This document discusses the motivation, principles, objectives, and problem statement of the thesis. The key points are: 1. The expansion of Bangkok's mass transit system (MTS) provides both opportunities and challenges for the historic core of the city. While the MTS can improve connectivity, it also risks negatively impacting the historic fabric and local communities. 2. The thesis aims to explore how to integrate the MTS and urban development in a way that preserves heritage values and cultural identities while improving socioeconomic conditions locally. The goal is a symbiotic relationship between transit and heritage. 3. However, past MTS expansions in Bangkok have led to issues like gentrification, spatial fragmentation, and displacement of

1. SYNERGY
Tridti Patarakiatsan
Master Thesis
Department of Urbanism
Faculty of Architecture

2. BKKs
BANGKOK
SYNERGY

3. 2 BKKs COLOPHON MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 3
BANGKOK SYNERGY
A synergetic spatial vision to preserve Bangkok heritage,
integrated with rapid mass transit system
Master Thesis
Tridti Patarakiatsan
Student ID 4120086
Tridtitaey@gmail.com
Graduation Studio
Complex cities
Department of Urbanism
Faculty of Architecture
Delft University of Technology
Delft, the Netherlands, 2012
Mentor Team
Dr. Lei Qu
Chair of Spatial Planning and Strategy
In support of: MSC3 Urbanism L.Qu@tudelft.nl
Research& Design Methods (AR3U011), Theory of Urbanism (AR3U022), Graduation Lab (AR3U030)
Ir. Willem Hermans
All of the visual information presented in this document has been collected from the sources listed below the items and reproduced by the author. Chair of Urban Design
When there is no source indicated, the authorship belongs to the author of this thesis. W.J.A.Hermans@tudelft.nl

4. 4 BKKs FORWARD MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 5
DEVELOPMENT THAT PEOPLE MATTER
“The nature and shape of the future urban world is complex.
Large and complex as it is, this is the arena where spatial plan-
ners and designers should contribute to with their understand-
ing of the way urban space is produced. It is their task to for-
mulate tools and strategies to intervene and organize space in
order to mediate disparate interests. ”
(Complex cities studio guidebook 2011)
For decades, city plans of Bangkok have been the preroga-
tive of a few influential interest groups. Interests of the middle
to upper class and more powerful groups have been protects
and carelessly neglected the needs and interests of the low-
er- income majority or other vulnerable groups, particularly
those who live in unprofitable areas. The consequences of
this approach can be seen in places, where a high propor-
tion of population live in isolated areas lacking provision for
basic infrastructure and services. In other words, when the
city prioritizes global development towards efficiency and at-
tractiveness, this exclusive approach results in segregation
and fragmentation on the local level.
Without being integrated to the urban tissue, this undesirable
truth has triggered the author’s interest in seeking for the way
to change the paradigm in which local level especially the
vulnerable groups will also be able to participate and benefit
from global interventions by the government. Therefore, it is
very significant to promote urban vitality that enhances not
only their living quality, but also economic viability and social
cohesion.
Thanks to the mass transit system (MTS) expansion plan
of Bangkok launched by the government in last few years,
the hypothesis of integrating global (infrastructure) into local
dimensions (urban tissue) will be experimented. The thesis
starts with a serious problem of the city brought by the MTS
(elevated level) implemented on a fragmented and unorgan- Due to the limitation of the study time at TU Delft, a year of the
ized urban spatial structure (ground level) of the city due to graduation project has been come to a close. However, the
a rapid urbanization. Without any coordination to urban de- author and the mentor team hope the thesis project, Bangkok
velopment, when the market begins to intervene, losers are Synergy, is a starting point to change the way of thinking in
local residents seen via gentrification, segregation and ineq- planning between global - local dimensions and urban and
uity. However, in accordance to the expansion plan, it covers infrastructure development especially in Bangkok or other
the historic core of the city, which is crucially needed to be similar developing countries. With a support by the gradua-
preserved. This is a high time to reconsider and integrate not tion lab “complex cities”, the report consists of both research
only global and local planning, but also urban and infrastruc- and design process. It deals with a challenge of complexity
ture development towards sustainability. and uncertainty in planning and seeks for an opportunity to
test the hypothesis, in this case is integration between the
By planning for local inhabitants, the inclusive approach aims MTS network expansion and the historic core of Bangkok.
to prepare for the undeniable infrastructure development to
meet local demands and basic services before it comes and By sharing my discovery, this project is just a start of a new
to make use of it when it finishes to improve spatial quality way of thinking. The author hopes if the project helps shaping
and to enhance socio-cultural dimensions together with eco- the society more or less, the thesis has already accomplished
nomic conditions. To conclude, the author will focus on the its mission. Lastly, wish readers enjoy reading this book and
local level and search for an appropriate linkage with the glo- inspire readers to contribute positively to your own city too.
bal planning by using the MTS network expansion and the
historic core of Bangkok as the study case. Tridti Patarakiatsan
17-06-2012

