This document discusses organic photovoltaic (OPV) technology and the Solliance OPV Program. The program aims to develop a complete technology toolbox for OPV to improve efficiency, lifetime, and lower costs. Current status shows efficiencies over 10% in the lab but lower efficiencies in modules. The program focuses on both solution processing and evaporated OPV using scalable printing and coating techniques. The goal is to achieve over 13% cell efficiency, 5% module efficiency, and manufacturing costs below €0.50/Wp by 2015.

1. Solliance OPV
 Towards Low Cost, Efficient
and Stable Organic Presentation
Photovoltaic Modules • Introduction
• Solliance
Jan Kroon, ECN • (O)PV
j.kroon@ecn.nl • Current status OPV
• Solliance OPV
• Outlook
 2
Solliance: thin film PV competence center
 Local government investment € 28 million
• Move of thin film PV activities of ECN to Eindhoven
 Investment in new
Solliance building
 Investment of new infrastructure
• CIGS: S2S vacuum  R2R “ambient” Artist impression
• a-Si: R2R
• OPV: S2S and R2R  “ambient”
2012-02-15 Solliance OPV Program

2. Generic Technologies
PV Demonstrators per Technology
1. 2. 3.
TF-Si TF-CIGS TF-OPV
A. Transparent Conductive Layers
B. Barriers and Encapsulation
C. Interconnection
D. Light Management
E. Manufacturing Technologies: Vacuum
F. Manufacturing Technologies: Wet Chemical
G. Modeling & Characterisation
H. Modules & Integration
I. Equipment Design & Engineering
 4
PV Technologies - Status and Prospects
CPV
Multi Junction, SpectroLab
Intermediate Band Gap
Plasmonics, FOM-Amolf
DSC, Dyesol
Polymer PV, Konarka
IMEC mc-Si, Sunweb, Solland tf-Si, Helianthos/NUON CIS, HMI CdTe, First Solar, Juwi Solar
2012-02-15 Solliance OPV Program
IEA – Technology Roadmap - Solar Photovoltaic Energy, 2010

3.  5
What is OPV?
Solution processed
Bulk heterojunction General device structure
e - collecting electrode
Photoactive layer
+-
h + transport layer
front
transp. electrode (ITO) electrode
J. van Duren et al.,
Adv. Funct. Mater.
substrate
12, 2002, 665.
Reference materials
O
Me
O
O
OMe
)n O
( MDMO-PPV P3HT C70PCBM
O
C60PCBM
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 6
What is OPV ?
(II) Vacuum evaporation of organic molecules
TU Dresden
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4.  7
Why would we want (flexible) OPV?
Opportunities
• Allows (ultra-fast & low temp, low-cost/low capex)
roll-to-roll solution processing (printing, coating)
• Flexible, Light-weight, Semi-transparent product (or
semifabricate)
• Multi-color design
• Excellent sustainability (low Energy Pay Back Times)
• Integration in a variety of structures and objects
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Challenges (flexible) OPV?
• High module efficiencies (>10 %) and lifetimes (>10 yr) achievable ?
• Develop large specific (& niche) markets
• Focus on unique strengths
• Demonstrate low manufacturing costs in combination with
sufficient efficiency
• Compete with other (flexible) PV technologies
• Comply with requirements for professional use of PV in buildings,
power plants, etc.
• Safety
• Lifetime & maintenance
• Aesthetics
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5.  9
OPV – efficiency, lifetime & costs
Long term target << 0.5 € /Wp
• Increase efficiency (>Wp/m2)
• Reduce module manufacturing costs (< €/m2)
• Extend lifetime to decrease LCOE (€/kWh)
€/Wp
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 10
Efficiency development laboratory “hero cells”
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6.  11
Record Efficiencies for “Organic” cells (size ~ 1 cm2)
UCSB/
Cambridge
Universities Companies
Recent announcements of certified values (end 2011-2012):
 9.1 % for single junction Polymer OPV (Konarka, Polyera, US)
 10.6 % for tandem small molecule OPV (Heliatek, Germany)
 10.0 % Mitsubushi Chemical, Japan
 10.6 % for tandem polymer OPV (UCLA, Sumitomo)
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 12
From hero lab cell to large area module efficiencies
Cell: 8-10 % S2S: 4-8 % R2R: 2 %
konarka
Several module designs possible, depending on application field
Loss in total area efficiency is expected due to:
• Monolithic series connection: Ratio [active area/total area] < 1 → Jsc 
• Scalability: from spincoating to additive large area printing
• Upscaling leads to increase Rseries → FF  → Pmax 
• Search for cost effective, robust and environmentally friendly solutions
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12 Solliance OPV Program

