The most influential vizzes of all time (#SXSW)
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This is the slide deck Andy Cotgreave delivered in his "Most Influential Vizzes of all Time" talk at SXSW in 2014
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The most influential vizzes of all time (#SXSW)
- 1. 5 4 3 2 PRESENTED BY Andy Cotgreave @acotgreave Social Content Manager, Tableau
- 2. 5 4 3 2 PRESENTED BY Andy Cotgreave @acotgreave Social Content Manager, Tableau
- 6. 3 2 4
- 7. John Snow Cholera Map, 1854 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak
- 8. John Snow Cholera Map, 1854 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak
- 9. John Snow Cholera Map, 1854 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow_(physician) #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 13. 3 2 4
- 17. Exclusive! Tableau v9 feature reveal! #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 20. 3 2
- 22. Napoleon’s 1812 Russian Campaign What happened to Napoleon’s soldiers? Lived Died #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 23. Charles Minard’s March on Moscow, 1869
- 24. “The graphical representation is gripping; it inspires bitter reactions on the human cost of the thirst for military glory” - V Chevelier (Minard’s sonin-law) #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 27. Charles Minard’s flow map, 1869 What happened to Napoleon’s soldiers? Lived Died #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 28. Charles Minard’s flow map, 1869 What happened to Napoleon’s soldiers? Lived Died #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 29. 2
- 30. Mortality in Crimean War, Florence Nightingale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Nightingale-mortality.jpg #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 32. “I can never be sufficiently thankful to papa for having given me an interest in Statistical and Political matters”
- 34. Mortality in Crimean War, Florence Nightingale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Nightingale-mortality.jpg #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 37. Mortality in Crimean War, Florence Nightingale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Nightingale-mortality.jpg #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 41. Chart of biography, Joseph Priestley, 1765
- 46. “Laborious and tedious as the compilation of this work has been… a variety of views were continually opening upon me during the execution of it”
- 49. “It is now sixteen years since I first thought of applying lines to subjects of Finance. Was I the first who applied [Priestley’s] principles to Finance?” - William Playfair
- 50. Playfair’s Denmark/Norway imports/exports, 1786 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Playfair_TimeSeries-2.png #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 51. But what about modern data viz tools?
- 52. Yes we can (mostly)! #5vizzes @acotgreave
- 53. Debate: @acotgreave Further info: http://tabsoft.co/vizinfluence I WANT TO CHANGE THINGS FOR THE BETTER. I HAVE THE DATA AND THE PASSION TO DO IT. #5vizzes @acotgreave
Editor's Notes
- Hello. Thank you.I’m Andy Cotgreave – social content manager for TableauI get the Saturday evening slot – that means that you are all set for a big night out.The history of data viz is, for me, amazing. But this session isn’t just a history lesson. I’m not going to just stand here and give you dates and events. What we’re going to do is take key moments in data visualisation history and see what we can learn from each of those. What we’re going to see is that the challenges you face today: lots of data, finding insight, and making change – are ones that were faced in the past just as much as today. The vizzes you’ll see today were all designed by people who faced, and overcame, those challenges. So: it’s more than history: this session is actually about you becoming a better data analyst.Who here creates visualisations as part of their job? Who sees charts on a near-daily basis?We all experience charts. We all have a vested interest in making them work. What is the point of a chart?To make change. That’s right: if your chart isn’t making someone understand your point, or change their behaviour, then what’s the point? If it’s just candy that makes me have no reaciton, then what was the point of making it?In this session we are going to look at 5 visualisations that I think changed the world. We’re going to consider what their impact was and what YOU CAN LEARN FROM THEM. At the end of this presentation, my hope is that you leave inspired, and equipped with a few more ideas of ways to make your visualisations more effective.
- Here’s your hashtag – How about we spend a minute getting to know each other. It’s 5pm and we’d rather be socialising, I’m sure. I can’t provide the beer but I can provide someone next to you to say hello to.Say hi and tell each other what you think are the most influential vizzes of all time. Then tweet them!
- I’m from Tableau – and although this presentation has nothing to do with Tableau, our mission is to help the world see and understand their data. And we try to do that by making it easy to build effective visualisations.
