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Margreet de Kok - Holst Centre
November 27, 2012




Smart Materials for
Conformable Electronics
and Photonics

 Margreet de Kok
 Holst Centre
 Mikrocentrum 23 november 2012
10 november 2011
                            Presentation
                               overview
Contents


1. Holst Centre
2. Introduction OLED
3. Application of OLED
4. Lifetime of OLEDs
5. Conformable technology
6. Conclusions
© Holst Centre                                                                          4



Holst Centre Fingerprint
Who we are

                   Independent research organization co-founded by IMEC (1300 fte,
                   Belgium) and TNO (4500 fte, the Netherlands) in 2005
                   Global network of industrial and academic partners
                   150 researchers and 60 resident researchers from industry and university


What we do


                                   Creating generic technologies, time to market 3..10 years
                                   Research Focus on wireless, autonomous micro-systems
                                   and flexible electronics



How we work


                               Open Innovation through precompetitive research programs
                               Roadmaps defined along with partners
                               Day to day interaction with industrial residents
                               Results are shared between partners
© Holst Centre                                                                                5



   Large Area Electronics market applications

                              Flexible displays
                                                            Plastic solar cells

         Touch screens

                                                                                  Plastic batteries

 Smart
 packaging                                                                                  Signage



RFID tags



                                                                                              OLEDs
   Sensors



     Disposable bio-sensors
                                                                       Smart bandage
                                      Electronic textiles
© Holst Centre                                                         6




Important Enabler:
Organic Semiconductors



                          New ways of                          MicroDrop
                           processing   Inkjet printing




 Soluble Semiconductors

                                        Roll to Roll coating
© Holst Centre                                                      7



Access to Unique Set of Infrastructures and Process Labs

 High Tech Campus, Eindhoven




                                      Amsterdam

                                              Netherlands

                                                      Eindhoven
                                                                  Düsseldorf


                                                           Aachen
                                             Leuven
                                             Belgium
© Holst Centre



Industrial partners from across the value chain
10 november 2011




Contents
1.Holst Centre
2.Introduction OLED
3.Application of OLED
4.Lifetime of OLEDs
5.Conformable technology
6.Conclusions
© Holst Centre                                         10



OLED Basics

Two types of OLEDs:

                    cathode
                 Organic layers
                     anode




Polymer LED
                                  Small molecule LED
© Holst Centre                                             11



OLED: Electroluminescence




                                   (Fluorescent emitter)




    Typical Light Emitting Polymers:
    PPV (polyphenylene vinylene)
    PF (polyfluorene)
© Holst Centre                                                            12




OLED: Injection scheme
                                                               SrO
                                                    BaO
                                                            Cs
                                                     LiF GdB6         2
                                                        Ba Li,K
         Work function (eV)



                                                          Ca TiN
                                                                      3
                                                               Mg
                                                          Hf
                              4         In                            4
                                             Al
                                        Ag

                              5 PEDOTNi Au
                                  ITO
                                        Pt
                                        Se TiO
                              6
                                             2


                              High workfunction   Low workfunction
                              anode materials     cathode materials
© Holst Centre                                                                                                                           13




IVL
•     Vbi ~Vturnon                                                                  10000
                                                                                              BL102
•     Dependent on band gap material                                                 1000


•     Dependent on work function                                                      100

                                                                                       10
      difference of the contacts




                                                                         J (A/m )
                                                                         2
                                                                                        1

                                                                                      0.1

•     Blue and white 20- 50 lum/W                                                    0.01

                                                                                     1E-3
•     Record: 100 lum/W
                                                                                     1E-4
                                                                                         -2           0   2              4   6       8
                                                                                                              Bias (V)
                        2
                              BL102

                                                                                                                                  Ba/Al
                                                                                                LUMOPF (2.2 eV)                  (2.7 eV)
                                                                     PEDOT:
      Efficacy (lm/W)




                                                                      PSS
                        1
                                                                     (5.1 eV)                  HOMOHT (5.2 eV)



