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Style Guide for History Essays
Formatting
• 12 point font

• Double or one-and-a-half spaced
When to Use Quotations
There are two main reasons to use a quote.

1) Provide a quote to supply a really important
piece of evidence (generally from a primary
source) that you will then explain and draw
conclusions from.

2) Provide a quote to show your argument is
drawing on the work of an expert authority (and
therefore has credibility).
How to Quote

When a quote is less than two lines long, simply place
it in quotation marks and include a reference as in this
example.




Italics are not necessary.
How to Quote
When quotes are more than two lines long:

* leave a line

* indent on left and right

* make the quote a smaller font than the rest of the
          paragraph

* leave a line before continuing

When you have done this, quotation marks are
unnecessary.
How to Quote
     Here is an example for when
the quote is more than two lines long.
When to Provide an In-Text Reference
You need to provide a reference 1) whenever you quote
another author or 2) whenever you use another author's
idea (where that idea is specific and/or debatable).
If you simply state, for example, that the French Revolution
was in 1789, you don't need to reference the claim.
Everybody knows this, nobody in particular authored this
idea and nobody contests it.
However, if you stated that 40,000 people died in the
Terror, you would need to provide a reference. This claim is
sufficiently specific that there could be different
perspectives and debate about it.
Why you need to provide references
Honesty               It's about honestly acknowledging who is
                      the original author of the idea being
                      presented. If you don’t correctly reference
                      another author’s work, you could be
                      accused of plagiarism.
Verifiability         A reference is like a hyperlink to a more
                      detailed, more primary or more
                      authoritative expression of the idea. If you
                      stated that 40,000 people died in the Terror,
                      the reader would be entitled to ask 'how do
                      you know?' By pointing the reader to an
                      expert or a decisive piece of evidence on the
                      topic, the reference provides an answer.

Authority             By referencing, you show that you are
                      acquainted with relevant scholarship in the
                      field.
Enabling research     By providing a reference, you are showing
                      the reader where they could find out more
                      about the topic.
Referencing a book (single author)
Referencing a journal article
Referencing a source from the web
Referencing a secondary source
Referencing other items
Please use the Harvard Referencing Guide at
our Essay Resources page to find out how to
appropriately reference other items.
Citing Ancient Sources
Citing ancient sources: Because of the nature of classical texts, as works that
were composed long before printed editions (and even "pages"), they have a
specialised format.
[Author], [Title] [Book/Section.(Poem, if applicable)].[Line #s cited]
For example:
Cicero, First Catilinarian 14.2.
Plato, Symposium 215a3-218b7.
If an author wrote only one work, you may omit the name of the work; for
example: Herodotus 9.1; rather than Herodotus, Histories 9.1. If you are
generically citing a specific book in a work, capitalize both elements (Book
Eighteen or Book 18 or Book XVIII); generic references, such as “several books in
the Iliad,” should not be capitalized. If you are including a parenthetical citation
at the end of a sentence – e.g. (Homer, Odyssey 1.1-3) – the full-stop should
always follows the citation.
Example of Citing an Ancient Source
Using ‘ibid’
Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin word ibidem
which means "in the same place".

If your reference is from the same page of the same
source as the reference immediately before this
one, simply put ibid. in brackets; (ibid.). If you're
referencing the same source as you have just done
but a different page put, for example, (ibid. p. 73).
Bibliographies (a.k.a Reference Lists)
A bibliography is an alphabetical list of the sources - books,
magazines, newspapers, CD-ROMs, Internet, interviews, etc. - that
you have used to prepare a piece of work.

The purpose of bibliographies is to: acknowledge sources; give
readers information to identify and consult sources; make sure our
information is accurate.

Create different sections for different source types, ie. literary
sources and electronic sources.

For an annotated bibliography, annotate each of the items in your
bibliography. In a sentence (or two, at most), explain 1) how the
source was useful in researching your essay and 2) provide an
evaluation of its reliability.
Example Essays
These essays all employ referencing conventions
well and have correctly formatted annotated
bibliographies.