- Influence = influence on the audience the visualisation was created forInfluence = influence on the world of data vizIn picking a shortlist, I notice that all of the ones I’ve picked have an agenda, a story, a point to make. This is key in thinking about how we design charts today. It’s sometimes hard to separate the person from the viz as the influencerYou are going to see some amazing vizzes. You’ll learn key aspects of visualisation design. What we need to remember is that with modern visualisation tools, we create stuff instantly, almost without thought. These vizzes, old and new were hand-crafter or hand-coded – these authors had to make a decision based on every single design decision. Axis thickness, colours, layout, scales, etc – they drew them all themselves. What I hope you take away from this is that modern tools are built by standing on the shoulders of these giants – everything you see today has contributed in some way to enabling us to do more analysis, faster.Transition!
- Influence = influence on the audience the visualisation was created forInfluence = influence on the world of data vizIn picking a shortlist, I notice that all of the ones I’ve picked have an agenda, a story, a point to make. This is key in thinking about how we design charts today. It’s sometimes hard to separate the person from the viz as the influencerYou are going to see some amazing vizzes. You’ll learn key aspects of visualisation design. What we need to remember is that with modern visualisation tools, we create stuff instantly, almost without thought. These vizzes, old and new were hand-crafter or hand-coded – these authors had to make a decision based on every single design decision. Axis thickness, colours, layout, scales, etc – they drew them all themselves. What I hope you take away from this is that modern tools are built by standing on the shoulders of these giants – everything you see today has contributed in some way to enabling us to do more analysis, faster.Transition!
- Before I start, I reflected on what, in my life, has been MY most influential visualisation. I could have chosen some of the ones I did when I was an analyst at the University of Oxford. Or the ones I do now to measure engagement as Social Content Manager at Tableau.But no – I think this one fits the bill.2 years ago my wife was sad I was spending so many weekends away from home. I thought the situation wasn’t that bad. So I did what every geek should do: I turned to the data!Oh.When I built this chart with my wife next to me, I thought I’d be vindicated. But no – it shows that I spent TWELVE weekends away from home on my own in 2012!
- Let’s go! When you create a visualisation, there are many things you need to include in order to be successful. This first choice embodies those. It’s a map that changed the world. It visualises data in to force its audience to come to a specific, undeniable conclusion. Conclusions and actions are the goals you should have in mind when you share a vizualisation.
- Imagine you are living in Soho in 1854. london is growing. But it stinks. There’s no sewage, and people throw their waster either on the street or in cess pits. It is horrible. Cholera is a constant and deadly risk. In 1854 it’s also very likely to kill you.
- In August 1854, Cholera strikes. The Broad Street water pump where you get your water is infected with cholera. In just 10 days, this infected water has killed 500 people in your neighbourhood. Whole households have been wiped out. You are likely to have lost family members to this horrible disease. This is the map that caused change: this map changed the way the world understood cholera. It forced London to realise it needed to build a sewage system to fix itself and end cholera outbreaks.The map shows, for each household, how many people died. What’s clear is that they are concentrated around the Broad Street water pump.Before we examine the map, let’s see who’s behind it.
- On the left is John Snow – a leading physician in London and the only man who disagreed with the leading theory that Cholera was spread through “miasma” or dirty air. He had realised that Cholera was water bourne, and needed data from an outbreak to prove it. As a result of his data, he persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the infected water pump, ending the outbreak 10 days after it started.
- There are some myths about the map that need clearing upSnow had already made his conclusion about the infected water supply from the pump. The map did not help him draw his conclusionThe map wasn’t used to convince the authorities about the Broad Street waterpump infection.He wasn’t the first to do dot maps or even map the 1854 cholera outbreak. Here’s the same data as mapped by Edmund Cooper in September 1854
- However – it makes the list because:This map was made not just with raw data.The map was made by someone who went around the neighbourhood and understood the CONTEXT of the data. Raw numbers weren’t enough. Snow needed to go find more data – which water pump did people use? By understanding that, he was more intimate with the data. He could create something with more passion.And finally this map was used to convince people of the need for change. This is something you should be trying to do in your day job. Whether you’re monitoring sales or curing diseases, your vizzes need to show actionable insight. Snow used this map to prove his theory that cholera was water bourne and that london really needed a sewage system. This map achieved that
- Today the history lives on! Broad Street is now called Broadwick Street. There’s a John Snow pub and a water pump remembering the outbreak and John Snow. This means you can, in the interest of learning about data visualisation, legimately go and drink beer! Perfect.
