opposition to the indefinite knowledge of the
vulgar, and though his character is essential to progress in growth of
precision; so that second-Spencer-if science was, as indubitable, a
gradual development of the indefinite knowledge of the vulgar,
compiutosi through the centuries, it is necessary that the gradual
conquest of the great precision that distinguishes today has been the
main stretch of its evolution.
[2]

Actually, I object that is of the mind, we perceive at first
confused with the existence of things; afterwards by degrees we
learn in relationships of space and time, then submit it to the power
of thoughtful and clearly stated, distinguishing it in the many
appurtenances of scientific thought. Neither let us suppose that the
distinction disrupts the continuity of the educational process, which
is opposed to what the law of persistence of any kind of energy; nor
that the unity of the phenomenon that prevents this from
decomposing in the primordial elements. So, to say Ardigò, "the
thought is, actually, and manifold and one; as also, the thought is
nature, that is a natural formation, like all other things. It is manifold
as the aggregation of the atoms of the body, which is the function. It
is one, as the law by which the atoms themselves can not escape the
action of one over the other. Thought is a formation, an effect that is
determined by the law of the distinction, in a point of the universe,
the force residing in all, like everything else. The contradiction
between the two terms, the unity and multiplicity, it is not only the
consequence of a false idea and now banished permanently from
positive science; the idea, that is, of the substance metaphysics,
subject to the phenomena of mind and matter "[1].
3. -L'evento psychic of legal punishment is given to the
distinction and the organization of social ideals antiegoistiche in
front of the selfish tendencies of individuals. Accepted relations
between 'similar, the first occurrence of a natural reason of law is in
'statement of arrogance of the strong towards the weak;
nell'esplicazione selfish or talent in opposition to reason
antiegoistica or ideals or social justice. The effects of civilization,
and the mindset to adapt to them, give birth to the idea of a power
which consists eliminate or prevent the bullying individual, first with
the spontaneous sanction of public opinion, with purpose, with the
costumes, with the religious sentiment; afterwards with preventive
and repressive legal sanctions.
Proceeding social life parallel to the creation of the idea of
justice, and this being the integral condition because the collective
aggregate retains its body, it is concluded, with the Ardigò, that
justice is the specific strength of the Company; it is the specific force
as one would say that the ' affinity is the strength of specific
chemicals, the life of the organic, the psyche of animals.
4. -Assommandosi the needs of social idealism in contrast to the
use of individual strength, the mental element of the crime itself was
increasingly distinguishing; since, transformed with the idea of
[3]

justice in force of repression, separated since the goal, warning and
damage, anti-juridical act, given the subjective state of
consciousness contrary to the common way of feeling, thinking and
will, and ended with the need for a social sanction , the mercy to the
application of the penalty. Hence the concept of intent , the meaning
of which, in the evolutionary stages of the legal consciousness of the
people, is varied and indeterminate. The Mittermayer[1] , the
Nicolini[2] it or assign the foundation of deception and pretense, or
of every art and stratagem in order to conceal its intention of others
in the facts that preserve the appearance of being opposed to them.
The Buccellato, after having said that the dolus originally meaning
bait ( δέλ-εαρ ) and by extension any means of enticement to take
the other in deceit, contends that the dolus was opposed to vis , the
open violence; dualism that is also found in the ancient Germanic
law[3] .
Finally, the intent, or subjective element of the crime, it was
hand built by hand with the intention and will to break the moral and
legal, with the conscience of violating the duty to respect the like,
with the voluntary nature of the harmful, and with other
psychological factors which have been used to support theories
addressed to better secure the foundation of traceability of the
individual.
For the influence of the metaphysical ideas and a priori about the
phenomena of the psyche and the misinterpretation of social facts it
came to conceive the crime a legal entity , and the delinquent as a
being outside the influence of the environment or the dynamics of
the natural laws which all phenomena are subjected.
5. -Parallelo to process historical-juridical differential of the
subjective element of the crime, he matured the study of that I
object, but in different field, with the use of the experimental method
and inductive step away without observing the actual reality of
things. Not, then, abstract and arbitrary assumptions and hypotheses
Free substantiated only by logical necessity of the system; but
analytical investigations, analog comparisons, comparisons patients,
dispassionate reflections were the means to positivist scientists
indirizzarono is the solution to the phenomenon of crime by taking a
look at the person of the offender, in its physical and moral qualities
and in Cases environments that could affect a arouse and strengthen
his evil tendencies.
The greatest attention was paid to the note by the ancient outer
[4]

somatic teratological or atypical, particularly of the countenance, and
the total range of degenerative physical signs, which were inferred
moral qualities abnormal.
Aristotle and Galen are between 'early; among the Romans, Is
there Cicero, not to mention children. Hippocrates gave valuable
reflections about the action of the external world on our inclinations,
that the relief not to be attributed to the irregular organic shapes.
They were profound observations from the field of science that went
into the field of art and genius is reflected in conceptions of the great
poets. The Thersites of Homer, and besides, the same, the thief
Autolycus, the maternal grandfather of Odysseus; Achilles,
Menelaus robbers and habitual cruel; and, in the tragic, parricide
Oedipus, Odysseus as painted in the Philoctetes of Sophocles,
Euripides' Hercules furious, the Ajax of Sophocles, and finally
Orestes, delinquent typical impulsive, so masterly depicted by
Aeschylus (in The Libation Bearers and Eumenides ) by Sophocles
(in ' Electra ), Euripides (in ' Electra and in ' Orestes ), are to show
us how much the art is worth to anticipate the discoveries of science,
and how it directly capturing the vision of reality, less turn away
from the ways of truth, from which distracts us, so often, the sought
aid of a logical formula.
6. -was, however, remaineth to the new times, the assumption of
detail and improve their knowledge of the criminal psychophysics.
And here is an array of names, whose works are scattered throughout
the scientific material that will serve the basis of the applications in
our discipline: GB Door, Lavater, Gall, Lauvergne, Gasper, Morel,
Lucas, Ferry, Wilson, Nicolson, Thompson, Despine, etc..
In our day no longer sconoscerà the merit of high C. Lombroso
who, having systematically collected anthropological data of the
offender, greatly facilitates the task for the psychologist seeks to
build on solid science of the psyche of the criminal, in application of
the theoretical positive more accepted by reputed writers of general
psychology.
7-But even assuming that you have already prepared the
scientific material, much in the experimental part, for the
accommodation of psychological theories criminals, the peculiar
branch distinct lack of content just yet. Many people confuse the
criminal psychology and anthropology, and sociology or criminal
psychiatry. Krafft-Ebing, for example, in his masterly treatise of
Forensic Psychopathology , does that limit the study to the
[5]

discussion of psychological freedom or less of crime, and the
fundamental principles of attribution: the rest is material pathology
or neuropathology. Nor otherwise occurs in other writers, including
Lombroso, the Virgil, the Marro between 'us; There are precious
notions isolated; lacks the order, coordination, unity of the system.
Maybe we will see-and-address scientific staff begins to appear in
the domain of criminal psychology collective, after the works of
Tarde, the Rossi, the Sighele: but oh! as it is still desirable that
research move ahead because we can say that we have tracked safe
boundaries of separation between our discipline and the like. In
general, the defect emanates from the exaggerated importance given
to the factor or pathological side of the crime to the detriment of
psychic factors: which should not excite our wonder, if we consider
that those who most frequently propose the task of examining the
delinquent are not psychologists profession, but psychiatrists: what
abounds in a field is missing in the other.
8. -Lo stage route down to us, from criminal psychology is
merely descriptive : there are the basics, there is no science.
The general psychology is, but, yes, first by facoltarci to make
use of his light to coordinate the precious material scattered around
the main problems of the psyche of the offender, fertilize it and
unite.
The theory, which for years and we advocate that goes by the
name of theoretical dynamics criminal , marks the extreme limit of
conciliation between the real human psychology generally accepted
notions of normal and abnormal, somatic and psychic, of their
delinquent . The man is an energy, or a complex of energies in place:
either he will play normally, or that deviates from the operation of
the average man, you never will free from the power of dynamic
laws which relate, in the final expression, law of causality.
Understand, then, is the genesis, changes, fluctuations, the
antagonism of the psycho-physical energies of the common man;
Read seize the increase and the decrease of the successive
transformations, the sudden onset and the slow build up and layering
them in the acts and reflections in the dark depths of the
unconscious, it is sufficient preparation to go into the unexplored
recesses of the soul of the offender and render overt laws whence 'is
governed. What if the dues derived from psychology are additional
subsidies of psychiatry, anthropology and criminal sociology, the
task will succeed with less difficult and more likely success.
[6 ]
[7]