5. 6 BKKs THESIS STRUCTURE MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 7
CONTENT
1. Motivation 10 1. Case study 88
01 05
2. Principles and objectives 12 2. Infrastructural network 90
3. Problem statement 13 3. Natural network 98
4. Aim 14 4. Tourist industries 101
5. Research questions 15 5. Human network 104
6. Relevance 16 6. Effect 108
INTRODUCTION AND
7. Methodology 17 7. Conclusion 110
PROBLEM FIELD STRATEGY
8. Time working plan 22
1. Theories related the MTS 27 1. Projects inventory 114
02 06
2. Theories related heritage 31 2. The station area 116
3. Urban vitality indicators 38 3. Transformed open space 126
4. Conclusion 40 4. The riverside areas 134
5. Bibliography for the theory part 41 5. Local connections 142
THEORETICAL
RESEARCH STRATEGIC PROJECTS
1. City profile 46 1. Evaluation 152
03 07
2. Historic development 52 2. Governance structure 154
3. Infrastructure development 57 3. Phasing 156
4. Planning system 58 4. Stakeholders 157
5. Relation of two dynamics 60 5. Urban rules 158
6. A change in transport means 61
CONTEXT RESEARCH MANAGEMENT
7. Gentrification by the MTS 62
AND ANALYSIS STRATEGY
8. Conclusion 64
1. Selection criteria 70 1. Evaluation 162
04 08
2. The strategic location 76 2. City model review 164
3. Spatial network fragmentation 78 3. Integrated actions 165
4. From orchards to barriers 79 4. Possible side effects 166
5. A limitation of local movement 80 5. Recommendations 167
6. Conclusion 81 6. Bibliography 168
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH REFLECTION

6. 8 BKKs MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 9
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
AND PROBLEM
FIELD
Source : www.skyscrapercity.com

