1. Pre valence study o f Bovine tuberculosis in
Nekemte Municipality Abattoir, Western
Ethiopia
DVM thesis (Jimma University and ALIPB, AAU)
By:-
Tegegn Gudeta, Jaleta
Jun, 2 008
Jimma, Ethiopia

2. 1. Introduction
 Bovine Tuberculosis
 contagious, chronic and debilitating disease of both humans
and animals
 Formation of granulomas in tissues and organs and also
tubercles, abscess and cheesy exudates will be observed
 Mycobacterium bovis
 Acid fast bacili
 MTBC
 wide range of vertebrate animals host
 Diagnosis
 History and clinical findings
 Tuberculin test
 Postmortem examination
 Histology
 Invitro lymphocyt assay
 Enzyme linked immunosobent assay (ELISA)
 Culture of the mycobacterium and Staining
 Nucliec acid recognition techniques ( Technical problems and cost )

3.  Postmortem examination of the lesions are very critical
 60% Africa , 47% Asian , 38% south America and Caribbean countries
reported from sporadic to enzootic occurrence of BTB(Cosivi et al .,
1998)
 Common disease(animals and human) in developing countries
 BTB is disease of intensifications (dairy cattle)
 Significant public health importance
 Man acquires BTB by aerosols and ingestion
 Poor concept of pasteurization of milk in developing countries
 Increasing incidence BTB with human immune virus (HIV)
 In Ethiopia studies shows that the prevalence rate of BTB ranges from
3.4% in a small holder production system to 50% in intensive dairy
productions by tuberclin tests (Kiros, 1998; Ameni and Roger, 1998; Ameni
et al., 2003; Regassa, 2001, 2005).
 BTB P revalence rates of 5.2% (Ameni and Wudie, 2003),
4.5% (Teklu et al., 2004) and 3.5% (Shitaye et al., 2006) ,
24.7%( Mammo, 2007) have been reported in different
abattoirs in the country.
 Kidane et al. (2002) indicated that M. bovis was found to be a cause

4.  In Nekemte area, West Ethiopia the status of BTB in cattle is not studied so
far,
 The objectives of this study were:
 To determine the prevalence of BTB in cattle slaughtered
in Nekemte Municipality abattoir.
 To assess the efficiency of routine meat inspection to
identify tuberculous lesion in slaughtered cattle.
 To look into trends of human tuberculosis in the study
area.

5. 2.Materials and Methods
 2.1 Study Area
 Nekemte M. abattoir (October,2007
to march,
2008)
 Nekemte
 Located at 336 km west of A ddis Ababa
 Receive average annual rain fall of 1675mm
 Average annual temperature of 22.7 o c
 90,000 human population
 28 legally registered butcheries

6. Nekemte

7. 2.2 Study Populations
 Local Horro cattle breed
 25 cattle slaughtered daily five times a week
 3300 slaughter cattle (both male and female )
 Slaughter animals are brought from
 Sire, Diga, Sasiga , Arjo, Bedelle, Chewakka
 Guttin, A/Guddattu, Nekemte

8. Horro Bull

9.  3.3 Study design
 Cross sectional and Retrospective study
 3.4 Sampling method and sample size
 Simple random sampling technique
 15 animal carcasses were examined daily five times a
week
 940 animals were examined for the BTB using abattoir
meat inspection during the study period
 The tissue specimen for culture were collected
into sterile universal bottle in normal saline and
kept in deep freezer (-20oC) at Nekemte
Veterinary Clinic
 Tissue samples were transported to the Aklilu
Lemma Institute of Pathobiology of Addis Ababa
University (ALIPB, AAU) TB laboratory in a ice bag
every 2 weeks for mycobacterial culture.

10.  3.5 Study Methodology
 Routine postmortem meat inspections
 Detailed Postmortem examination
 Bacteriology
 Culture of the Mycobacterium(Pyruvate and Glycerol enriched L-J media)
 Zeil Nelson staining for bacilli detection
 Retrospective human TB data collected from Nekemte H.
 3.6 Data collection
 Sex
 Body condition score
 Age category
 Frequency of anatomical sites where lesions found were recorded.
 The results of detailed laboratory examination and bacteriology
were recorded
 Human TB data record from Nekemte Hospital