                        0
                         -2           0   2              4   6   8   Energies with respect to the vacuum
                                              Bias (V)
                                                                     level
© Holst Centre                                                      14




Application in OLED




144 cm2 white PLED without ITO using high conductivity PEDOT with
Ag printed shunting lines

AGFA
10 november 2011




Contents
1.Holst Centre
2.Introduction OLED
3.Application of OLED
4.Lifetime of OLEDs
5.Conformable technology
6.Conclusions
© Holst Centre                               16




OLED Applications & Expectations




                 Signaling         Signage




                       Lighting




                        Displays
© Holst Centre                             17




  But also:
Company logo       Automotive   Healthcare
                   Add-Vision




Advertising




                                Automotive
© Holst Centre                                  18




Flexible OLEDs

•     Only prototypes, no commercial products
         Add-Vision
         Sony
         Samsung
         Novaled/Assilor-Mital
         UDC
         GE

•     Showstopper: barrier films
© Holst Centre                                     19




Next Application for OLED: Solid State Lighting




                                     LED

                                             (SM/P)OLED
© Holst Centre                                           20



Solid State Lighting
                                       Small-molecular
                 Inorganic
                             Organic   Macromolecular




                                           OSRAM
© Holst Centre                                                                    21




 Comparison Inorganic – Organic LEDs


• Inorganic LEDs                                      • Organic LEDs
• Products on the market with                         • First lighting products on
  high efficiency and long                              the market
  lifetime                                            • Large area possible and
• Small area and high                                   therefore low luminance
  luminance (no large area                              enough
  possible)                                           • Thin
• Thermal management needs                            • Thermal management less
  attention                                             problematic
• (Colour stability of                                • Colour better controllable
  production leads to binning                         • Cost per area effective
  of LEDs)

                  Application and design freedom (and price) make the difference
© Holst Centre                                                     22




Organic light sources and detectors:
  opportunities and challenges
•     Form freedom
•     Large area possible
•     Flexibility (bendability)
•     Very thin features
•     Fine tuning of optical properties possible
•     Integration with multiple functionalities possible in foil

•     Production technology versatile
•     Cost aspect positive


•     Challenges:
•     Processing thin layers - shorts
•     Encapsulation and intrinsic lifetime
•     Efficiency
•     Current density distribution
•     Design of combination of building blocks
© Holst Centre                                                                    23




Why flexible?
• Enhanced functionality for the end user: bendable, rollable devices
But also
• Integration of foil devices in products & systems: conformal application?;
   convenient feeding into assembly system
• Efficient large area production of foil devices (e.g. roll-to-roll; no manual
   assembly) -> cost aspect




                                      Source: GE         Source: Metsuo
© Holst Centre                   24




State-of-the-art in white OLED
© Holst Centre                                                                                       25




OLED Trends
         Materials
             Substrates: flexible plastic or metal substrates combined with R2R processing
             Barrier: strong focus on developing flexible thin film barriers (Holst Centre, Vitex,
             General Electrics, Dow, ..) with WVTR < 10-6 g/m2.day
             Emitters: phosphorescent emitters (UDC, Sumation, Merck, Novaled, ..)
             Transport layers: doping of transport layers (Novaled, ..)
             Cathodes: top emitting/transparent OLEDs with transparent cathodes
             Anodes: high conductive organic materials and/or or introduction of support
             structures (evaporated or other) (GE, OLLA, Holst Centre, ..)

         Processing:
             Roll-to-roll processing on flexible plastic or metallic substrates
             Printing or coating of functional materials in general (as opposed to spin-coating)
             Printing or coating of small molecules (Dupont, UDC, ..)