- My number 4 viz is about the power of what we can call guided analytics, of animated storytelling, of the importance of being passionate about the data. Your success as a dashboard designer depends on utilising the approaches found in this viz.
- This is a new one! It’s Hans Rosling and the Gapminder.Rosling is a Swedish doctor, academic and statistician. He spent 20yrs of his career looking at disease and public health in Africa. When he began teaching global development to Swedish students he realised he needed better ways to communicate the changing face of global health. The best way to show this is to just watch him in action…Click (and then click to play from 1m40s)
- Amazing – I could watch it all day.What makes it work? Well – the data is great. The visualisation is great. But it’s HIM. He is amazing – he animates any story – he guides the user around Has it been influential?Yes – his views on data have been seen millions of times. Rosling has been decorated countless times by development and statistical agencies.
- Amazing – I could watch it all day.What makes it work? Well – the data is great. The visualisation is great. But it’s HIM. He is amazing – he animates any story – he guides the user around Has it been influential?Yes – his views on data have been seen millions of times. Rosling has been decorated countless times by development and statistical agencies.
- What would be fantastic would to be able to channel what hans does and put it on our dashboards – he has been influential because of the way he presents his data.In Tableau we can do annotations, tooltips, highlights, etc to get close. But also YOU can do what Hans does. A viz can only every be part of the story. You can’t expect your work to speak for itself. You might have to be the one standing in front of your work, actually talking about it, explaining it, and adding context to your audience in order to make them understand what they see.
- What would be fantastic would to be able to channel what hans does and put it on our dashboards – he has been influential because of the way he presents his data.In Tableau we can do annotations, tooltips, highlights, etc to get close. But also YOU can do what Hans does. A viz can only every be part of the story. You can’t expect your work to speak for itself. You might have to be the one standing in front of your work, actually talking about it, explaining it, and adding context to your audience in order to make them understand what they see.
- What would be fantastic would to be able to channel what hans does and put it on our dashboards – he has been influential because of the way he presents his data.In Tableau we can do annotations, tooltips, highlights, etc to get close. But also YOU can do what Hans does. A viz can only every be part of the story. You can’t expect your work to speak for itself. You might have to be the one standing in front of your work, actually talking about it, explaining it, and adding context to your audience in order to make them understand what they see.
- Do you ever struggle to convince people that data visualisation is worth while? Are your managers stopping you buying Tableau because they are “happy with the tables of numbers” they already have? In which case, this viz is your gateway drug. Show them this and they will beg you for more..Click
- Influence = influence on the audience the visualisation was created forInfluence = influence on the world of data vizIn picking a shortlist, I notice that all of the ones I’ve picked have an agenda, a story, a point to make. This is key in thinking about how we design charts today. It’s sometimes hard to separate the person from the viz as the influencerYou are going to see some amazing vizzes. You’ll learn key aspects of visualisation design. What we need to remember is that with modern visualisation tools, we create stuff instantly, almost without thought. These vizzes, old and new were hand-crafter or hand-coded – these authors had to make a decision based on every single design decision. Axis thickness, colours, layout, scales, etc – they drew them all themselves. What I hope you take away from this is that modern tools are built by standing on the shoulders of these giants – everything you see today has contributed in some way to enabling us to do more analysis, faster.Transition!
- This chart is amazing. In 1812, Napoleon marched to Moscow in order to conquer the city. It was a disaster. And this chart shows that entirely. 98% of his soldiers died. This is the best way to show this data. It epitomises all the key aspects of great data visualisation.Pause.
- Ok, let’s look at the same campaign told as a story. This is the chart that’s at number 3. Explanation ofwhat it is, when it was made and why: “The graphical representation is gripping; it inspires bitter reections on the human costof the thirst for military glory [“
- But the real reason was because of this.Read out the quote.Anyone know who might have said this? Yes – William Playfair!