To tell the truth, in Italy it is not the first time that Siasi intuited
the dynamic genesis of the crime: the Romagnosi was its forerunner.
He realized that "there is an infallible and constant connection
between the reasons, which are present all'intendimento, and
determinations of the human will; and these measurements are
always relative and proportionate to the species and energy of the
same reasons »[4] . And elsewhere: "If by the ideas reprimenti had
not enclosed a natural energy operating on the sensitivity and the
human will; if the consent of these faculties is not folded it a second
and a proportion of the forces of the ideas above, and explain how,
Might claim, I say only that they have efficacy to curb or slow down
other previous pulse, but not even having the power to produce a any
effect? "[5] . Even the Carmignani says, that the force necessary soul
offense can not decrease that for the action of extraneous forces that
depress; and MOREOVER, that the strength of the human is like all
other forces, which act in nature, subject to anomalies, such
aberrations, and in the events produced by other forces, which,
almost episodic to the main, grafted, the change and sometimes they
change the character at all[6] .
The new address of the substantive ideas were well learned, but
before that philosophy is not to abandon the a priori method, and
before the biology, physiology and psychology does not comply with
these regulations to the common evolutionary system unit, lacked the
means to verify the facts in the individual or in multiform states of
consciousness of the non-delinquent differences, the dir Carmignani,
the strength of the human soul, from all other forces acting in nature.
The criminal psychology, finally, not only proposes the intent to
analyze and appreciate the phenomenon of crime in its subjective
content, but aims even groped the problem or repressive
penitentiary, in the modest confines of her set; to oppose the
dangerous psychic functioning of the criminal remedy some of
which we are permitted to have without violating the requirements of
justice specific strength of the Company.
[8]
[9]

CHAPTER I.
The criminal psychic functions.
1 Scientific concept of the word function .-2. Their physical and
mental functioning of delinquente.-3. Abnormalities of the same:
general law of equilibrium violated by delitto.-4. The concept of
psychic equilibrium is the only criterion for distinguishing
between normal man and delinquente.-5. The ethical equivalent
of psychological imbalance; His reflexes given to subjective and
objective of delitto.-6. In the psychic functions which consist in
their criminal aspect intrinsic and extrinsic.
1. -Member acts of our lives are so many effects that connect
to each other's causes. If these causes we are known, we use it to
describe the act, distinguishing it from all the others that have
resemblance with it. Say, for example, that anybody has been
subjected to operation surgical to mean that the act of he operated is
the product of intelligent cause, which we refer to the person of a
surgeon. IN ADDITION, we usually forced by the need to turn to the
work of an engineer for the construction of some machine, for the
treatment of a disease, for the defense of an argument; and this is
because we assume that those people Let them be the most suitable
to satisfy our desire. Joining the first to the second fact of
experience, we conclude that the qualifications, by which we
distinguish the specialty acts and the reason for choosing the most
capable people to carry them out, are integrated into the usual
judgment to believe that given causes with greater ease yield data
effects. The same observation we do, reflecting on why we
distinguish our sense organs. We affirm the virtue of his eye to see,
hearing to hear, because we know that these organs possess the
qualities adapted to the effects reported; that they risegga aptitude to
perceive colors, to learn the sounds.
The idea of aptitude, capacity, ease implied in the exposed
ratings is expressed, in general term, the word function . In
physiology parlasi functions of tissues, organs of hearing; functions
of nutrition, reproduction, relationships, signifying phenomena,
isolated or complex, carried by the body for the preservation of the
[10]

individual and the species. Sociology deals with social functions;
psychology of the functions of the mind. In any case, the function
word is accompanied by the sense of processes easier with
provisions to operate certain results.
The Wundt well observes, that all the times, such as for
equipment, a structure so complex, the nervous system, we have no
awareness of the real composition of the molecular changes, in
which consists the exercise, there remains only this general
expression of functional requirements , which can always take in a
good sense: thus, in contrast to the theory of material traces
persistent, this expression assumes an action in a row, the first of
which is durable and gradually disappears again for the cessation or
absence of exercise, effect a row that does not consist point in the
continuation of the duration of the function, but in the ease with
which it reappears[7] .
And the same adds, that if, from the physical domain, we transfer
this way of considering the psychic domain, the only conscious
representations are to be recognized as real representations; and
representations, disappeared from consciousness, will leave after
himself of psychic dispositions , of unknown species, to renew them.
The only difference that separates the physical domain of the psychic
domain, is as follows: from the physical side there he is permitted to
hope that gradually we will come to know more intimately the nature
of coteste permanent modifications, which we designate in the short
term with the format; while that from the psychic side, this hope is
always forbidden, as it marks the limits of knowledge, at the same
time, the limits of our internal experience[8] .
2. -If function depends on the exercise and has exponent for a
more perfect arrangement, we believe that it is facoltati rannodi
adaptation and the organic selection. The antagonism between the
law of variability , shapes and characters, and the law of inheritance
, which maintains or preserves the species among individuals; not
that the survival and prevalence of individuals most suitable and
best-established attitudes, lead us to believe that the function,
physical or mental, is the equivalent of more energy conforming to
the external environment or internal, and more consistent with our
state specification.
We come, then, to the study of the psyche of the offender, we,
first, we will find it appropriate to form some of the same general
concept; considering a priori , except to prove after that, taking in a
[11]

differentiated scale of man, the offender a variety social and moral,
must also submit the exercise of his own energies to function at all,
we need to take into account from now on . The inclinations of the
crime, precisely because such must let us assume that the individual
that is something affection, possesses the specialty to overcome the
obstacles that hamper it nell'imperio of the psyche, pel easier course
to the External Action Service.
The function appears when the power of the state purely
potential changes to state current ; it, therefore, and marks the
degree of evolution of individuals, makes it obvious fingerprints and
provides us with the means to characterize actions.
3. -Who looks at the effects of the crime appears evident the idea
that, in this case, ARE CONCERNED anything out of the ordinary;
of psychic functioning is not obedient to the rules logical, ethical,
social, common to the rest of citizenship; Wherefore he is, even
before the Enlightenment apportatici from the anthropological
sciences, the consciousness of the majority considered the offender
to be an exceptional temperament, to be submitted to the sanction of
preventive and repressive laws. Who wants to appeal to the criterion
of common sense, be answered feel that these non-Serb in his actions
to the law of equilibrium and that, breaking the status of your order,
mostrasi unsuited to civilian life. The answer, yes, easy and natural,
assumed the principle that life beings, whatever came from, is not
that orderly sequence of acts governed by the law of balance, and
that as soon as this law is violated, or beings disappear or survive
struggling with ongoing difficulties to adapt to the environment .
Spencer wrote: "the universal coexistence of antagonistic forces,
which produces the universality of rhythm and decomposition of all
the forces in divergent forces, requires also the final balance. Each
bike, being subjected to strength, continually undergoes subtractions
ending the cessation of movement. Thus, when in the middle of
rhythmic changes, which constitute the organic life, a disturbing
force operates an excess of changes in one direction, it is gradually
decreased and finally neutralized by the antagonistic forces which
carry out a change compensator in an opposite direction, and restore,
after fluctuations more or less repeated, the condition media. This
process is called by doctors mediating force of nature "[9] . The
psychic balance supposedly more force or system of forces in
antagonism. It is not inertia, but the result of opposed movements
that compensate for their forces for the elimination of any
cangiamento. Like the feeling called sense of balance , by which the
[12]

body maintains its position and orientation, the acts of our psychic
life are found in equilibrium business where their center of gravity
does not move from the sphere of ordinary shares; mark the
ascending and descending line with the bike upright or straight , do
not stray from the rules of conduct which the individual is an integral
part of the social whole, and the whole social harmony for the
purpose of our existence near or remote. The crime, denying the
balance, is an element to be eliminated; is not only a separate
process and find the place in the series of multifaceted effects of the
law of variability, but it is an epiphenomenon or product
sovraggiunto, which is separated from the harmony of the whole,
and for the bargain, it undermines the bases, introducing disruptive
forces contrary to the evolutionary nature of civilized man.
4. -L'anormalità the delinquent tells us that there is a normal
type of man. Vogliasi not, therefore, exaggerate the significance of
a distinction merely relative to the goals of social life and the need
protective of each. When we say normal or abnormal type of man,
we mean concepts that reflect the given conditions of things; which
changed every notion loses its scientific value.
The concept of psychic equilibrium is the only criterion for
distinguishing between normal man and the thug.
Consciousness, the individual self is inconceivable, in the
successive states of the time, if not rested on a stable and invariable
that is evident in the physiognomy of each act, and need to devise
our actions in a compact body and a similar, although undergoing
several transformations. What is for the individual, it is for the
collective man; what is the case, it is generally pel. Mercè
abstraction we form the idea of the type, a symbol of a way of being
different and standing. The observation on the existence and the laws
governing the vast majority of individuals forming social bring us to
the induction of rules of operation and conduct joint, hence the
abstract idea of the type of normal man. The changes, which the type
is subject, are similar to the conditions of the environment or social
or historical or ethnic. In short, the concept of non departs from what
is inherent to any other concept of our mind and that is summed
nell'infrascritto principle: the thought is not that the necessary
product of the relativity of our mental functions.
Divergent forces in the antagonism of the center of gravity of the
whole process is always fixed; routing of motion action and reaction
are compensating for fluctuations. Similarly, the instability and the
[13]