7. 10 BKKs 1.1 MOTIVATION MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 11
Mode of transportation : the rail transport system The threat of historic areas
Nowadays, in the rapid urbanized period, the develop- A historic city has organically developed through sev-
ment of the rail transport network, stations and transit eral decades. Their physical conditions are composed
nodes become a crucial strategy to develop city areas. by fine-grains in terms of small plot sizes, passageways
To make it function effectively, the rail transport should and the connection to local economic areas. The charac-
be accessed easily. Particularly, it should be possible to ter and identity of historic areas will change dramatically
get to by multi- modes of transport, such as, by car, bus from the past when new mode of transport has been
or walk. At the same time, the service facilities should implemented. Although, a number of optional modes
be provided, i.e., parking spaces and sub public trans- of transport will increase to serve modern needs, such
port stations (APA, 2006). Moreover, the development as new functions, the rapid change might negatively af-
also magnets new activities into the areas, such as, new fect old living patterns and activities leading to a lost
functions, people and so on. The consequence is that in “place” ( Bertolini and Spit, 1998). The most explicit
the role of the areas would be redefined. New infrastruc- structure is local streets (see illustration 2). In the past,
tures developments would be created in order to serve it functions responding to small areas, but when the ac-
those activities, which make the areas livelier as Berto- cessibility has improved, it has to serve an increasing
lini and Spit name the station as place (1998). However, number of traffic as well. Consequently, when the size is
the way city build the rail transport is limited by space, not in a proportion with demands, which requires more
particularly in the case of elevated rail tracks leading to spaces, it causes an expropriation in areas both along
negative effects to the nearby areas (see illustration 1). local roads ,connecting to stations, and around stations
The character of Bangkok is that it was planned on the (transit area services).
elevated level, plugging in to global functions like de-
partment stores and high class hotels and disengage to
the lower world functionally and physically.
Illustration 1.3 the plan for the mass transit system expansion of Bangkok in 2030 (the officially preserved area of Bangkok is in
the light green color) ,Source : www.bts.co.th
Conflicts under the inevitable infrastructure expansion many theories about problems of scale and rapid devel-
Many cities conceptualize the idea to develop the rail opment in that it causes spatial fragmentation (Graham,
system to create a node and, at the same time, still Marvin 2008) and can tear the city apart (Read 2001),
Illustration 1.1 the current condition of rail transport in Bangkok, Thailand,Source : www.flickr.com maintain “place” for the areas. Bertolini and Spit add as with this rapid development, if we do not do it properly, it
the renewal of existing fabric with a reason to deal with will be more likely to harm than benefit.
future demands with the notion of Transit- Oriented De- However, it also provides a crucial opportunity and a big
velopment (TOD). However, the historic areas are not on challenge to create a more sustainable transport mode,
the list. Generally, TOD or the station plaza is applied in and at the same time, to prevent negative effects to the
suburb or redeveloped areas. historic core of the city.
In the case of Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand,
especially, the rail systems are built on the upper level
through urban communities. In particular, in 2030, gov-
ernment have already planned for the elevated rapid
mass transit system (MTS) throughout the city, which will
definitely cross the historic core of the city (see illustra-
tion 1.3).
Although the MTS plan has been announced, there is
no in-depth research on how this big infrastructure plan
will affect the vitality of the city, particularly historic areas,
where their economic status and quality of life are low.
The MTS, currently, could solve traffic problem, but there
is still lacking of integration between MTS and urban fab-
Illustration1 .2 the current condition of local streets in Bangkok, Thailand ,Source : www.flickr.com ric. As we have learnt a lot from the past experiences and

8. 12 BKKs 1.2 PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 13
The symbiotic relationship between The relation with Urbanism in order to preserve and maintain its The historic core of Bangkok, Thai- strong enough in the decision-mak-
MTS and heritage described in the The problem definition demon- value. The last reason is that many land, has been developing through ing process (the Bangkok case), it
previous section is the backbone of strates an amount of urban-related studies usually focus on either TOD the history for more than a hundred can cause an intended economic
this thesis. From the MTS perspec- dimensions. The issues of planning or heritage itself. The conservation year. From the government vision, eviction to the local living in the his-
tive, it requires a supporting net- for heritage places and a transit- model mostly put more efforts on an however, in 2030, the expansion of toric core.
work to integrate with other means oriented development can be a city area with a potential for economic the MTS will go throughout the city, All of the three aspects lead to spa-
of public transportation. While the scale thinking. Moreover, the world- exploitation and leave the locally un- which will pass the historic core of tial fragmentation and a decay in
economic position of nearby areas wide sustainability movement has listed area away. (Steinberg 1996). the city (see illustration 1.4). To im- heritage places in terms of socio-
has to be improved by making use created the new developments in a Thus, this research deals with inte- pose the MTS on the historic core, economic dimensions, historic val-
of an easily accessible rail trans- more compact way. It is a way to do gration of the two aspects on the negative consequences will occur ues and cultural identities. Besides,
port network. From the historic area historic revitalization in order to re- local scale. Relating to Urbanism, to local people in the heritage sites these phenomena can make Bang-
perspective, the long- time historic sponse to the urbanization process. those three aspects require spa- as it happened after the city built two kok become just a generic city. The
values and cultural identity will With a global force, the issues go tial interventions that can influence lines of the MTS in 1999, which are MTS spreads generic urbanity as it
maintain. Furthermore, the heritage broadly to a regional scale. There positively socioeconomic structure secession, confliction and displace- scatters soulless places(Richardson
places would contribute to urban are many reports about planning on the local level. ment. In the case of secession, it & Jensen 2008). The sustainable at-
vitality in terms of socioeconomic for TOD at the regional scale by the takes place when the new develop- tention is not about to go against the
dimensions to guarantee that they centre for transit oriented develop- ment is not oriented towards local- new developments following from
can still last and continue. ment and many government docu- ity, such as gated communities and the MTS, but to search for how to
ments. For the heritage, it draws condominiums that causes chang- protect the repeated-negative con-
Relating to the hypotheses men- an attention in a global scale from es in the traditional community life. sequences from the MTS and make
tioned before, the symbiosis rela- many international organizations, The second reason is confliction use of it. To conclude, with a low in-
tionship, and the general objectives such as UNECSCO, ICOMOS and in different ways of uses of space tegration between urban fabric and
are demonstrated. so on. However, this thesis will not between formers and new comers, the MTS, when the infrastructure de-
1.We have to generate mutual ben- do like that. stemming from, such as, a differ- velopment has been implemented
efits to the both sides, heritage and ent perception, background and on the historic core, it results in frag-
the new development, when they This thesis will focus on the district comprehension. The worst case is mentations, a lost in urban vitality
meet. and local-scale option, particularly displacement. When the market is and stimulates social segregation.
2.We have to mediate the conflicts on the living heritage areas, in which
between the two as well. local people have been using them
3.We have to transform current spa- from the past until nowadays, not
2012
tial fragmentation into coherent ur- on legally registered city’s heritage.
ban space. The objective is to help them survive
4.All of the objectives have to cope and make use of consequences of
with the uncertainty of the future the infrastructure expansion.
and develop towards a sustainable The interest of the author is made
manner. by three reasons. The infrastructure
expansions can enormously change
the existing urban fabric. These
change offer opportunities to rede-
fine the role of the city and its spa-
tial strategy leading to sustainability.
The second reason lies on the spa-
tial implications of the heritage issue
2030
Illustration 1.4 the diagram showing
project position which takes a stand on the Illustration 1.5 the map showing the cur-
district and local scale, combined with the rent MTS and in 2030 which will pass the
government plan. Finally, it creates an in- historic core comparing with the existing
tegration for Bangkok in 2030. condition.