11. Data analysis
 Chi-square test statistic (X2)
 Sensitivity
 Specificity
 Test of agreement (Kappa Value)

12. Result and Discussion
1. Postmortem results( Table 1 & 2 and Pic)
Prevalence=5.1 % (48/940) based on detailed
meat inspection , this is similar with the
results of Ameni and Wudie, 2003 from
Wuchale Jidda
P =0.53% (5/940 based on routine meat inspection
Estimated ratio of lesions RM/ D M=1:10.4. (Mammo,
2007)
Estimated probability of mis sing lesions with BTB,
using the routine meat inspection 89.6%
Poor agreement (0. 1 8).
Low sensetivity of RMI (10.4%)
Statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was
recorded in s e x , Mammo, 2007 found similar results
in Adama abattoir

13.  BTB abattoir lesions(m acroscopic findings )
 A cumscribed yellowish lesions
 Grannlomatous tubercle lesions
 In two of 48 postmortem positive in lungs, abdominal
thoracic cavities and mesentery milliary tuberculosis was
found
 Distribution of tuberculous lesions found in 124 different
organs and tissues
 48.4% lungs and associated LN
 22.5% retropharyngeal LN
 13.7% mesenteric LN
 8.06% in liver
 7.25% in hepatic LN

14. Table 3: Summary of tuberculous lesions by sex, age and body condition
score
Variables No Positi Negati % 95% CI X2 P-value
Examin ve ve Positive
ed
Total 940 48 892 5.1 0.0369- 4.48 0.11
0.061
Sex 14.2 0.000
Male 862 37 825 4.29 0.029-0.56
Female 78 11 67 14.1 0.062-0.220
Age 4.74 0.094
<5 57 6 51 10.5 0.15-0.97
6-10 624 27 597 4.33 0.21-1.49
>11 259 15 243 5.8 0.13-1.05
BCS 5.33 0.069
Poor 34 0 34 0 0.50-1.80
edium 701 32 669 4.6 0.5-3.09
Good 205 16 189 7.8 0.467-2.99

15. Table 2: Comparison of routine meat inspection and detailed meat
inspection for examination of tissues for the detection of carcasses with
tuberculous lesions.
Sens =10.42%, Kappa=0.18
RMI/DMI=1:10.4
Routine Meat Detailed Meat Inspection Total
Inspection
Positive Negative
Positive 5 0 5
Negative 43 892 935
Total 48 892 940

16. Figure 1. Frequency of occurrence of tuberculous lesions in different
tissuesand/or organs of cattle slaughtered in Nekemte abattoir during the
study period
30
25
20
Frequency of
15
Lesions
10
5
0
Mediast BronchRetroph Mesen Hepatic lung Liver
Tissues/ Organs

17.  2 Culture result (table 3)
 40 Specimens submitted to A L IPB, TB L aboratory
 C olony growth was observed in 8 samples
 6 speci me n from car c ass es with visible TB lesion
 2 specimens from carca sses with no visible TB lesion
 6 on py ru vate enriched LJ media
 2 on glycerol enriched LJ media
 All eight samples subject a cid fast stain and bacilli were
observed
 3 . Retrospective data result (Pic 2)
 34,747 Tb cases
 20,776(59.8%) pulmonary TB
 13,971(40.2%) Extrap u limony TB similar results are
reported in Wuchale Jida 16.5 by Amenu, 2002, 38.5 in
Addis Ababa by Kiro, 1998, 27.5 in Adama by Mammo,
2007,
 Demissie et al , 1997, reported 44% TB patient were HIV +

18. Table 2: Evaluation of Detailed laboratory examination for the detection of
tuberculous carcass based on bacteriology result
Sens=75%, Spec=11.76%, Kappa=0. 98%
Detailed Bacteriology Total
Laboratory
Positive Negative
Examination
Positive 6 28 34
Negative 2 4 6
Total 8 32 40

19. Figure 2. Trend and forms of human TB
recorded at Nekemte Hospital between
2000 and 2007
7000
Frequency of TB
6000
5000 Year
cases
4000 PTB
3000 EPTB
2000
Total
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Year

20. Conclusions
Moderate prevalence of BTB was obtained in
this study
Very low sensitivity of routine meat inspection to
detect tuberculous lesions in postmortem
positive carcasses
Most tuberculous lesions are detected in lung
and associated lymph nodes,
Extra pulmonary form of human TB is in
increasing trend

21. Recommendations:
 Attempt should be made to improve the sensitivity
of routine meat inspection
 BTB should be considered as a national issue
 Detailed studies should be conducted to know the
status of the disease through out the country
 Public health awareness should be raised
 Strict collaboration of medical and veterinary
personnel's is critical