stability of mental equilibrium depends, in the series of oscillations,
by the use of greater or lesser inhibitory power or force of resistance
and shutdown. This, subsequently, will be widely demonstrated.
5. -L'equivalente ethics of psychological imbalance responds
to the disorder caused by volitions and actions that do not conform
to the media of social existence in harmony to the individual or
collective well-being; crime mob, per se, this average order, and this
because with it the common center of gravity of our business is
moved; is shaken or denied the agreement between the individual
and his fellows. One of the traits of immoral conduct that-look-
Spencer is the excess, while the moral character has for moderation.
The excesses imply differences in the actions of a medium;
moderation, by contrast, implies conservation of the middle way;
whence it follows, that the actions of the last species can be defined
more easily than those of the first. Clearly, conduct that is not
repressed it outwits between large fluctuations in incalculable, for it
differs from conduct that is moderate, whose oscillations are
naturally between narrow limits. And being between narrow limits,
necessarily make determinations relating to movements[10] .
The rules of conduct we learn that there Sieno specific purposes
to which we must direct the actions; and that there are ways and
ways to nominate waves are received by the said purpose. Our
business, estrinsecandosi, is accompanied in the instruments in a
row, from awareness, immanent or spontaneous reflection,
relationships preordained or systematized because of our expectation
or habit. The crime, causing damage private and public, is in
contradiction with the purpose of co-existence, to contribute to the
well-being of the like; and it is contradictory, yet, with the ways and
manners wave activity should manifest itself in the actions. The
esquilibrio, then, is projected from the subjective into the objective
world; and raises the alarm, because he shakes his safety and well-being
of others threatens to deprive the existence of conditions that
are more favorable. As long as the esquilibrio remains in the
subjective, there is no reason to be alarmed; you are the first acts of
manifestation, which not even need to be repressed: they can serve
the same purposes indifferent or criminal, when in doubt, imposes a
duty to suspend any decision. But, so soon as uncertain by the acts of
mere preparation, we move to enforcement, accrescendosi the social
danger, the law provides that the threat is suppressed, because no
one has the right to disturb that order or life balance , which is the
basis and prerequisite of existence. Continuing to reflect, you will
[14]
[15]

have because certain facts, although restricted in terms of the mere
possibility of harm, Let them be punished by law; for example, the
attempt in some offenses, falsification of documents which must
retain the imprint of the public faith. The esquilibrio own murder,
obbiettivandosi outwardly, always retains the intrinsic character of
subjectivity without it being due to acts that materially or really
offend the like, they subjectively makes an alteration of well-being,
the exponent of which is the 'alarm or fear of seeing the broken
social structure, and breached the duty of care and mutual respect
between the components of the aggregate. The concept of balance or
esquilibrio ethical or social, subjective or objective, is to be
understood always comparatively to the needs of conduct or
common well-being among people facienti part of a company; hence
the duty of distributive justice, which is guided, that is, the
obligation to protect the right of each in the proportion of Mantener
need to strengthen the bonds of the parts to the whole. The costumes,
customs, laws have many delimitativi terms of human actions; are
the milestones that mark the stages on the path of progressive human
civilization. But they, too, banks opposed to the spread of currents
that threaten to overwhelm the poor victims. What alters the constant
occurrence of the phenomena of nature can not Tornar never good
for man; and the crime is something the example.
6. -Riassumendo, say, the psychic functions that crime,
considered as an intrinsic aspect, are the equivalent of faculty unfit
for use of inhibitory power and the state of equilibrium; considered
extrinsic in appearance, are the causes of disturbance of the social
order that is the specific strength of individual well-being in accord
with the collective well-being.
[16]

CHAPTER II.
The psychic elements of crime.
1 Law of continuity in the psychophysical phenomena; law of
correlation between being and his ambiente.-2. The law of
continuity and environment compared to delitto.-3. Reasons for
the abnormal operation of the criminal escapes psychophysical
experimental analysis; rules relating to the proof of the origin of
the physical delitto.-4. The psychophysical elements of the crime
and the internal state of equilibrio.-5. State esquilibrio psychic;
force and motion; reason, cause and azione.-6. What is meant by
impulse; dual fundamental principle of psychology monistica.-7.
Psychophysics and its value in the phenomena of esquilibrio of
the crime.
1. -All phenomena perceived by us are accompanied by the
essential character of mutual coordination or continuity. The
distinction that sogliamo do between the one and the other
phenomenon, between the one and the other mode of existence,
between life psychic and physical need not to our knowledge, which,
because of the relativity of its nature could not learn the truth of
things if it did not do for individual concepts. This supreme law of
human knowledge, that the law of continuity , still reigns in the
genesis and evolutionary series of psychophysical phenomena. The
life of the mind and the body are two sides of a single process of
integration with ascending degrees of greater distinction and
complexity: from the acts purely automatic reflex actions from
simple to high conceptions of thinking that there is progress
uninterrupted by infinitesimal degrees.
Who, then, is preparing to study any psychic phenomenon must
not stop in its extreme forms; must, however, be able to grasp the
genesis and appreciate the graduated development from primitive
elements at the highest exponent of intelligence.
The second law, which is also the basis of organic evolution, is
the correlation between being and his environment; the which law is
expressed, according to Spencer, the canon, that life is not that
correspondence .
[17]

2. -The crime also is subject to the law of continuity and
environment . The continuity relates more closely the subjective
element; namely the state of consciousness synthesis of all the
internal coefficients which contribute to ensuring that the energy is
effected externally mercy criminal action of affairs. It should be
noted that, since the crime action anomalous in comparison to the
average of the common behavior, even the law of continuity, in the
correlation of psychic phenomena of the offender, should be subject
to some variation, of the genesis and development, to distinguish, for
those who analyze the information elements, from what happens for
the normal man. The difference in their genesis is similar to the
nature of the criminal energy and the physical factors that give rise
to the appearance of the first degree. The difference in development
is especially in relation to the action of the reasons the energy waves
is determined criminal.
3. -We we do not have exact knowledge about the physical
factors of the crime; psychophysical abnormal operation of the
criminal escapes permitted direct analysis with the aid of experience.
This is done for three reasons: a ) because it is not allowed to
play at our pleasure, the phenomenon of crime, b ) because when this
phenomenon occurs reflective of the scientist's work can not take
place, and c ) why should, subject to production of the crime to the
influence of the environment, this is relative to the circumstances
accidental and fleeting wherefore it together. Then the following
rules, which are to be mentioned in the field of physical evidence of
the genesis of the crime: 1 to not being allowed on the offender that
the use of the method a posteriori , ie the method by finding quality
permanent organic dates, supposed to, the investigation of what
happened at the time of the crime, ultimately we can not learn, the
physical genesis of the crime, that notions at all likely; 2 in the
inductive certainty, the respect, not exceeding the value of
hypotheses, is why the affirmation of the indictment and sentencing,
Is there a limit to the arbitrary abandoned of the judge who knows,
mercy criteria From personal experience, integrate the prescription
repressive law with the relativity of guilt of the offender.
4. -Member psychophysical elements of the crime be solved in
many equivalent of an intimate nature, hereditary or acquired, of the
delinquent, in competition with the stimuli, external or internal,
effective to put in motion the criminal energy. The study of these
elements we learned: a ) that the offense, notified as a legal entity,
[18]

and the mixture of different factors whose analysis must precede the
sanction repressive, b ) that the crime is considered as the result of
individual psychological and physical factors, has need evidence,
which collect in logic synthesis, since it is necessary pel conviction
of the magistrate. So to study the legal side to that of the mental and
physical side of the crime there must be a fundamental concept that
is the starting point of the concept of the facts: concept, as logically
simple, equally objectively suited to fix the idea of normality and
that of abnormalities in the moral domain. The existence of a
criminal matter energy function dissimilar to the normal nature of
man, that is the average of rectitude of conduct in compliance with
the essential standards of social or legal.
This discrepancy is a result of an internal state of imbalance or
disturbance of harmony and contrast of states of consciousness with
the outside world is configured in the life of relationship with their
own kind. The adaptation to intimate inherited tendency and quality
acquired brings the rhythm of states of consciousness a function of
regularity that we called to equilibrium , according to which the facts
psychic representative , emotional and volitional place with
connections, inheritance and simultaneity, integrative, ie the law of
constant correspondence with the degree and the extent of the pulses
which give the initial momentum for action. Such a state of
equilibrium, remaining in the subsequent external acts, turns in many
other states, taking the name from the sphere of action in which
appear, are so many fulcrums of individual or collective life and
correspond to separate sanction preventive or repressive. Then we
have the first form of the legal status of balance in the order of the
family; afterwards in that of different kinds of companies created by
law or imposed by the need to ensure and guarantee the means for
esplicamento of our needs; finally, in the broader and universal that
the idea of nation, humanity comes to the concept of absolute justice.
Are equilibrium states, whose foundation must always be placed
in the harmony of faculties and acts, functions and laws: the
individual man collective process is unique, ensuring the pace of the
operation conscious intent not to fail of progressive improvement
that will ensure their well-being with that of others.
5. -Lo state of imbalance is opposite in nature to the one
examined. Then the notion of the state abnormally , or contrary to
the normal operation of man.
We have said that the psychic state of equilibrium is hereditary
[19]