- Incidentally Minard did lots of great work in the world of data viz. Here’s one showing where meat being sold in Paris comes from, and what type of meat it is. It’s the first known use of a pie chart on a map. Hey – that’s something we can do in Tableau easily, right?
- And this one is showing British exports of coal. (1866, I think)Note how he changes the map layout to make his flows fit into the oceans.Also note how he embedded annotations, captions and subcharts on top of the main chart – hey, we can do that in v8 now!
- Sure there are other ways to draw this chart. Let’s go back to the pie chart. If you’re trying to make a point in a powerpoint presentation, then, yes, the pie is a better way of doing it. You’re not going to be in a management meeting and try to get people to digest the full information.Click
- 1983 = TufteClick But only the map draws you and makes you linger. It grips you into its story. It invites exploration and reflection. If that’s your goal: to get someone to engage and digest, then Minard’s approach works in an unmatchable way. A lot of people, once they are data viz experts, criticise this chart for its long-winded nature. But they are suffering from too much knowledge. Think back to when you first saw this chart – that moment was the light bulb in your head when you realised the power of data visualisation: you can tell a story without just using words. And you can draw a chart that captures huge amounts of information.Influence on society: arguably very little: the war was long over. Can an anti-war poster ever stop more war? But he was dying when he made it, during a time of impending war, and wanted to tell a story in the way he was most comfortable.What can we learn? This is a viz with a message. It was created to make a point: an anti-war message It’s storytelling. The main point: many soldiers died could easily (and more effectively?) be told with a line chart (time v number of soldiers). But, as it is, it tells a rich story with geography, soldier deaths and temperature.Can we do it in Tableau? Sure!
- At number 2 is a viz that, like the Cholera Map, led to change. Not only that, it shows that although you should always strive for visual best practise in your visualisations, sometimes that can be less of priority than communicating your message.
- Explanation of the vizzes and the Crimean War.Black: deaths from woundsBlue: deaths from preventible diseasesRed: all other deathsCrimean War – 1853-56. Russia v France/Britain/Ottaman Empire. A big ugly war famous for many tactical errors (eg the Charge of the Light Brigade) but also it was where Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole pioneered new nursing practices which would revolutionise heatlh care.After the war, Nightingale was in charge of a Royal Commission to look at “matters affecting the health, efficiency and hospital administration of the british army. The charts were there to support her case that hospital sanitation and better nursing standards were vital. The charts showed that soldiers die mostly from disease, not wounds. This holds true in or out of war.
- Florence Nightingale is most famous for being the Lady of the Lamp during the Crimean War (1853-56).Conditions in the field hospitals were atrocious and she did whatever she could to improve care for sick and injured soldiers.But she was also a data rockstar.
- Who was Florence Nightingale? Hint: she was a total Data Rockstar!. She’s mostly famous for being the “lady of the lamp” but her contribution to the world of data is significant. Proof? This is William Farr/First female member of Royal Statistical Society. Tried to set up a Statistics dept in Oxford University but they balked so she withdrew her funding in her will. She collected stats her whole life – tabulating her own data.Also note: she assisted patients during the 1854 Cholera outbreak.Influence on Society: significant – she knew that showing tables didn’t engage people and went against her mentor, Farr, in order to put charts into the commission book. Her charts helped people see the impact of sanitation. She revolutionized nursing and these charts were a key part. Her drive and passion began from an early age. She wanted change. Armed with data and visualisations she achieved that is enormous ways.Influence on data viz: significant. Some people criticize these chart because of their radial nature and the distortion of area. Those people are dead wrong. She didn’t have books or research on visual analysis to fall back on. She also knew the distortion of the charts was an issue. She had a huge influence on stats though and pioneered/introduced many stats related ideas to societyWhat can we learn? Nightingale realized stats are brought to life with imagesOnce again, dataviz is part of the equation: Nightingale had passion and drive. The visualization was only one part of her mission. Alone, the viz would do nothing.
- After the war, Florence was commissioned by the British Government to write a report on the causes of deaths of soldiers in the war.