9. 14 BKKs 1.4 AIM 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 15
Mutual benefit and sustainable ap-
proach
posal and help strengthening the
local economic and social viability. How to preserve the existing historic core of
The aim of the project is to propose Eventually, the synergetic spatial vi-
a strategy for the historic areas of
Bangkok while integrating it with the
sion will fill in the gap from the gov-
ernment plan and provide a solution Bangkok when the mass transit system imple-
expansion of MTS. The future vision to solve this widespread problem of
of the project does not replace the
old with the new developments, but
the city and work as a pilot project
reflecting on the improvement of mentation, at the same time enhancing social
takes a stand on that both process- urban form, socioeconomic issues
es have their own dynamics. Thus,
the strategy would combine two de-
within a sustainable manner(see il-
lustration 1.6) cohesion and economic viability?
velopments and create a vision that
the two are complementing each
other. For the historic areas, the
heritages need to be preserved and
given a framework towards social
and economic sustainability. The
optimise uses of MTS to link uncon-
nected areas and to create better liv-
ing environment with improved pub- What kind of the strategic plan and spatial in-
lic amenities would be proposed. In
terms of the new development, new
comers will benefit from the pro-
Illustration 1.6 a sustainable model from
triple P to Quadruple P (Duijvestein 2008) terventions can be applied on the historic core
of Bangkok in order to deal with potentials of
spatial quality improvement and integrate it
with the MTS in 2030?
Fact Consequence Opportunities
Identity
Historic value Due to Bangkok has been formed In order to be able to understand the key elements of the main research
by a market led development; an in- question, six sub research question need to be formulated.
tervention usually is made from the 1. What are benefits and conflicts of the combination of historic and new
top-down level, which always gives developments?
a priority to infrastructure develop- 2. What is the collective network of these two developments? (to define: what
ment. The integrated approach is kind of co-using spaces and sharing functions? Which corridors need to be
Social status
missing in a connection with the strengthened?)
existing urban form. Therefore, the 3. What are strategies for urban heritage conservation in relation with the
research questions arise from soci- infrastructure expansion?
oeconomic and spatial dimensions. 4. What is the role of the heritage places in 2030, when the mass transit
This integrated model, between old comes?
Economic status and new developments, creates two 5. What kind of spatial design tools are able to integrate physical linkages
challenges. The first challenge is to between the heritage and new development in a sustainable way?
exploit the new development by the 6. How to transform the heritage sites towards socioeconomic viability ?
MTS towards sustainability. The sec-
ond challenge is how to protect liv-
ing heritage from the negative result.
The aim is to achieve them both.
Illustration 1.7 an approach summarized from the current conditions of Bangkok