and acquired: the main function, on which is placed by nature, as it
is essential psychological rule, that any act of internal emotional or
volitional has its genesis in the spontaneous process organic
individuale.-so soon as in the states of consciousness begins to fail
the rhythm, the action of some stimulus does not correspond to the
mutual reaction; Void, therefore, the attitude is also transient, the
integration process; the current energy functional are troubled;
impulsive tendencies win the reactive action of the power to arrest;
the effectiveness of the pulse does not involve more strength;
disappear the boundaries of the visual field of consciousness and
intellect all'ottenebramento happens the outbreak of passion. The
phenomenon described here, strictly limited to the fact of the crime,
requires us, first of all, the study of motives or impulses of internal
and external energy of the crime.
The misconception that in general you want to engender in the
dynamics between the idea of force and the idea of movement,
taking the first for a potential abstract and the second for something
that inheres not to matter, but this mode is accidental , is found
between all the day the idea of design or pulse and that action. It
confuses the reason for the cause; not reflecting that the former is in
fact what that the latter is, in abstraction or logical relations, with the
idea of effect.
Now who will look well that the reason or impulse, dynamically
merges with the action; it is the essence and reality.
The psychic energy, with normal or abnormal, is always in
activity: as soon as you make the action of some impulse, the
previous state of consciousness undergoes change; begins an effect
that runs through the degrees of svolgimenti comply with the
intensity impulse, and either runs out, because detained in the
internal domain, which flows into the outside world and is
completed in a similar act of conduct. The external act is the
equivalent of the inside, which explains the reason for the motion
causal impulse, the continuity of mental and physical energy from
the initial moment of feeling or idea until the end of the action, and
the last because it connect the imputability of our physical acts
similar to moral culpability.
6. -This we call impulse that is not a shock, a first movement,
which formed part of the visual field of consciousness, or influence
to create a new state, ie, for the same nature, plays were earlier in the
domain of the past ' unconscious or asleep as not to arouse any
[20]

interest. As easy to be understood, the statement seems, it contains
the fundamental problem of life. What ever it is, in fact, the life, if
not, in the words of De Blainville, the twofold internal movement of
composition and decomposition, at once general and continuous? or,
according to Spencer, the coordination of the actions? Neither
internal motion is verifiable, nor coordination without there being a
physical and chemical phenomena of assimilation and
transformation of the energy of the stimulus, without the organ of
sense there lends itself to convey to the dynamic change centers
suffered.
Best definition of life, in the sense learned here, is that suggested
by GH Lewes, namely, that it is a series of changes defined and
followed, much of the structure as composition, which take place
within an individual without destroying its identità.-La monistic
psychology, considering the natural conception of psychic life as the
sum of the vital phenomena which, like all others, are linked to
specific substrate material, said psicoplasma (Haeckel), relates the
phenomena of the soul to the law of substance , that is to say the dual
principle of the conservation of matter and energy; and therefore it
can be concluded that the assimilation of energy transformed the
stimulus, follow-cell function by irritability, sensitivity and motion. I
fully accept the doctrine of Haeckel, who puts it this way: The
neurological problem of consciousness is only a special case of the
cosmological problem which embraces in itself all the others, the
problem of substance. If we had understood the essence of matter
and force, you could also understand how the substance, which is the
foundation, can, under certain conditions, to feel, think and want.
Consciousness is like the feeling and the will of the higher animals, a
mechanical work of the ganglion cells, and they should, as such, due
to physical and chemical processes that occur in the plasma of these.
Furthermore, by applying methods and genetic comparison, we
arrive at the conviction that consciousness-ed together also a reason-it
is not an exclusive feature of man; on the contrary this is also
found in many higher animals, not only vertebrates but also
articulated. Man's consciousness is different only in degree, to a
greater development, from the most perfect animal, and the same is
true of other spiritual activities of man[11] .
7. -Data the permanence of the relationship between the action of
external stimuli and subsequent sensory states, Fechner founded the
science news he called Psycho-physics . He, however, stopped the
measurement of sensations; other, more direct disciples of Weber,
[21]

extended the measurement sensitivity in general; others arrived to
measure the duration of psychic acts, and our days, more accurately,
a quantitative analysis of perceptions. The Fechner, by means of
mathematical operations, derived his "fundamental psychophysical
law," according to which "the intensity of the sensations grow in
arithmetical proportion, while those of the stimuli grow in geometric
progression "[12] .
Whatever may others think to the contrary, we believe, and we
will give evidence that the psychophysical has great value, especially
in the phenomena of mental imbalance, to include sensitive data, and
emotional knowledge, which contribute to the formation of
perception, and measure psychic phenomena through physical
phenomena.
Of the first products already appear, quite plausible in
psychiatric: criminal psychology will make use of such studies in a
larger copy, not escaping to his devotees the importance of
experimental standards which, though often hypothetical, they tend
to reach the mathematical accuracy.
[22]
[23]

CHAPTER III.
The dynamics of the reasons.
1 Centre of psychic activity; what is meant by reason, impulse,
movente.-2. Reasons sensitive, representative and ideali.-3. What
is meant by criminal motive ; difference between the motives of
laudable actions and motives of actions riprovevoli.-4. Postulates
of reason and energy on the evolutionary stage of the reasons
criminosi.-5. The doctrine of inhibition, the basic dynamics of
consciousness criminosa.-6. Modi waves takes the integration
process of the psychic energy of motivi.-7. Assimilation and
fusion of motivi.-8. The addition or superposition of the
integration process of psychic motivi.-9. Emotional state
criminal.
1. -In coexistence and succession of states of consciousness is to
note the greater or lesser permanence of some center, sensory or
intellectual, of activities, of which converge for pulse-affinity or
analogy, of the currents that pose the self in his countenance and it
distinguished the accidental qualities. The center of psychic activity
is caused by the overlap, the previous states of consciousness, of
which the new element, starting with the internal currents diverge,
dirizzarle ends up at a different place or opposite to that which just
now tended. The expression of psychic activity center is taken in the
real sense, because the alteration or change of consciousness for us is
equivalent to the energy waves new way ego shifts its center of
gravity; should be accepted that, in the mutual attraction of internal
coefficients, gravity is produced mainly by the increased energy of
action or reaction in the face of competing energy. The element
integrative or disintegrative transitional states of consciousness we
call upon the reason , impulse , motive . It a ) is characterized by an
energy of its own initial, b ) is subject to the general law of causality
and the special assimilation, c ) acts or reacts on the states according
as the previous concurrent or consecutive matches for the same
organic inheritance, for degree of genetic activity or per unit of
consistency.
2. -I reasons stand out, according to the plans of the successive
[24]

states of consciousness, in psychics, representative and ideals. The
sensitive side of the reason is accidental, transitory; remains,
however, of it, in progressive series of psychophysical
transformation, something that corresponds to the degree and the
nature of the energy business, and that, remaining, reproduces
quantitatively the phenomena of consciousness from whence below.
More energy must be because the impulse or motive sensitive
recurrence or reproduce; which means from thinking that the reason
for the action primitive psychic, the subject is in a state of more or
less liabilities, and therefore meets lesser obstacles reactive; while,
reproducing itself, it must overcome the difficulties coming from
similar or opposing coexisting states and the sum of reactions
inherent in the nature of the subject.
In plan the perfect reason combines the energy of all the feelings
and mental relations whence is preceded and accompanied.
Transformed into an idea or concept in exercise conducted on the
influence that the Baldwin name suggestion engine . It means-according
to the psychologist said that we can not have any thought
or feeling, whether it comes from the senses, memory, words,
demeanor, or by the command of others, who does not have a direct
influence on our conduct. We can not anything to avoid the influence
of our own thoughts on our conduct, and often the most common
events of our daily lives act as a suggestion of facts of the greatest
importance for ourselves and for others[13] .-E falls here about
another original observation of Baldwin; that is, that we can not
perform any act without that corresponds in our mind the thought or
image or memory that leads to action. This dependence of the Act by
the thought that the spirit has at a given moment, it shows so evident
in certain cases of partial paralysis, etc.. A considerable number of
these cases authorizes establish the general principle that for each of
the acts, which we intend to do, we must have some particular way
of thinking about the act itself, or to remember the impression that it
produces and the form that possesses; we must have the spirit of
something equivalent to the experience of the movement itself. This
principle is said of ' kinesthetic equivalent expression that loses its
imposing appearance when we remember that kinesthetic means
nothing if not the consciousness of movement[14] .
3. -When say why criminal mean determinant of the crime. It
follows that the fundamental part of criminal psychology consists
precisely in the examination of the dynamic reasons. Which did not
[25]