         Devices:
             Innovative OLED designs / Intelligent Lighting
             >100 cm2 lighting tiles (Lumiotec, GE, Philips, OSRAM, UDC, Konica Minolta, ..)
             OLED display driving: AMOLED as opposed to PMOLED (SDI, LGE, SONY, ..)
             TFT towards oxide TFT as opposed to OTFT / LTPS (Dai Nippon Printing)
             Place-it: conformable electronic systems comprising OLEDs
10 november 2011




Contents
1.Holst Centre
2.Introduction OLED
3.Application of OLED
4.Lifetime of OLEDs
5.Conformable technology
6.Conclusions
© Holst Centre     27




OLED Degradation
© Holst Centre     28



OLED Degradation
© Holst Centre                                                        29




 OLED Degradation: black spots



 •     Intrinsic: homogeneous degradation

 •     Cathode oxidation: local degradation leading to black spots




                                H2O, not O2




Right after processing                        ~10h at 20 °C / 50% RH
© Holst Centre                                                          30




Standard Encapsulation

      State-of-the-art encapsulation using metal or glass lid with cavity
      containing getters
      no hermetic seal (getter!)
      40,000 hrs at 80 °C without black spot formation


                     cathode                    getter
                 organics

                  ITO
                   substrate

But, it is not applicable for:
  Fast production
  Large area devices
  Flexible (foil-based) devices
© Holst Centre                                 31




    Requirements for (TF) barrier/encapsulation
•     Intrinsic WVTR < 10-6 g.m-2.day-1

•     No black spots
         >5 years @ 20/50
         >504 h @ 60/90

•     Feasibility for R2R
         Barriers should be rollable over d=20cm

•     Low cost
         High deposition rates

Barrier on foil specific:
• Transparency for visible light >90%
• Uniform light output
      Extremely uniform layers over large areas
• Light outcoupling
• Abrasion resistance, UV protection, etc.
© Holst Centre                                                                                    32




      Multilayer approach

   •                           Stacks of inorganic and organic layer used to decouple pinholes
                               and get full coverage => time delay of black spot formation
   •                           Holst approach: SiN – OCP – SiN

   •                           OCP = organic coating for planarisation




                         100


                                                              SiN

                                                              SiN-org-SiN                         planarization
black spot area (a.u.)




                         10

                                                                                                4         layer
                                                                                        3
                           1
                                                                                    1       2

                         0.1
                               10       100                1000             10000
                                              time (hrs)
© Holst Centre                                                       33




State of the Art for encapsulation

• Wvtr: 10-6 g/m2day

• >5000 hrs at 20/50 black spot free and still running



                     Side leakage         Black spots by pin holes
© Holst Centre                                         34




Advanced systems by combined functionalities in Foil

•     Organic LEDs
•     Organic Photodetectors
•     Organic Photovoltaics
•     Embedded circuitry
•     Embedded chips
•     RFID
•     Memories

•     Sensors
         Electrochemical
         Optochemical
         Optical
© Holst Centre                                                                                                                       35         35




Device Design - laminated foil approach
•     Foil
          Double side processing
          Modular: diodes and LEDs printed on separate foils

•     Top emissive PLEDs, Bottom receptive OPDs:

                                                                                                                    Photodiode
                                   skin
                                                                                     LED




•     Bottom emissive PLEDs, Top receptive OPDs:

                                   skin


                                                                                                   30




                                                                Spectral Radiance (10 W/sr m nm)
                                                               2
                                                                                                   25

                                                                                                   20




                                                               -3
•     Etc.                                                                                         15

                                                                                                   10

                                                                                                   5

                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                        500   550    600    650    700    750
                                                                                                                     wavelength (nm)
© Holst Centre                                           36   36




Printed devices
•     Foil
          Single side processing
          Diodes and OLEDs via printing
          Arrays of different devices on one substrate
© Holst Centre                    37   37




Foil Integration
•     Modular approach
•     Distribute functions over
      different layers µ-via
      technology combined with
      lamination
•     Silicon in Foil embedding
© Holst Centre                                                                               38      38




First Organic Device Prototype: Proof of Principle
•     OPD                                     •       Works!
         Total measured current                         PPG comparable to commercial
         ca. 10 µA                                      pulse-oximeter (Nelcor N200)
         Signal ca. 50 nA
•     PLED
         I = 80 mA/cm2
         V = 5.2 V
         L = 520 Cd/m2




                                  Signal (a.u.)