7.  13
Lifetime: status (almost) commercial OPV products
Press release Lowell, Mass. - Feb. 15, 2012
Konarka's Next Generation Organic Photovoltaic Cells First OPV Technology to Pass
Set of Individual Critical Lifetime Aging Tests According to IEC 61646 Performed by
TÜV Rheinland
Passing these Tests at TÜV Rheinland Allows BIPV Glass Application Partners to
Facilitate Integration of Konarka's Power Plastic
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 14
How to realise manufacturing costs ~ 50 Euro/m2?
• Development of fast and cheap (R2R) printing & coating technology:
• Ink jet, screen, flexo, gravure printing, slot die, kiss, curtain coating etc.
• Bill of Materials very low (materials, substrates, encapsulants)
• Optimization of yield, avoid scrap costs
holst
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8.  15
Solliance OPV Program
 General goals
• Creation of a complete technology toolbox for the design,
processing, integration and characterization of OPV cells and
modules
• To unify the extremes of the well-known triangle (for dedicated
applications)
Efficiency
Lifetime Cost
• By operating under the open innovation model
 i.e. shared research together with companies belonging to the
value chain of OPV
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 16
Solliance OPV program
 All companies belonging to the value chain of OPV are needed in
order to bring OPV to a real success
 Investment in processing lines (S2S and R2R) and characterization
 Focus on both solution processing and evaporated OPV
 Program should be pulled by end manufacturers/users
 Financial support from industrial fees, EU subsidy projects, TKI
SF-
Material Equipment Manufac-
Products End-users
Suppliers Suppliers turers
Suppliers
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9.  17
Solliance Technology Roadmap for OPV
OPV now: OPV 2015:
 ~ 10 €/Wp (~ 150 €/m2)  < 0.5 €/Wp (< 50 €/m2)
 R2R  Foil or film based
• Slot-die coating (halogen based?) • Printed/Coated halogen-free
 Anode based on:  Anode based on:
• Vacuum sputtering of ITO • Direct printing of TC and metal
 Cell:  Cell:
• ~ 10 % PCE • ≥ 13 % PCE
 Module:  Module:
• ~ 1,7% PCE • > 5 % PCE
• Low production yield • ≥ 20% production yield increase
 Low-end packaging via lamination  High-end barrier technology
• < 10 % PCE-loss after 1000 hrs @
65°C/45% RH, 1 sun
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 18
WP2
WP1
WP3
WP5
WP4
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10.  19
Current status Solliance OPV
Examples of research results of the Solliance partners
ECN, Holst, IMEC, TNO
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 20
• 8,3% PCE certified &
> 9% PCE non-certified
polymer single junction cell
• 8,24% PCE
polymer tandem cell
• 5,5% PCE certified
polymer single junction module
Efficiency
Lifetime Cost
• Low water sensitive • Low-cost OPV
OPV stack design modules
• High end barrier • Cost of Ownership
& encapsulation and Life Cycle
(WVTR 10-6 g/day.m2) Analysis tool
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11.  21
Power Conversion Efficiency
Inverted polymer single junction cell Regular polymer tandem cell
PCE = 8,3%
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 22
Device engineering
10 standard
Current Density (mA/cm )
 Low-cost option: ITO free
2
inverted
5 PEDOT/inverted
All-Solution Processed PEDOT/inverted
solution processed
0
Reference: standard design
P3HT/PCBM
material deposition d(nm)
-5
evaporate 1/100
-10
-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
spin coat 150
Voltage (V)
spin coat 30
sputter 123
All-solution processed
Reference: inverted design
material deposition d(nm)
material deposition d(nm)
screen pr. 17000
evaporate 100 spin coat 1000 Introducing
spin coat 180 spin coat 260 Scalable