escape the great Romagnosi, which assigned such a large part in the
genesis of punitive law, the doctrine of the reasons. I would, indeed,
say, that the specialty of repressive discipline is the result of
theoretical and practical views around the grounds of the actions that
we judge violators of criminal law.
Between 'reasons for actions laudable and reprehensible actions
of the reasons there has dynamic difference except for the elements
which, in the psychic domain, they engendered and accompanied or
preceded them. These items are representative of the nature and
ideal; are emotional by nature and are characterized by some degree
of intensity of their developmental activities. Let us suppose, for
example, that Tom has killed Harry: the reason may be revenge or
hatred. But what would explain nothing, that revenge or hatred for a
long show of impulsivity as, in their turn, are generated and
animated by another state of consciousness, or dynamic coefficient,
which, in the made assumptions, it could be the idea and the feeling
of ' offense received. It is still not enough. The offense sometimes
attracts and deserves forgiveness: because in the case of Tom was
the cause of pushing the murder? It should be noted two things: first,
that any state of consciousness acts and reacts on the states
concurrent; has a rhythm of moving equilibrium with a tendency to
reach stable: the second, that the action and reaction of each state on
the other, the integration process psychic that goes with it, has at its
core the unit with the conscious ego able amount of attitude
adaptation. Who will, therefore, emotional state domestic product
from offense, to extend the reflection on states that, in any given
moment of our psychic life, are concomitant to it, must understand
what account by stating the relationship intercedenti phenomenal, no
point pretending to grasp the intimate connection and essential
human knowledge can not extend its power beyond the search of the
circumstances of subjective and obbiettive state of individual
consciousness, the circumstances that form the environment in the
midst of which the reason and acts to which the ' I was led
necessarily to adapt. Dude, to continue the example, at the time the
offense was excited for this or that reason; in him the greater offense
was taken because it is made in the presence of persons of which he
wanted to keep the estimate; in public, while for accidental
circumstance, he was somewhat intoxicated, enhanced by previous
displeasure, and so forth.
4. -In conclusion of what has been exposed collect the following
assumptions: a ) The energy of the reason portrays the action or
[26]

reaction of similar coexisting states of consciousness and later;
increases or decreases the degree according to the individual
adaptation to the circumstances favorable or unfavorable b ) The
grounds for criminal belong to the particular stage of development of
the member representative or ideals; their energy is due to the
complexity of the elements with which they are in a relationship of
causality and inheritance.
The first postulate is clear enough not to require further
explanation. Not so the second. It shall be deemed good when you
think about it, that stage of evolution we mean the dynamic process
of integrative or disintegrative consciousness that period, short or
long, during which the change occurs in the internal states with
motorcycle equivalent initial impulse, transformed the pattern.
Change or motion is determined interstate representative and ideals.
As long as the reason was present, without departing from the sphere
of feeling or affect, would not have a reaction if not instinctive or
automatic. We instinctively turn away his hand from the flame that
burns us, we approach to food when we are tormented by hunger. If,
in such transactions, the mind does not overlook or persists the idea
that the flame burns, the food is the means to satisfy the needs of the
hungry, there is no conscious actions of which we can be held
accountable. The psychological process of evolution begins from the
moment that the energy of the reason passes the threshold of
consciousness and attention with promises physiognomy of its own,
is transformed into image, more or less vivid and colorful, the
outward appearance, both arousing feelings of pleasure or pain not
previously tried. It was the first case where the mind has had time to
reproduce, or to remember or instant representation, the fact in the
totality of the circumstances determining the change, integrative or
disintegrative, conscience; which happens when the individual has
qualities suitable to impose a certain calm, using, Anco momentary,
inhibitors of the powers of arrest. The change, which follows, or
integrates consciousness, procuring new state that with the previous
agreements and harmonize, giving rise to more stable equilibrium; ie
the disintegrates, causing a disturbance, the effect of which is
accomplished externally with criminal action. Who would want to
remember the demonstration two examples. To pour fortunate
circumstances of life in a state of contentment; unexpectedly we
announced some news bearer of great consolation. The news has
learned and resubmitted to the mind with pleasant characters,
whence is accompanied; it affects to increase the internal state of
[27]

happiness, which integrates and reinforce the previous equilibrium
state of consciousness.
Let us suppose, on the contrary, that we are related some sad
news; it immediately puts the mind in turmoil and ends with the
unbalance, disintegrandolo, the previous state of consciousness.
Everyone can see that in the representation, reproduction or
imaginary, of the external event is accompanied by a feeling of
pleasure or pain. When, such a sense, given the intensity, is a
secondary phenomenon or simply consequential of the ideal
representation of fact, the reason I object, the change in
consciousness follows the process as normal, with series of internal
transformations perceptible; but, happening to the contrary, the
hypothesis that the pleasant or painful feeling predominates with
irresistible power, any reaction stop weakens or disappears, and it
happens the sudden outbreak of the action.
5. -A clarify the principles enunciated, enclosing the fundamental
theory of the dynamics of the reasons in general, and of criminal
ESPECIALLY, we feel obliged to return back on the ideas expressed
about the importance to be accorded to the doctrine of inhibition,
based, no doubt , the dynamic genesis of acts of consciousness more
interesting to the study of the criminal.
Among the theories held by Lourie, and masterfully summarized
by Oddi, in a book[15] that all students of psychology should
meditate, inhibition around, my opinion that the most accurate is the
one taught by Wundt, namely that there are separate devices for the
inhibition, but there are several processes, one focus of excitement ,
the 'another depression of inhibition .
Theory is based on the molecular mechanics ; on the principle
that physical aggregation (molecular) and the Association chemistry
(atomic) have complete analogy as it relates to the molecular work.
"The nervous system-refers to the non-Oddi becomes active if it is
not irritated by some stimulus. It is therefore distinguish crafts
activity status and the state of rest. This resting state is not apparent
that, as in all cases in which it is stationary states of the movement.
The atoms of these complex combinations eseguiscono of
continuous movements. They sortono from all sides, by the spheres
of action of the atoms, to which they were tied up to that time,
entering in the spheres of action of other atoms, which are equally
become free. In other words, there are dissociations and associations;
and if the outside does not appear anything, it is because these two
[28]

opposed processes compensate each other. The state of rest, then, is
a state of equilibrium. The internal molecular work remains more or
less constant , the external work more or less null and void . In the
nerve, during the process of excitation, that is, when it is applied to a
stimulus, two opposing effects occur: an effect stimulant , which
appears in the form of muscle contraction, secretion, sensation, etc. .;
another inhibitor , which tends to suppress the movement, to suspend
the secretion, to bring the nerve to the primitive state of equilibrium.
These two effects begin in the nerve at the same time: on the
principle predominate the effects of arrest; when the stimulus is very
weak, they may be the only manifestation of irritation, because the
opposite effects do not come to express itself; if instead the stimulus
is strong, the effects arrest, which grow much more slowly than
those of non-excitement, are quickly exceeded by the latter. The
final effect, the result of external, is a muscular contraction or an
equivalent. Referring to the mechanical data above, this means that
the influence of the stimulus in the nerve irritating breaks the
equilibrium state: the molecules and the atoms undergo a kind of
shock that prompts them to enter into new combinations. And the
pressure is double, double as are the effects; and it has
simultaneously work positive and negative work, with a prevalence
of primo.-In the final analysis, and so summary, one can say that for
Wundt the excitatory process is the effect of the disintegration of the
nervous tissue, that is the inhibition 'expression of its integration
»[16] .
6. -The effectiveness of the criminal plea is not well understood
whether, after moving the genesis known, he does not know the
ways of adaptation in individual or collective consciousness.
The process of integration of the psychic energy of the reasons
occurs: a ) or by assimilation, b ) or fusion; c ) or by addition or
overlap on the energy of the previous states of consciousness.
The assimilation of why the criminal is to be understood in the
sense that the individual hereditary qualities lend themselves to
identify with their own essential nature, the effectiveness of the
dynamics new factor entered the field of consciousness; the
adaptation that matter, accidental element, moral environment
prepared by the hereditary nature of the individual. The adaptation is
done so spontaneously when the new coefficient between the old and
ye shall have identity absolute; but, then, it takes some effort to
allorachè internal tension between them ye shall have sole uniformity
. The proclivities, or ease, and the repugnance to assimilate data
[29]
[30]

dates feelings or ideas that are not effects of what is said, we believe
that this is due to free choice, but it is hardly difficult to realize to be
subject to an illusion easily explained if it reflects the effort,
sometimes useless, to overcome the tendency or the strength of a
state of mind in contrast with pulses that vary the attitude.
If two streams of two different rivers meet in a point and run on
the same slope, they mix smoothly and continue their journey: but, if
the currents are in the opposite direction, before they join and lose
the appearance of different direction , it is necessary that a contrast
between them happen, a gurgle, and that together we rimescolino
depending on the prevalence of thrust or smoother surface on which
each runs.
7. -In process of assimilation, of the reasons, we consider the
adaptation to the individual hereditary nature; that of melting the
focus falls particularly on relations between intercedenti the psychic
energy of the coefficient represented by the reason and the energy of
coefficients acquired and assimilated earlier. In the melting of the
reasons the current psychic impulse to crime are so many competing
forces whose resultant is the sum of organized and unified by the
hardening of the individual character. The convergence of currents
occurs for attracting quality inherited or acquired; the difference
between them, it disappears immediately that the motion befalleth
potential current and restores balance relative.
8. -L'addizione or the overlap of the integration process of the
psychological reasons arises, for the most part, in a period static ego
criminal.
Or that this period is prior to the other preparation and execution
of the crime, or to intercede between intermediate acts, it is certain
that it is marked by greater internal calm and involves controlling
power of reflection. In short, in the addition of the reasons, mind
appear clear terms that must add to or overlap. The education and ill-contracted
habits affect much overlap, character primitive and
spontaneous personal tendencies or inclinations which end up having
the upper hand and alter the internal balance; so that, given the
favorable opportunity, the state of consciousness is disturbed and
undergoes the transformation that it gives some reason supervening
accidental.
Not being Once the merger of the currents of energies
overlapping, it will be easy, by the use of inhibitory power, to sift of,
in the addition, the terms to add up, and cripple those reasons,
[31]