                                                                                       Organic
                                                                                       Nelcor N200


                                                  0       1     2              3   4          5
                                                                    Time (s)
10 november 2011




Contents
1.Holst Centre
2.Introduction OLED
3.Application of OLED
4.Lifetime of OLEDs
5.Conformable technology
6.Conclusions
© Holst Centre                     40




 Rigid –> flexible -> conformable




Glass based OLED   Flexible OLED
Philips Lighting   Holst Centre
© Holst Centre




The vision: conformable electronic and photonic
  systems
•     Featuring
          Conformable, stretchable/flexible
          Thin and light weight
          Unobtrusive integration
          Wearable

•     Applications:
         Biomedical (sensors, phototherapy)
         Textile/fashion,
         Outdoor (biking, road safety)
         Architecture
         Displays
         Interior design (curtains, furniture)

•     Advantages organics c.t. inorganics:
         Large area: homogeneity
         Very thin
         Temperature management
         Combination inspiring



 Margreet de Kok Holst Centre 2011 august SPIE
    41
© Holst Centre




  Applications for wearable electronics & photonics

                           furniture




                               conformable
                               foil – textile
                                technology

  Camouflage for defense                         Light therapy
  Safety on the road



                           Textile for fashion
                           and safety




      42
© Holst Centre                                   43




Healing power of sunlight: wearable phototherapy




   TBC treatment by sun therapy
© Holst Centre                                                                 44




     Example - jaundice treatment of neonatals

    •      Old treatment
              Static light sources necessitating eye protection of neonatal
              Jaundice treatment: photochemical conversion and excretion of
              bilirubine (yellow colour treatment)
    •      New possibility
              Wearable light source
              less interfering with care
              including bonding with parents




                                                                 Philips BilitXTM
Source flickr: 1542122226_5e43a1d008 and 2538039854_e67b67926c   Blue LED based
© Holst Centre                                             45




Other options for applications

•     Light in safety (traffic, working conditions)
•     Light harvesting (tents, outdoor sports, clothing)
•     Phototherapy:
         psoriasis,
         eczema,
         jaundice,
         wound healing,
         prevention decubitus,
         pain relief,
         skin rejuvenation
•     Camouflage
•     Textile design – fashion!

•     Bring light where no light was before
© Holst Centre




Conformability by segmented approach




      46
© Holst Centre                                                      47




Conformable electronics




T. Sekitani, T. Someya et al. Nature Materials 8, 2009 p. 494-499




R. Kim, J. Rogers, et al. Nature Materials 9, 2010, p. 929-937
© Holst Centre                                                      48




    Stretchable systems
•      OLED structuring on rigid regions: printing technology
•      OLED / OPV need protection by barrier technology
•      Interspaces deliver stretchability and should contain electric
       circuitry: Ag nanoparticles in binder matrix


                         pedot                 LEP    Ba/Al




                                        foil
                     anode                            cathode
                             pedot                      Ba/Al


                                                       Top barrier

                                     Bottom barrier
                                          foil
                      anode                             cathode
© Holst Centre                                                                  49




Structured deposition of active materials
•    Printing:
         Inkjetable ink formulation (halogen-free solvent): droplet formation
         Jetting and stable in time & speed
         Ink & substrate interaction
         Layer formation and homogeneity
         Device performance and efficiency
© Holst Centre                                  50



Ink & substrate interaction

  •      Pinning and de-wetting




                                   Plasma
                                  treatment




                                  Temperature
                                   treatment
© Holst Centre                                51



Solvents selective layer formation




          A 100%   A:B=50:50         B 100%
© Holst Centre                                        52



Inkjet printed OLED active layer development


            2007




                                               2011
© Holst Centre     53




State of the art
© Holst Centre




Level of integration into textile for wearable
  systems
•     Textile:
         In textile as fiber
         Onto textile by conductive yarns to electronics
         Iron on self contained system