spin coat 250 spin coat 30 Processes
spin coat 30 ink jet 70
sputter 123 ink jet 500
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12.  23
From Lab to (semi-) Fab
3X3 R - Benchmark, Material Screening, Novel Concepts
S2S R&D - Labscale R2R, Reduce Running Cost, Sample Prep.
R2R D - Develop, Test, Prove and Transfer Technology
Upscale lab device concepts to S2S and finally R2R production
• (Modelling of) module designs, interconnection schemes
• Process development
formulation (solvents and inks), deposition technology, drying, layer
uniformity and morphology
• Cost of Ownership calculations/Life cycle analysis to determine
cost/environmental drivers
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Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance
R2R (choice is CoO and application related)
Slot Die Ink Jet (choice is CoO and application related)
R2R 30 cm ink jet
Slot die  together with modules
nTact: R2R intermittent
stripe coating
Coatema/Troller/nTact
30 cm modular R2R coat and print line
S2S
nTact (partner) OTB Solar/MiPlaza
S2S intermittent slot die with shims S2S 6 inch ink jet engine with
Direct coating of squares or rectangles integrated dryer
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13.  25
Exploration of scalable LA deposition techniques
Ink jet printing Slot die coating
3 cm
• Stable ink formulation (halogen free)
• S2S and R2R compatible
• layer uniformity
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 26
Cost and upscaling status OPV Solliance
 $/Wp calculations for different OPV device designs
and processes for 3 different cell efficiencies
0,5 USD/Wp seems to
be feasible already at
12% cell efficiency
(9,3 % total module
efficiency)
1 PET + barrier + ITO
2 PET + barrier + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
3 ITO + Ag grid
4 Metal foil + resist + Printed Ag grid + PEDOT
5a PET + barrier + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
5b Metal foil + Resist + Printed Cu grid + PEDOT
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14.  27
Outlook: route towards commercialization
Learning
effects
Fundamental
research
Efficiency and lifetime too low for high volume, energy production
Challenge: Large and cheap production potential, but
what can/will we do with all the m2 produced?
From technology push to market pull:
 Where are the applications?
 Early involvement end users
 What is the added value?
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 28
Organic Photovoltaic – Roadmap Version 4/OE-A
Stepping stone approach with focus on unique properties
Product
  15 % Generations Roof top grid
> 10 years connected
  10 %
 10 years Off-grid buildings
Facade & BIPV
5%
Outdoor recreational
 5 years
application & remote
3% Consumer
 3 years Electronics
Maturity
existing Short term Medium term Long term
© OE-A 2010 (until 2010) (2011-2014) (2015-2019) (2020+)
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15.  29
Concluding remarks
OPV and Solliance
General
• Progress is impressive, but further improvement of (module) efficiency
and stability is neccessary
• Stepping Stone approach: First applications will appear in low volume,
niche markets for very low cost, new application forms (not for high
performance)
Find and exploit the uniqueness of (flexible) OPV
Solliance
• First industrial partners have entered the programme
• Bringing all the expertise on OPV together in the ELAT region offers
unique chance to accelerate progress via an integrated approach
• Develop the concepts and technologies: produce working, robust &
unique DEMO’s!
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2012-02-15 Solliance OPV Program

16. Programme manager
Solliance OPV
Ronn Andriessen (Holst center)
ronn.andriessen@tno.nl
WWW.SOLLIANCE.EU