unrelated to the character and the individual character, riescirebbero
otherwise disrupt the balance and push the crime: which occurs
when, with preventive means, turn away opportunities conducive to
the emergence of feelings and passions incomposte, or to the
formation of the prevailing ideas of selfish intent.
9. -The emotional side of why criminal regards to sentiment.
Depending on the action of the reason the series of acts repeated in
later times, the first feeling is disgust, repulsion and has taken very
little in the field of consciousness. Just pleasant or painful currents
pass through the veil of the soul because it extends the sad
impression proven. But, if the reason is repeated and reflection warn
us that could further innovate, to disgust the urge happens quickly
and somewhat intense, strengthening pel memory of the previous act
repulsive, it turns into a feeling of hatred. Start from the bottom of
consciousness to emerge the first effort reactive; But well soon
repressed by the hope that the act does not have to be repeated and
the influence of internal emotional controstimoli. Durando the action
of reason, with a gradual attenuation weakens us in the power of
spontaneous inhibitory and creating an environment more suitable
for the germination of psychic feelings and passions of which for the
first one did not have the example.
The internal state, which increasingly will be specializing, is
qualified by a sense of constriction or depression; the ego realizes to
be under the threat of alien power and, as we endeavor to get rid of
it, he realizes that succeeds in vain. It happens the state of despair:
the victim is aware that the strength of resistance begins to fail, and
sorrow at the thought of the abyss that you dig soul and where they
could fall all the good intentions, the natural instincts of
righteousness . Durando, however, the reason, from time to time the
visual field of consciousness shrinks, darkens the unconscious
domination and seize the soul is more burdened by memories of
previous states of happiness, by fragmentary ideas that go with rapid
course before to the mind, showing just a corner away from bright or
dark of their existence, twilight vision of the future uncertain, altered
by fantasy, made it look scary with uncertainty and mystery. The
epilogue of this psychic drama is accomplished or irresistible
reaction to the discharge of energy burst with rapid and
uncontrollable acts, ie, when the action of the pattern has persisted,
with weakening total controstimoli and with the onset of reactive
powers disorder.
The emotionality of the reason is quite another thing from the
[32]

series of special emotions which, in more or less close to the first
thrust to the crime, destansi soul. In addition, the stage of the
criminal emotion, for those who want to thoroughly understand the
development, needs to be examined, not only in the ordinary course
of genesis and progress, but in the singular manner, out of respect to
the categories of crimes and to the diversity of reasons able to bring
an action on the same. The emotion, the sudden outbreak of crimes
and tumultuous passions of anger, hatred, revenge, does not surpass
the sphere of feeling; while, in the crimes of calculation and
reflection, extends far in the field of ideation. It examines the crime
of theft. The thief, in a concerted plan of action, it is animated by the
idea of enriching the idea which, in its turn, is converted into its
object or purpose of the crime. Who well reflects the dynamic
content of the grounds of theft, you will readily realize that these are
devoid of lively impulsità of the crimes of his passionate impulse,
caused by hatred or revenge. The emotional side prominently in
theft, is not ideal, in the sense of intent calculated the same way as
mere interest. This is the peculiar mental state which I call emotional
state criminal ideal , dependent on unmet needs, desires alive, from
the flattery of hope or improvement of well-being.
[33]
[34]

CHAPTER IV.
Coenaesthesia of the criminal-physio-psychology
of the reasons.
1 coenaesthesia or general feeling of criminale.-2. Ontogeny and
phylogeny of the soul of criminale.-3. Insensitivity and
disvulnerabilità of criminali.-4. The eredità.-5. The childhood of
delinquente.-6. The theory of psycho-physiological motivi.-7.
Current and potential effectiveness of the reasons; concomitant
somatic characteristic of pleasure and dolore.-8. The dynamics of
reason-idea ; specification of conscience crime.
1. -Allargando and deepening the examination of the life of the
psychophysical minor criminal, we meet the problem of overall
sensitivity or coenaesthesia the same. "The kinaesthetic sense-writes-
Bianchi is a summary of all the feelings, which sums up the
organic personality. The information of all the organic functions, and
all the work done by the organs in the different workshops of organic
life, are transmitted to the higher nerve centers. From all parts of the
body, even the less important and the most distant, is a continuous
flow of nerve-waves that establish relationships between all the
organs and nerve centers. Added to these are all specific sensations,
by means of which the subject experiences an endless series of
mutations to the immediate contact with the outside world, the latest
result is the gradual understanding of their own body, more and more
distinct in the environment in which they live , mercy playback
mnemonic of all the physical qualities of the medium and the
changes that the body undergoes under the influence of the agents
operating on it "[17] .
This apparatus or organic compound, which corresponds to the
psychological equivalent neuropsiche fourth grade primary of
psychogenesis phyletic, is the substrate of the mental life of all
higher animals, not that of the man, which, according to the '
Haeckel, "is tied to a psychic apparatus more or less complicated,
and this is always composed of three main parts: the sense organs
bring the various sensations; the muscles , on the other hand,
determine the movements; nerves make the communication between
[35]

the first and the last, through a central body especially the brain or
ganglion . The layout and operation of this psychic apparatus is
commonly compared with a system of electric telegraph; nerves are
the wires, the brain is the central station, the muscles and the sense
organs are subordinate local stations. The motor nerve fibers conduct
centrifugally muscle stimulation pulse or volunteers, and determine
the movement with muscle contraction; the sensitive nerve fibers, by
contrast, lead centripetally the various sensations of the peripheral
sense organs to the brain, and report the impressions received from
the external world. Ganglion cells or psychic , which make up the
body central nervous, are the most perfect of all the organic parts
elementary; since they not only make the communication between
the muscles and organs of sense, but also the highest among all the
functions of the animal psyche, the formation of representations and
thoughts and apex of the whole consciousness "[18] .
2. -The coenaesthesia of the criminal, similar to that of the
normal man, should be considered under the double aspect,
ontogenetic and phylogenetic. The consequences, which we will
draw, will facilitate the task of monitoring the formation of the soul
of the criminal in the early stages of integration to the last degree of
evolution of conscious external actions. Are concepts belonging to
the biology and psychology. Biology teaches us how all phenomena
of consciousness to connect to the life of the relationship with the
outside world; that the protoplasm to the higher brain function any
organic change has exponent equal to integrative or disintegrative
modification of psychic life; that the causal link between the
development biontico (individual) and the phyletic (center), the
supreme law of any biogenetic research, has the same value for
psychology, such as the morphology (Haeckel). Yea we learned that
the feeling is not that character living beings, and that the
psicoplasma (or psychic substance in a monistic), by reflex or reflex
function , or better, reflex action , the conscious representation and
intellect, Is there not that continuous transformations of sanctions
under the law of inheritance and adaptation. The mind, the synthesis
of psychological laws, it is ultimately the other side of life and is like
an organism that has its own evolutionary history and is governed by
fundamental laws in its explanations common to life in general
(Bianchi). The unitary conception, then, or monistic beings compels
us to conclude that the genesis cenestetica of the crime, not a natural
phenomenon, it connects to the law of continuity, or that vogliasi
simply refer to the individual or psicogenia biontica, or that it
[36]

extends to the history family history of the species.
3. -The Lombroso, reflecting on the singular preference of
offenders for an operation so painful and often long and dangerous
as that of the tattoo, and the great frequency of their trauma, they
persuaded a suspect in a sensitivity pain dullest of common men,
precisely as happens in some insane, demented IN
PARTICULAR[19] . It follows from the facts observed by him
figured out, in fact, the truth of the thesis, concluding that the
insensitivity to pain remember very well that of the savage peoples
who can endure, for initiation of puberty, torture is not tolerated by a
white man[20] . To which is added a great life force that protects the
tissues promptly in case of injuries or serious injury, what Benedick
designate by the name of disvulnerabilità[21] . The same characters
are found in the sphere of moral sensitivity, due to the absence of
compassion or cruelty in order to consume many crimes.
Physiologically, the explanation is in the genesis of pain, which,
depending on progressive differentiation ontogenetic and
phylogenetic pel refinement and development of the major organs of
the senses, not that refined delicacy of altruistic feelings, the
criminal had to stop in a very low degree, index or degenerative
form or atavistic reversion to less than perfect bodies.
4. -Ontogeneticamente sensitivity depends primarily on the
criminal legacy . It is from the moment of generation of intrauterine
life and that the quality and consistency blindside evil begin to
unfold. The laws of inheritance physiological and pathological apply
especially to the biogenesis of the crime. The variety of results,
which often cast doubt on the truth of the general laws, depend on
the endless series of unforeseen circumstances. But the careful
investigation of the embryological germ crime, not neglecting any of
hereditary and atavistic elements, which they were able to influence
directly or indirectly on the quality acquired by birth, he must
provide many lights around the knowledge of the same quality,
without which we would be faced to the inscrutable mysteries.
From the moment that life begins with identifying the cell-to-cell
fertilized egg or jamb ( cytula ), the organic character of the parents
are passed on in the offspring. The question that might arise,
according as we have said, by not yet know exactly all the
transformations inherent in the law of variation in novel organisms
that have emerged from the union of germs of parents: Yea but in
this we have the principle of the unity of universal life in space and
[37]