    Fibers                         Fabrics                 Product


      54
© Holst Centre




CIMTEC 2012 M. de Kok
         55
© Holst Centre                             56




                 Stencil printing of ICA
© Holst Centre                              57




                 Bonded OLED onto textile
© Holst Centre




Foil components on textile




      58
© Holst Centre




Stretchable systems in rubber (meander)



                                             •   Light homogeneity

                                             •   Bare die for reduced
                                                 thickness

                                             •   Density of elements

                                             •   Thermal management




Frederick Bossuyt Holst Centre / imec Gent




      59
© Holst Centre                    60




        Platform for Large Area
        Conformable Electronics
        by InTegration
        FP7 Place-it




                                  60
10 november 2011




Contents
1.Holst Centre
2.Introduction OLED
3.Application of OLED
4.Lifetime of OLEDs
5.Conformable technology
6.Conclusions
© Holst Centre                                              62




Conclusions

•     Organic electronics on textile have a bright future
•     Technology development indispensable
•     Collaboration between disciplines necessary

•     Conformable electronics will change the world




•     Margreet.dekok@tno.nl
•     www.holstcentre.com

•     Thank you for your attention
Visit us at
www.holstcentre.com

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Margreet de Kok - Holst Centre

  • 2. November 27, 2012 Smart Materials for Conformable Electronics and Photonics Margreet de Kok Holst Centre Mikrocentrum 23 november 2012
  • 3. 10 november 2011 Presentation overview Contents 1. Holst Centre 2. Introduction OLED 3. Application of OLED 4. Lifetime of OLEDs 5. Conformable technology 6. Conclusions
  • 4. © Holst Centre 4 Holst Centre Fingerprint Who we are Independent research organization co-founded by IMEC (1300 fte, Belgium) and TNO (4500 fte, the Netherlands) in 2005 Global network of industrial and academic partners 150 researchers and 60 resident researchers from industry and university What we do Creating generic technologies, time to market 3..10 years Research Focus on wireless, autonomous micro-systems and flexible electronics How we work Open Innovation through precompetitive research programs Roadmaps defined along with partners Day to day interaction with industrial residents Results are shared between partners
  • 5. © Holst Centre 5 Large Area Electronics market applications Flexible displays Plastic solar cells Touch screens Plastic batteries Smart packaging Signage RFID tags OLEDs Sensors Disposable bio-sensors Smart bandage Electronic textiles
  • 6. © Holst Centre 6 Important Enabler: Organic Semiconductors New ways of MicroDrop processing Inkjet printing Soluble Semiconductors Roll to Roll coating
  • 7. © Holst Centre 7 Access to Unique Set of Infrastructures and Process Labs High Tech Campus, Eindhoven Amsterdam Netherlands Eindhoven Düsseldorf Aachen Leuven Belgium
  • 8. © Holst Centre Industrial partners from across the value chain
  • 9. 10 november 2011 Contents 1.Holst Centre 2.Introduction OLED 3.Application of OLED 4.Lifetime of OLEDs 5.Conformable technology 6.Conclusions
  • 10. © Holst Centre 10 OLED Basics Two types of OLEDs: cathode Organic layers anode Polymer LED Small molecule LED
  • 11. © Holst Centre 11 OLED: Electroluminescence (Fluorescent emitter) Typical Light Emitting Polymers: PPV (polyphenylene vinylene) PF (polyfluorene)