- Explanation of the vizzes and the Crimean War.Crimean War – 1853-56. Russia v France/Britain/Ottaman Empire. A big ugly war famous for many tactical errors (eg the Charge of the Light Brigade) but also it was where Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole pioneered new nursing practices which would revolutionise heatlh care.After the war, Nightingale was in charge of a Royal Commission to look at “matters affecting the health, efficiency and hospital administration of the british army. The charts were there to support her case that hospital sanitation and better nursing standards were vital. The charts showed that soldiers die mostly from disease, not wounds. This holds true in or out of war.What I like about this is that, even though we now understand that radial charts are not necessarily the best way to show time data, this viz works. You cannot help but see that the blue area is the largest. Blue=avoidable. You can only conclude that avoidable deaths are the most common. Sometimes some people, myself included, might criticise charts for their poor presentation. Remember that the most important thing is to communicate your message. You want to do that in the best way possible, but as long as the message is conveyed, then, you know what, you’ve succeeded!
- Why was this chart influential? Well – it led changed the way hospitals were run. Nightingale’s report saved the lives of thousands of soldiers. The charts were singled out as part of the success.But the reason it’s at number 2 is because I believe it had a profound influence on the perception of visualisation and even now is a stand out case that makes the case for data viz.Why?The report was co-authored by William Farr, a pioneer of medical statistics. He also helped compile statistics for John Snow’s Cholera map.
- “The dryer the better” was how Farr saw statistics. He did not want charts in the report.
- She ignored his advice, knowing that visualisations would help people understand the data. She included the charts and these charts influenced change.Conclusion? Data is best represented as charts. After the war, Nightingale was in charge of a Royal Commission to look at “matters affecting the health, efficiency and hospital administration of the british army. The charts were there to support her case that hospital sanitation and better nursing standards were vital. The charts showed that soldiers die mostly from disease, not wounds. This holds true in or out of war.What I like about this is that, even though we now understand that radial charts are not necessarily the best way to show time data, this viz works. You cannot help but see that the blue area is the largest. Blue=avoidable. You can only conclude that avoidable deaths are the most common. Sometimes some people, myself included, might criticise charts for their poor presentation. Remember that the most important thing is to communicate your message. You want to do that in the best way possible, but as long as the message is conveyed, then, you know what, you’ve succeeded!https://archive.org/details/mortalityofbriti00lond
- If you want to know more about Florence Nightingale, there’s a fantastic museum in London. Change the map to include the John Snow too. Then add Tableau office.
- If you want to know more about Florence Nightingale, there’s a fantastic museum in London. Change the map to include the John Snow too. Then add Tableau office.
- Our final visualisation. Wow! This charts encapsulates everything you should be striving for as a visual analyst. This chart was innovative and original. It was seen by thousands of people and designed as a way to display a huge amount of information in a digestible, interesting manner.Its author wanted to educate people. He wanted to be able to condense a huge amount of information in a single view. It also helped change the world of data visualisation.
- What is this chart? Well, it’s really just a Gantt chart showing the lifespan of 2000 thousand famous thinkers, organised into categories: Statesman, Warriors, Poets, etc. Time goes along the x axis, and the y axis shows the world region the person came from. There are a couple of innovations on this chart. Click.
- This is a redacted version. We can see dots where the birth/death is ambiguous. It was one of the first charts to use a consistent timeline (check!)And, I believe, it was the first Gantt chart. If anyone can dispute that, please let me know.
- It was also designed as a companion to Priestley’s Chart of History. In this chart, we have the same time scale and the same y axis, but in this case it is drawing growth and decline of empires, not lives of famous people.
- They had the same dimensions – they could be laid side by side. Ie two views of the same data. That’s a dashboard! Created 230 yrs ago!Just think: we do this kind of stuff without thinking in Tableau and Priestley had to do it manually. This is on eof the really great things you will learn if you read up about the history of data visualisation – pioneers had to make design decisions slowly and with thought. Every aspect of a data visualisation was considered. This viz uses a lot of colour; how many of you think about using colour these days? Today we can print any colour we want at the press of a button. We can click on a colour wheel dialog to use any colour in our legends. Back in Priestley’s days, colour was expensive. He needed to be really sure he was making the right design choice when choosing colour.