time, not that the other variety with the substantial identity of beings.
5. -From cenestetica biogenesis of the criminal spend the early
stages of development, childhood. Here you will find similar
characters between what is observed in children and delinquency in
the wild. The improvidence, cruelty, insensitivity, the impetuosity,
are distinctive childhood of the criminal and barbaric men are perfect
in comparison to the level below the civilization. The nature of this
paper I pantry dall'addurre examples proving the claim, the which,
moreover, were so well collected by Lombroso in the first volume of
his delinquent Man . In conclusion, let us say, that the genealogy of
the crime, especially in the lower forms of life, physical and mental,
should never scompagnarsi by appropriate evidence with the
development of the qualities of the individual criminal; the two
fields of study are integrated and complement each other.
We just want to add, that the anomalies of sensibility, physical or
moral, of the child, rather than by organic constitution, depend on
the deficiency or lack of understanding of many operations causing
painful effects for themselves or for others. Many psychologists
were caught in acts of cruel appearance in children who have grown
into adulthood, they gave evidence of exquisite sensitivity and
altruistic tendencies. They attributed the change, in fine, the work of
education and upbringing. He deceived. The insensitivity was the
effect of a state of unconsciousness or lack of foresight of the child;
the opposite quality born since you bought awareness of what
amounts to produce a painful condition. Attention, faculty very slow
to develop; reflection, produced by the mastery over the internal
processes of arrest, they are playing the maximum influence on the
phenomena of sensory perceptions: the absence of the rule, or being
very weak in children, there has to wonder if this show is so
insensitive and so little pity inchinevoli for the sorrows of others.
6. -Conosciuta the coenaesthesia of the criminal, we continue the
discussion of the reasons, in respect of the physio-psychological
theory. We have seen that the action of reasons, our sensitivity,
internal or external, obeys laws at all dynamics. They, in other
words, that are not as many coefficients energies.
Their main law is the law of dinamogenesi , whereby each state
of consciousness tends to continuarsi in a movement. The reasons
we were divided into external and internal. They, however, as they
are efficient or coefficients of the crimes, which are not equivalent to
feelings or ideas . We will see, at the time, the differential nature of
[38]

emotions criminal, and how effectively they have in preparing for
the crime.
For now, let's say, that the action of reasons, with the energy of
feelings, svolgesi in the region of affective phenomena. Without
claiming that he would not be the place to make distinctions of the
phenomena themselves, suffice to say, pel our intent, or that they all
cause pain or of pleasure . Reduced the energy of the reasons the
two primitive forms of our affective or emotional life, we have to
resort to general laws, so those are straight, to conclude a
satisfactory notions.
Pleasure and pain are the two extreme limits in which polarizes
our lives. Correspond to the first all psychophysical states, they raise
the hue of functions to the rank of major success, for excess energy
current that does not exceed the average of the need to facilitate the
work and attention to be carried out without hindrance.
Correspond to the second depressive states of mental and
physical energy; are the causes difficulties for the operation,
shutdown or impediment to the satisfaction of needs, the imbalance
partial or total body. Whether you Sieno internal states indifferent I
do not doubt it; but indifferent to who? Sure towards the subject that
you do not feel, do not in themselves considered either in their
causes. The transition from one extreme to another, in any kind of
phenomenon, is marked by intermediate points. The field of view of
consciousness has its limits quite mutable, that gain or lose a second
extension of the light reflected mental: but who can say that in the
darkest confines it lacks content; or that, below or near its threshold,
may not work the energies of which we do not even suspect?
7. -I reasons or acting effectively present or effective potential .
We say that the effectiveness of both current When, depends on why
the present; When, we say that potential depends on why you spent
and which Serbs memory.
The actuality of reason has great importance in crimes of passion
or in a rush, not so in the crimes of calculation for which the material
is the determination of the dynamic resonance pleasant or painful
memories awakened.
Of any kind, consider the reason, as long as it was due to
pleasant or painful, it is accompanied by concomitant somatic
characteristic. "Concurrent somatic-writes the Bianchi-pleasure are:
increased circulation of the head without the corresponding increase
in blood pressure (according to Meynert, who admits vascular
[39]
[40]

dilatation with decreased blood pressure); volumetric expansion of
the peripheral organs (Lehmann); elevation of the wrist; acceleration
of the heart; radiant face (it says swollen with joy); increased
feelings; speed and energy of the movement; increased depth of
inspiration, breathing rate accelerated; increase in muscle power.
The pleasure is dinamogeno.-Concomitant somatic pain are:
decrease in vessel caliber by contraction of the vessel walls; pallor of
the skin to ischemia; decrease of some secretions (dry mouth, the
disappearance of milk) and the increase of some other (tears);
constriction of the pulmonary vessels whence the sense of
oppression that warn all those who are under the tyranny of pain;
sense of cold; atonia of voluntary muscles, hence the head bent
(curved sadness, says Lange), long face; faint voice; eyes bigger
(more open palpebral fissures); the pain is crippling »[22] .
8. -where a reason to turn into equivalent ideal, the affective field
passes into the perceptual field or representative. Determinant of the
effectiveness of direct action replaces the reflex action. The
phenomenon is very complex and I object form of further studies on
the evolution of the consciousness of crime. Confining ourselves
now to the part at all decisive of the idea-why do not we turn away
from the relationship purely causal , that intercedes between the
dynamics of the ideal criminal motive and the effect of imbalance of
consciousness.
The idea, who ignores him? is itself a compound psychic. The
basic sensory or physiological are the subjective basis; presentations
or perceptions of the outside world it preparing the material. The
force, therefore, integral or disintegrating idea is equal to the
resultant components fused together in the phenomenon of voltage
directive on the same line.
Decomposed into the elements, the idea will result in physical
and mental factors similar or unified cohesion immediate or later.
But the reason why-pel idea criminal is due to imbalance, unlike
what happens in the normal man? Because the offense is always
rejected with equal or greater offense by the impulsive and it is a
generous forgiveness for the virtuous man? The answer is contained
in the notions held around the state of balance and mental imbalance,
which is not in the laws of the dynamics of criminal reasons,
according to which, the criminal, the known physical or mental
condition is the culmination of the ' anomaly . Manca, not so much
for another up to previous and here we keep that in mind.
[41]

The law of cohesion in the psychic formations gives us the
degree and the countenance of each new compound. It, however, is
complemented by the law of continuity in the psychic cohesion .
More cohesion, more specification; less cohesion, less specification
(Ardigò). So, given the attitudes of the criminal in most destabilizing
assimilate the energies of the reasons, and to make it more consistent
effects, the state of their own that will follow, imbalance, it will be
more differentiated or specified. In the rhythm of psychic energies
follow the line of least resistance. The fund degeneration of the
criminal, not hindering the dominance of evil tendencies, and so
makes it easier to specification; which applies both to the individual
psychic formation, as for the continuity of the whole psychic life.
[42]

CHAPTER V.
The conscious process of the crime.
Stadium training.
1 Formation of natural psiche.-2. The germs evil of the crime in the
dawn of life. 3 The genesis of antagonistic forces in the life of
relazione.-4. The early period of trends in criminal fanciullo.- 5
The second formative period of personality identifies the
delinquente.-6. The law of imitation in the infancy of
delinquente.-7. The selection of organic integrative elements of
delitto.-8. The phenomenon of sympathy and its laws-9.
Influence of family and economic factors on crime; the education
and perversions of inheritance. -10. Influence of necessity
sociali.-11. Degenerative effect of the suggestive criminosa.-12.
Influence of sentimental reasons that act on the imagination.
1. -Our psychic life is but a succession of states of
consciousness. From sensation to conception, volition action by the
integrative process of self that results in subsequent acts or connect
or cancel out or come together. The awareness of psychic life begins
from the moment the stimulus, dynamic coefficient acting on our
inherited tendencies or acquired, enters the field of view of
consciousness and changes its surface.
From such time has principle psychic life with equivalent
parallel to the organic functions. From such time begins the process
of formation of conscience and the individual would make
perceptible the first distinctions of quality intended for more
progress over time.
Those who wish to form accurate judgments about because of
strong tendencies to virtuous actions or not, must, from the very first
time, I will say embryonic psyche, do not fail to notice all the ways
so the psycho-physical organism is forming, and the laws that
regulate development.
Next we age we occupied delinquency in childhood and I
resigned ourselves the similarities with the nature of the wild man.
Similar analogy ontogenetic and phylogenetic, in large part, has the
origin in hereditary germs not as yet differentiated adaptation of the
[43]