  • 12. © Holst Centre 12 OLED: Injection scheme SrO BaO Cs LiF GdB6 2 Ba Li,K Work function (eV) Ca TiN 3 Mg Hf 4 In 4 Al Ag 5 PEDOTNi Au ITO Pt Se TiO 6 2 High workfunction Low workfunction anode materials cathode materials
  • 13. © Holst Centre 13 IVL • Vbi ~Vturnon 10000 BL102 • Dependent on band gap material 1000 • Dependent on work function 100 10 difference of the contacts J (A/m ) 2 1 0.1 • Blue and white 20- 50 lum/W 0.01 1E-3 • Record: 100 lum/W 1E-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 Bias (V) 2 BL102 Ba/Al LUMOPF (2.2 eV) (2.7 eV) PEDOT: Efficacy (lm/W) PSS 1 (5.1 eV) HOMOHT (5.2 eV) 0 -2 0 2 4 6 8 Energies with respect to the vacuum Bias (V) level
  • 14. © Holst Centre 14 Application in OLED 144 cm2 white PLED without ITO using high conductivity PEDOT with Ag printed shunting lines AGFA
  • 15. 10 november 2011 Contents 1.Holst Centre 2.Introduction OLED 3.Application of OLED 4.Lifetime of OLEDs 5.Conformable technology 6.Conclusions
  • 16. © Holst Centre 16 OLED Applications & Expectations Signaling Signage Lighting Displays
  • 17. © Holst Centre 17 But also: Company logo Automotive Healthcare Add-Vision Advertising Automotive
  • 18. © Holst Centre 18 Flexible OLEDs • Only prototypes, no commercial products Add-Vision Sony Samsung Novaled/Assilor-Mital UDC GE • Showstopper: barrier films
  • 19. © Holst Centre 19 Next Application for OLED: Solid State Lighting LED (SM/P)OLED
  • 20. © Holst Centre 20 Solid State Lighting Small-molecular Inorganic Organic Macromolecular OSRAM
  • 21. © Holst Centre 21 Comparison Inorganic – Organic LEDs • Inorganic LEDs • Organic LEDs • Products on the market with • First lighting products on high efficiency and long the market lifetime • Large area possible and • Small area and high therefore low luminance luminance (no large area enough possible) • Thin • Thermal management needs • Thermal management less attention problematic • (Colour stability of • Colour better controllable production leads to binning • Cost per area effective of LEDs) Application and design freedom (and price) make the difference
  • 22. © Holst Centre 22 Organic light sources and detectors: opportunities and challenges • Form freedom • Large area possible • Flexibility (bendability) • Very thin features • Fine tuning of optical properties possible • Integration with multiple functionalities possible in foil • Production technology versatile • Cost aspect positive • Challenges: • Processing thin layers - shorts • Encapsulation and intrinsic lifetime • Efficiency • Current density distribution • Design of combination of building blocks
  • 23. © Holst Centre 23 Why flexible? • Enhanced functionality for the end user: bendable, rollable devices But also • Integration of foil devices in products & systems: conformal application?; convenient feeding into assembly system • Efficient large area production of foil devices (e.g. roll-to-roll; no manual assembly) -> cost aspect Source: GE Source: Metsuo
  • 24. © Holst Centre 24 State-of-the-art in white OLED
  • 25. © Holst Centre 25 OLED Trends Materials Substrates: flexible plastic or metal substrates combined with R2R processing Barrier: strong focus on developing flexible thin film barriers (Holst Centre, Vitex, General Electrics, Dow, ..) with WVTR < 10-6 g/m2.day Emitters: phosphorescent emitters (UDC, Sumation, Merck, Novaled, ..) Transport layers: doping of transport layers (Novaled, ..) Cathodes: top emitting/transparent OLEDs with transparent cathodes Anodes: high conductive organic materials and/or or introduction of support structures (evaporated or other) (GE, OLLA, Holst Centre, ..) Processing: Roll-to-roll processing on flexible plastic or metallic substrates Printing or coating of functional materials in general (as opposed to spin-coating) Printing or coating of small molecules (Dupont, UDC, ..) Devices: Innovative OLED designs / Intelligent Lighting >100 cm2 lighting tiles (Lumiotec, GE, Philips, OSRAM, UDC, Konica Minolta, ..) OLED display driving: AMOLED as opposed to PMOLED (SDI, LGE, SONY, ..) TFT towards oxide TFT as opposed to OTFT / LTPS (Dai Nippon Printing) Place-it: conformable electronic systems comprising OLEDs