- Who was this Joseph Priestley then? Although maybe not so relevant to this session, his life was amazing! He was a poly,math and achieved many amazing things. He helped further education in the UK. He developed these charts in 1765 for the purposes of education – believing that seeing the data was better than reading about it.Then he went on to write a history of electricity, while befriending Benjamin Franklin. He also discovered that water and metals were not the only things that could conduct electricity. His book was a standard text for a centurytHe invented soda waterAnd then onto “dephlogisticated air” – ie oxygen. Yes, his back of a shed experiments really discovered this stuff.He continuously published religious and philosophical papers, which eventually led to the Birmingham Riots – so famous there’s even paintings of it!Exiled from his hme country he headed to the US where he befriended Thomas Jefferso,
- There are some great other lessons from this. One: YOUR BIG DATA PROBLEM IS NOTHING NEW!
- So why is this chart the most influential of all time?Influence on society: 1769 was an instrumental time in society. Priestley was influenced by “A chart of universal history” by Thomas Jefferys but added many innovations. He wanted people to be able to see big swathes of time. He wanted an overview, and details on demand (Ben Scheiderman’s mantra!). He also added systematic principles of consistent scale and position. He targeted his work at scholars and general readers. Influence on visualization: massive! His work was widely read – in schools libraries and any educated person. His work was widely copied. And according to Erasmus Darwin (Charles’ grandmother) should be used in the education of women (p29, here))Designed to give the reader the feeling of seeing history in action: “if the reader carry his eye vertically he will see the contemporary state of empires at any particular time. He may observe which were rising and which were on the decline. Casting his eye a little on each side of the vertical line, he will see what empires had lately gone off the stage and which were about to come on” (p122 Cartographies of Time)He emphasized that the insight could be gained without reading. “The whole is before us. We see men and things at their full length” (p122)Although he labeled the lines, he knew that the power of the chart of biography was the lines themselves – ie the visualization, not the indexHis charts fixed the analogy of geometric space representing time(ie a distance across a piece of paper could be an x-axis of time)
- So why is this chart the most influential of all time?Influence on society: 1769 was an instrumental time in society. Priestley was influenced by “A chart of universal history” by Thomas Jefferys but added many innovations. He wanted people to be able to see big swathes of time. He wanted an overview, and details on demand (Ben Scheiderman’s mantra!). He also added systematic principles of consistent scale and position. He targeted his work at scholars and general readers. Influence on visualization: massive! His work was widely read – in schools libraries and any educated person. His work was widely copied. And according to Erasmus Darwin (Charles’ grandmother) should be used in the education of women (p29, here))Designed to give the reader the feeling of seeing history in action: “if the reader carry his eye vertically he will see the contemporary state of empires at any particular time. He may observe which were rising and which were on the decline. Casting his eye a little on each side of the vertical line, he will see what empires had lately gone off the stage and which were about to come on” (p122 Cartographies of Time)He emphasized that the insight could be gained without reading. “The whole is before us. We see men and things at their full length” (p122)Although he labeled the lines, he knew that the power of the chart of biography was the lines themselves – ie the visualization, not the indexHis charts fixed the analogy of geometric space representing time(ie a distance across a piece of paper could be an x-axis of time)
- But the real reason was because of this.Read out the quote.Anyone know who might have said this? Yes – William Playfair!
- William Playfair? Well – let’s be fair, his are the most famous pioneering charts. Here’s the first published line chart from The Commercial and Political Atlas. Priestley makes it in over Playfair because his work was so influential on the work of others.
- Here’s the list of five. We’ll summarise what they mean to us in a moment. In the meantime, well, this is a Tableau conference right. Who thinks you can recreate all of these in Tableau?
- Here they are then – what I think are the five most influential visualisations of all time.Click. What I learnt in researching this is that an individual viz itself is not the main influencer. It’s the people too. What unites these people and their visualisations? PassionCuriosityClarityGood data!Every single decision. Every pixel. Every colour. All was thought about and considered. Tableau makes these choices for you a lot of the time, but you should always consider the visualisations you are making.What did these people all do. They said “I want to change things for the better. And I have the data to prove it.”Did any of these people think of themselves as data visualisation experts? No. They have an issue and they used data to drive the change. And that’s the takeaway from this session: data + Tableau is only part of the story. What these people did was have passion, and a mission to change. When you use Tableau, channel these peoples’ energies and histories and use data to make a positive change.