10. 16 BKKs 1.6 RELEVANCE 1.7 METHODOLOGY MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 17
Ethical Problems Societal relevance Scientific Relevance The selection of the study case and the limitation of the
The problem related to ethical is- The relevance of the thesis lies in This research will reflect on aca- research
sues arises in two cases. In heritage the fact that we have to deal with demic debates on the spatial inter- The historic core of Bangkok is chosen as the study case.
sites,the first is the limitation of con- societal challenges of the current vention and strategic planning for Thailand is one of the developing countries in Asia that
servation areas, “enclave tourism” condition of Bangkok to prepare both the rail transport expansion is facing the spatial and socio-economic transformation.
(Healy 1992). It occurs when the a solution when the MTS meets and heritage conservation planning. It displays characters of urban problems in developing
type and location of facilities are not the historic core. Nowadays, there In academic field, many researches countries, which are facing with negative consequences
oriented towards locality. As a re- is a demand from local people to have been done to sustainably pre- from the infrastructure development, such as interven-
sult, money will not benefit the local protect their communities from the serve heritage. However in the de- tions from the market and infrastructure breakdowns on
economy. This leads to an increase market that wants to develop the veloping countries, when market a local level, urban planning and governance failure. Al-
inflationary pressure on local econ- areas around the MTS. However, becomes more dominant, preserva- though the city has been developing for hundreds years,
omy. Price of land, products are the market also can financially sup- tion plans cannot be enacted suc- it still does not plan to coordinate and integrate between
neither affordable nor responsive to port the existing area by improving cessfully as plans. Besides, to as- infrastructure and urban development.
local needs .It leads to a loss of sov- connectivity, public amenities and sure positive results, this research The city of Bangkok has many heritage and high historic
ereignty for locals, which translates, living quality. For that reason, this contributes to urban vitality, which, value. A number of local people and traditional commu-
into loss of control in decision-mak- research tackles with the general- in this case, is an integration of liv- nities still live in the historic core of the city. The research
ing and benefits. Every area is differ- unsolved problem of Bangkok. It ing heritage and the MTS as a main recognizes the different types of heritage that the city
ent so that it will experience uneven provides an integrated approach, component. Based on the different has. Due to its complexity and character individuality,
distribution in conservation efforts. which works as a pilot project, in or- context of each city, another contri- a different type of heritage sites deserves a specific ap-
The outsider gains less favours and der to generate mutual benefits and bution of this thesis will stimulate a proach, which suits their situation.
will see a rise in economic decay minimize social problems of the city. new approach to other cities to re- The thesis focuses on the producing a set of strategy
and fabric deterioration, while fo- think and search for a new way to and recommendation that will be able to help planner
cused areas receive priority aids. preserve its heritage to cope with an and decision makers to tackle with the MTS in the his-
The second reason is observed urbanization process. toric core. The result also paves the way to an integrated
in the style of approaching areas. strategy to different individual case of heritage site. How-
From the policy level, it usually ever, the research will focus on only one types of herit-
takes action on improving physical age, living heritage, to be demonstrated in the thesis.
projects rather than social and eco- By narrowing down to only one case, the author can do
nomic dimension of the areas. From analysis in detail and deeper levels.
the past experiences of Bangkok,
when the city faces with new infra-
The research focuses on the case of living heritage that
structure development, the project
will face with the MTS expansion based on certain rea-
generally gives priority to land devel-
sons.
opment and new construction rather
than the conservation of the existing
1. Living heritage, in the historic places, contain-
historic communities. Therefore, this
ing historic value, is still in use, has a certain degree of
thesis aims to not only create mu-
maturity as a social, cultural and economic entity. It pos-
tual benefits two new development
sesses certain qualities that best signify the dynamics of
and heritage places, but also try to
characters of the historic core.
mediate negative effects to locals,
such as an expropriation and gen-
2. Living heritage settles heavily along the former
trification.
mode of transportation, mainly water, and usually close
to new development areas, mostly high-rise and a gate
community. It is an example of urban polarization of the
city. With its historic value, it is a challenge by the con-
temporary economic pressure by the market interests
came with the MTS.
3. The configuration of function reflects the type of
activities, which are commonly found in every old dis-
tricts of the city, characterized by a large percentage of
economic activities run by informal sectors.
4. Living heritage is not protected by laws as of-
ficially registered ones. Besides, in the area itself, it still
Images showing recent social protests
against an expropriation,resulting from has traditional characters like low income, high density,
interventions by the market, influenced and lack of accessibility to public amenities. The thesis
by the MTS expansion, which invaded into aims at seeking for a sustainable way to develop the liv-
traditional commercial communities in
ing heritage of the city.
2011, Source : http://www.prachachat.net