  • 26. 10 november 2011 Contents 1.Holst Centre 2.Introduction OLED 3.Application of OLED 4.Lifetime of OLEDs 5.Conformable technology 6.Conclusions
  • 27. © Holst Centre 27 OLED Degradation
  • 28. © Holst Centre 28 OLED Degradation
  • 29. © Holst Centre 29 OLED Degradation: black spots • Intrinsic: homogeneous degradation • Cathode oxidation: local degradation leading to black spots H2O, not O2 Right after processing ~10h at 20 °C / 50% RH
  • 30. © Holst Centre 30 Standard Encapsulation State-of-the-art encapsulation using metal or glass lid with cavity containing getters no hermetic seal (getter!) 40,000 hrs at 80 °C without black spot formation cathode getter organics ITO substrate But, it is not applicable for: Fast production Large area devices Flexible (foil-based) devices
  • 31. © Holst Centre 31 Requirements for (TF) barrier/encapsulation • Intrinsic WVTR < 10-6 g.m-2.day-1 • No black spots >5 years @ 20/50 >504 h @ 60/90 • Feasibility for R2R Barriers should be rollable over d=20cm • Low cost High deposition rates Barrier on foil specific: • Transparency for visible light >90% • Uniform light output Extremely uniform layers over large areas • Light outcoupling • Abrasion resistance, UV protection, etc.
  • 32. © Holst Centre 32 Multilayer approach • Stacks of inorganic and organic layer used to decouple pinholes and get full coverage => time delay of black spot formation • Holst approach: SiN – OCP – SiN • OCP = organic coating for planarisation 100 SiN SiN-org-SiN planarization black spot area (a.u.) 10 4 layer 3 1 1 2 0.1 10 100 1000 10000 time (hrs)
  • 33. © Holst Centre 33 State of the Art for encapsulation • Wvtr: 10-6 g/m2day • >5000 hrs at 20/50 black spot free and still running Side leakage Black spots by pin holes
  • 34. © Holst Centre 34 Advanced systems by combined functionalities in Foil • Organic LEDs • Organic Photodetectors • Organic Photovoltaics • Embedded circuitry • Embedded chips • RFID • Memories • Sensors Electrochemical Optochemical Optical
  • 35. © Holst Centre 35 35 Device Design - laminated foil approach • Foil Double side processing Modular: diodes and LEDs printed on separate foils • Top emissive PLEDs, Bottom receptive OPDs: Photodiode skin LED • Bottom emissive PLEDs, Top receptive OPDs: skin 30 Spectral Radiance (10 W/sr m nm) 2 25 20 -3 • Etc. 15 10 5 0 500 550 600 650 700 750 wavelength (nm)
  • 36. © Holst Centre 36 36 Printed devices • Foil Single side processing Diodes and OLEDs via printing Arrays of different devices on one substrate
  • 37. © Holst Centre 37 37 Foil Integration • Modular approach • Distribute functions over different layers µ-via technology combined with lamination • Silicon in Foil embedding
  • 38. © Holst Centre 38 38 First Organic Device Prototype: Proof of Principle • OPD • Works! Total measured current PPG comparable to commercial ca. 10 µA pulse-oximeter (Nelcor N200) Signal ca. 50 nA • PLED I = 80 mA/cm2 V = 5.2 V L = 520 Cd/m2 Signal (a.u.) Organic Nelcor N200 0 1 2 3 4 5 Time (s)
  • 39. 10 november 2011 Contents 1.Holst Centre 2.Introduction OLED 3.Application of OLED 4.Lifetime of OLEDs 5.Conformable technology 6.Conclusions
  • 40. © Holst Centre 40 Rigid –> flexible -> conformable Glass based OLED Flexible OLED Philips Lighting Holst Centre