The Appeal of Hamas, Ursula Cliff

The Genius of Hannibal, Jack Herring

The Birth of the Roman Navy, Pat Quinn Quirke

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Essay style guide

  • 1. Style Guide for History Essays
  • 2. Formatting • 12 point font • Double or one-and-a-half spaced
  • 3. When to Use Quotations There are two main reasons to use a quote. 1) Provide a quote to supply a really important piece of evidence (generally from a primary source) that you will then explain and draw conclusions from. 2) Provide a quote to show your argument is drawing on the work of an expert authority (and therefore has credibility).
  • 4. How to Quote When a quote is less than two lines long, simply place it in quotation marks and include a reference as in this example. Italics are not necessary.
  • 5. How to Quote When quotes are more than two lines long: * leave a line * indent on left and right * make the quote a smaller font than the rest of the paragraph * leave a line before continuing When you have done this, quotation marks are unnecessary.
  • 6. How to Quote Here is an example for when the quote is more than two lines long.
  • 7. When to Provide an In-Text Reference You need to provide a reference 1) whenever you quote another author or 2) whenever you use another author's idea (where that idea is specific and/or debatable). If you simply state, for example, that the French Revolution was in 1789, you don't need to reference the claim. Everybody knows this, nobody in particular authored this idea and nobody contests it. However, if you stated that 40,000 people died in the Terror, you would need to provide a reference. This claim is sufficiently specific that there could be different perspectives and debate about it.
  • 8. Why you need to provide references Honesty It's about honestly acknowledging who is the original author of the idea being presented. If you don’t correctly reference another author’s work, you could be accused of plagiarism. Verifiability A reference is like a hyperlink to a more detailed, more primary or more authoritative expression of the idea. If you stated that 40,000 people died in the Terror, the reader would be entitled to ask 'how do you know?' By pointing the reader to an expert or a decisive piece of evidence on the topic, the reference provides an answer. Authority By referencing, you show that you are acquainted with relevant scholarship in the field. Enabling research By providing a reference, you are showing the reader where they could find out more about the topic.
  • 9. Referencing a book (single author)
  • 11. Referencing a source from the web
  • 13. Referencing other items Please use the Harvard Referencing Guide at our Essay Resources page to find out how to appropriately reference other items.
  • 14. Citing Ancient Sources Citing ancient sources: Because of the nature of classical texts, as works that were composed long before printed editions (and even "pages"), they have a specialised format. [Author], [Title] [Book/Section.(Poem, if applicable)].[Line #s cited] For example: Cicero, First Catilinarian 14.2. Plato, Symposium 215a3-218b7. If an author wrote only one work, you may omit the name of the work; for example: Herodotus 9.1; rather than Herodotus, Histories 9.1. If you are generically citing a specific book in a work, capitalize both elements (Book Eighteen or Book 18 or Book XVIII); generic references, such as “several books in the Iliad,” should not be capitalized. If you are including a parenthetical citation at the end of a sentence – e.g. (Homer, Odyssey 1.1-3) – the full-stop should always follows the citation.
  • 15. Example of Citing an Ancient Source
  • 16. Using ‘ibid’ Ibid. is an abbreviation of the Latin word ibidem which means "in the same place". If your reference is from the same page of the same source as the reference immediately before this one, simply put ibid. in brackets; (ibid.). If you're referencing the same source as you have just done but a different page put, for example, (ibid. p. 73).
  • 17. Bibliographies (a.k.a Reference Lists) A bibliography is an alphabetical list of the sources - books, magazines, newspapers, CD-ROMs, Internet, interviews, etc. - that you have used to prepare a piece of work. The purpose of bibliographies is to: acknowledge sources; give readers information to identify and consult sources; make sure our information is accurate. Create different sections for different source types, ie. literary sources and electronic sources. For an annotated bibliography, annotate each of the items in your bibliography. In a sentence (or two, at most), explain 1) how the source was useful in researching your essay and 2) provide an evaluation of its reliability.
  • 18. Example Essays These essays all employ referencing conventions well and have correctly formatted annotated bibliographies. The Appeal of Hamas, Ursula Cliff The Genius of Hannibal, Jack Herring The Birth of the Roman Navy, Pat Quinn Quirke