social environment; that, with the work of time, can take place very
easily.
If desired, meanwhile, know how, since dall'indicato period, the
soul of the offender to be gradually shaping, he is necessary to turn
things back a little and, resuming the discussion of the reasons or
factors in crime, see how effective giuochino them in competition
with all the other factors, external and internal, in giving the first
organic content to consciousness.
2. -The indistinct form of inherited tendencies we learned, that in
the dawn of life, the evil germs of crime are convoluted in centers of
energy in nature such as not necessarily bound by the immanence of
special differentiation. The inheritance, albeit that is the main
wellspring of good or evil actions by the individual, is not to be
conceived under the aspect of cause fatal ; that, in so saying, he
trascurerebbero all the elements of environment and adaptation,
which contribute, simultaneously or successively, to training the
body and mind. Instead, he seems more accurate to think, that the
germs hereditary or, rather, the energies which constitute the body of
the individual, in their primitive form convoluted, giving rise to the
appearance of characters that easily blend together and are easily
convertible in the acts outward.
The inclination to do evil, altruism, charity, charities are the
qualities which in practice may be done in several ways. Mal makes
the selfish, the ambitious, the delinquent; and yet you do not say that
one equals the other. In short, it is incontestable truth that the pursuit
of evil, or ethical or legal, should be performed not in itself or in the
organic essence of germination, but in the early outward acts with
notes differentials.
We list, therefore, the duty to see why the child ordinarily are
found the qualities of the wild man; namely because in the early days
of our existence from the bottom of the crime rimugghi and gave the
alarm in the viewer who is something.
3. -The feeling first fundamental of our life is the feeling of
existence. Exist not only means being or living, but have a sense of
immanent potentiality to act and get in touch with the outside world.
Along with this it is a different feeling: the feeling of difficulty
nell'esplicarsi, namely the sense of obstacles to the proper
functioning organic. It is the contrast of the two feelings that the
above is the first form of antagonistic forces in social life; is by the
successive victories, carried out by the potential obstacles functional,
[44]

which takes the form of personal progress with degrees increasingly
ascendant.
By the reflex acts of the early months of life, the child, the
reactive actions against any obstruction to the satisfaction of his
desires more alive, there are examples of an automatic and
instinctive consciousness to assert the increasingly prevalence of
energy completely personal basis of incipient life of the psyche and
ego identity in the midst of the incessant variety of phenomena.
Among the internal relations, or internal functions and external
relationships you establish a relationship sempreppiù constant
befalleth the environment more complex and the individual,
differentiating, organizes, until he, in the midst of 'similar, assumes
physiognomy stable staff.
4. -Or, consider the child described in the early period of social
life, and you will find, of trifling, that, if he has inherited evil germs,
they will make their first appearance in stressing the reactive energy
toward personal intent for nothing altruists, with the choice of
suitable means less civil environment. In sum, in a word, the genesis
psychophysics of the crime, while biologically does not stray from
the laws of ontogeny and phylogeny, laws common to all species of
living organisms, is reunited with the general principle of perpetual
struggle for existence, with the prevalence of the organisms most
suited to the environment. The sense of the crime, in certain actions
morally reprehensible and legally repressible, is the legal
explanation in the necessity of the social order: its origin must
attingersi directly to the natural laws of life and the conditions
ond'essa is accompanied pel progress of 'human organism. Given the
struggle between the individual energy and energy antagonistic,
there is contrast between stimuli and controstimoli, and the increase
in potential is at the expense of the possibility to be addressed by the
strength of the external agents that either naturally or artificially
affect we.
The first and primary difference perceived by the child, to
appreciate the magnitude of an action, is based on the attractiveness
of feeling pleasant or painful. The obstacle, a hindrance to our work,
brings sorrow; the instinctive action is to remove him. The opposite
happens with obbietti pleasant, which attract us to contendercene
possession.
The sacrifice to abstain from what they like is very rare that
experiments in the child. The reason is because it connects to a
[45]

shutdown process, which in the early years of life left in us. In the
child the feeling of pleasure is followed immediately by the external
impulse: the absence of the conception of the act, the phenomenon is
simply reflex and instinctive.
5. -Formatosi the first draft of the personality identifies the data
of consciousness are gradually increasing and mark the first time the
distinction in principle simply intuited then imposed by the need to
adapt between the actions lawful and not lawful, or rather, between
what that is achievable and what is to be respected. The impulses
towards objects or documents are held by the pleasant contrast of
controstimoli, of which one begins to perceive the existence; the
outside world, during the fight, is represented with more precise
mode and borders; until, in the rhythm of actions and reactions
increasing, does not begin to appear the first form of balance or
imbalance.
The child, projecting beyond his personality, it absorbs energy
from the personalities of others similar to hereditary or accidentally
acquired supervening organic changes. Hence the coefficients of the
two powerful personal evolution or dissolution, the imitation and
sympathy .
6. -Nobody writer, that I know of, has given adequate importance
to imitate which genetic coefficient of the crime, even as the main
means of spontaneous organization of the conscience of the offender.
The origin of imitation connects to a real phenomenon of
suggestion , which we distinguish by the name of the drive . Every
act, even every thought, every feeling imply movement or muscular
or cerebral movement that must be transmitted externally.
The telepathic phenomena, and what the daily experience teaches
us, they are there to show us that in our brain centers, ideational,
emotional or volitional, affect uninterrupted movements that come
from the outside and that respond to the equivalence of energy in the
process of transformation . Reciprocandosi, in this way, the dynamic
relationship between us and our fellow man, we end up taking
mental habits, inclinations moral transmit to contact or at a distance.
The imitation is the fact more complex than the reported principle. It
connects from one side to the potential energy of the hereditary
qualities, other influences attractions of the acts or actions
constituting the moral and civil environment in the midst of which
we do We explain.
It's so great the influence imitative that sometimes comes to the
[46]

force of infection. Among the infection of physical illness and
infection diseases, Is there moral yes almost close analogy that we
can, for spiegarcene the essence, suppose the microbes of vice and
crime.
Some writers, struggling with patient observations to build a
scientific psychology of childhood, incorsero in default of origin
always ask for one point of view; making their observations and
experiments in privileged environments, including children born and
raised in civilian families with hereditary qualities normal. Ben
would otherwise have to practice those who wish to form
enlightened opinions on the psychology of crime, whose greatest
exponent is found in the lower social funds, in areas prepared for
spontaneous fertilization of the germs of evil.
It should not have any illusions: the social life, as everywhere it
takes place, is formed in layers so different from each other by not
allowing even the resemblance of analogy. Thoughts, habits, actions
are so different from one to another layer social system would be
erroneous to confuse the observations and inferences; believe the
worst to have achieved by bringing together the scientific intent of
the principles or canons of character entirely relative value of one-sided.
7. -The imitation to absorb, to assimilate the psychophysical
elements of the crime happens in environments suitable for
spontaneous law of organic selection. The thug, or small adult, you
do not even notice infections evil of which is the victim; just the
same way the most deadly diseases in order to send us their germ
that we had no awareness. During the incubation period,
embryological crime scene, imitation, agevolandoci means of
contact and reproduction of germs of evil, is the way best suited for
the transmission of energies criminal intended to cause, in taxable
person changes and impulses to future crimes.
To understand the mechanism or the statics and dynamics of
criminal impersonation, we must remember another phenomenon
rather neglected in psychology, the phenomenon of sympathy ,
which does not wrongly Adam Smith founded the morale.
8. -The sympathy physiologically relates to the theory of
reflex actions; psychologically is the ability to reproduce in
ourselves the pleasures and pains alike; sociologically is the basis of
the law of human solidarity; of course is only one of many ways the
universal law of attraction. The distinctions, that the various forms of
[47]

sympathy, especially below about the physio-pathological, did the
writers, are topics of importance generally attributed to it and the
obligation that you have to take it into account that it actually
deserves.
Barthez distinguishes the synergies from the sympathies ; Tissot
sympathies active and passive ; Hunter sympathy for continuity and
sympathies for contiguity. We, referring to the mechanical system
unit, say that the sympathy should be explained by the law of
attraction centers of energy and with the easiest transformation of
movements in the streets of least resistance . So it is that sympathy,
in relations with the like, is the reason really efficient imitation; as
this would not occur if intercede between similar beings such
aversion to move away from each other hopelessly. In conclusion,
and bearing in mind all that is said above, we can pull the infrascritta
first law: L ' hereditary attitude tilts action attractiveness of energy
similar to the prevalence of the power of sympathy . Everyday
observation is that similar are attracted with the like; between them,
sometimes awakens a current of irresistible affinity. They are the
physical molecules social, that you attract, are unified to form the
being virtuous or criminal: it is the immanent power of life in the
variations of forms homogeneous and heterogeneous, is the
perpetuation of individuals and species selection continues in
organic and social.
The second law of obvious application to the environment of the
crime, is that sympathy with the acts mitigate the impact force of
antagonistic tendencies, by strengthening the effectiveness of the
stimuli between similar energies in contact with the attention to
accustom overlook what attracts us less, with the unification of the
reasons synergistic .
Who has the leisure to observe the friendship of individuals
dedicated to the crime, you will see that between them every
difference of opinion or habits silent when the matter comes to
huddle in the mutual confidence of being fit to commit dates actions,
and in suggestionarsi, with efforts each other, not to fear the threat of
the law or the difficulties that hinder the perpetration of the criminal
design. The strength of sympathy duplicates in each thrust to the
crime, as dampens or attenuates the work of the counter-pressure; as
well as gives rise to a sense of complacency for his own work, as
long as it is able pleasing others.
A third law, so that in practical observations may be useful is the
[48]

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