  • 41. © Holst Centre The vision: conformable electronic and photonic systems • Featuring Conformable, stretchable/flexible Thin and light weight Unobtrusive integration Wearable • Applications: Biomedical (sensors, phototherapy) Textile/fashion, Outdoor (biking, road safety) Architecture Displays Interior design (curtains, furniture) • Advantages organics c.t. inorganics: Large area: homogeneity Very thin Temperature management Combination inspiring Margreet de Kok Holst Centre 2011 august SPIE 41
  • 42. © Holst Centre Applications for wearable electronics & photonics furniture conformable foil – textile technology Camouflage for defense Light therapy Safety on the road Textile for fashion and safety 42
  • 43. © Holst Centre 43 Healing power of sunlight: wearable phototherapy TBC treatment by sun therapy
  • 44. © Holst Centre 44 Example - jaundice treatment of neonatals • Old treatment Static light sources necessitating eye protection of neonatal Jaundice treatment: photochemical conversion and excretion of bilirubine (yellow colour treatment) • New possibility Wearable light source less interfering with care including bonding with parents Philips BilitXTM Source flickr: 1542122226_5e43a1d008 and 2538039854_e67b67926c Blue LED based
  • 45. © Holst Centre 45 Other options for applications • Light in safety (traffic, working conditions) • Light harvesting (tents, outdoor sports, clothing) • Phototherapy: psoriasis, eczema, jaundice, wound healing, prevention decubitus, pain relief, skin rejuvenation • Camouflage • Textile design – fashion! • Bring light where no light was before
  • 46. © Holst Centre Conformability by segmented approach 46
  • 47. © Holst Centre 47 Conformable electronics T. Sekitani, T. Someya et al. Nature Materials 8, 2009 p. 494-499 R. Kim, J. Rogers, et al. Nature Materials 9, 2010, p. 929-937
  • 48. © Holst Centre 48 Stretchable systems • OLED structuring on rigid regions: printing technology • OLED / OPV need protection by barrier technology • Interspaces deliver stretchability and should contain electric circuitry: Ag nanoparticles in binder matrix pedot LEP Ba/Al foil anode cathode pedot Ba/Al Top barrier Bottom barrier foil anode cathode
  • 49. © Holst Centre 49 Structured deposition of active materials • Printing: Inkjetable ink formulation (halogen-free solvent): droplet formation Jetting and stable in time & speed Ink & substrate interaction Layer formation and homogeneity Device performance and efficiency
  • 50. © Holst Centre 50 Ink & substrate interaction • Pinning and de-wetting Plasma treatment Temperature treatment
  • 51. © Holst Centre 51 Solvents selective layer formation A 100% A:B=50:50 B 100%
  • 52. © Holst Centre 52 Inkjet printed OLED active layer development 2007 2011
  • 53. © Holst Centre 53 State of the art
  • 54. © Holst Centre Level of integration into textile for wearable systems • Textile: In textile as fiber Onto textile by conductive yarns to electronics Iron on self contained system Fibers Fabrics Product 54
  • 55. © Holst Centre CIMTEC 2012 M. de Kok 55
  • 56. © Holst Centre 56 Stencil printing of ICA
  • 57. © Holst Centre 57 Bonded OLED onto textile
  • 58. © Holst Centre Foil components on textile 58
  • 59. © Holst Centre Stretchable systems in rubber (meander) • Light homogeneity • Bare die for reduced thickness • Density of elements • Thermal management Frederick Bossuyt Holst Centre / imec Gent 59
  • 60. © Holst Centre 60 Platform for Large Area Conformable Electronics by InTegration FP7 Place-it 60
  • 61. 10 november 2011 Contents 1.Holst Centre 2.Introduction OLED 3.Application of OLED 4.Lifetime of OLEDs 5.Conformable technology 6.Conclusions
  • 62. © Holst Centre 62 Conclusions • Organic electronics on textile have a bright future • Technology development indispensable • Collaboration between disciplines necessary • Conformable electronics will change the world • Margreet.dekok@tno.nl • www.holstcentre.com • Thank you for your attention