11. 18 BKKs 1.7 METHODOLOGY MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 19
The method of empirical research Products among the other sectors, the sce-
The research model is created in -Theoretical underpins for the as- nario will be set up based on the
Main research questions
a relation to the research ques- pect related to the issue possible conditions between the Research Design
tion. Various steps of the research -A historic overview for the city of market and conservation planning.
model contribute to the challenges Bangkok By dividing into two scenarios, the How to preserve the existing historic core of Bangkok What kind of the strategic plan and spatial interventions
from research questions. The first -Developing criteria for choosing first one is extreme case, while the when the mass transit system implementation, at the can be applied on the historic core of Bangkok in order to
step represents the research part of strategic locations second is the moderate case. same time enhancing social cohesion and economic deal with potentials of spatial quality improvement and
the thesis. It consists of three inde- Methods viability? integrate it with the MTS in 2030?
pendent parts and the results will be MAPPING THE CURRENT CONDI- -Case study of the car based cities
combined in order to design in the TION ON THE LIVING HERITAGE IN in order to know the possible strat-
design phase later on. THE HISTORIC CORE OF THE CITY egy to be applied to Bangkok
The design phrase will start from the The second part of the research will -Literature review
Sub research questions
sub research question four to six by study the existing conditions of the -Research by design
proposing spatial intervention for two fields. From the heritage field, it Products
What are benefits What are strategies What is the collec- What is the role of What kind of spatial How to transform
the living heritage in the area of his- will study on the local network of the -Vision and Strategies base on prob- and conflicts of the for urban heritage tive network of the heritage places design tools are the heritage sites
toric core of the city of Bangkok. The core, which needs to be kept and able scenarios combination of conservation in these two develop- in 2030, when the able to integrate towards socio-
research model contains four sepa- enhanced in terms of spatial, eco- historic and new relation with the ments? mass transit physical linkages economic viability?
rate parts to be explained, but the nomic and social dimensions. The AN INTEGRATED PLAN BETWEEN developments? infrastructure comes? between the
time phrasing will overlap. The rela- second one is from the MTS. It will HERITAGE AND THE MTS expansion? heritage and new
development in a
tion and design phrase is not one- link to the first field in term of opti- Based on previous research, a de- sustainable way?
way direction, but it is woven and mise uses and minimized unwanted sign will be created for the project
can be changed over research(see results of the MTS. The thesis pro- area. The design will redefine the
illustration 1.8). However, time vides a synergetic vision for 2030, role of heritage places in 2030 and Result
schedule will be explained later on. so a review on their potentials is improve the current situation to-
The relationship Mapping the Possible scenarios An integrated plan between heritage and the MTS
necessary. The result will build an wards the long-term development.
between the urban current condition in the relation of
approach to deal with the project The aim is to make use of the MTS development and on the living the two develop-
A COMPREHENSION: THE RE-
and design tools in the design pe- and its consequence and maintain infrastructure heritage in the ments
LATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UR-
riod. the historic value of the city and cur- expansions of historic core of the
BAN DEVELOPMENT AND INFRA- Bangkok. city
Methods rent fragmentations solved. The re-
STRUCTURE EXPANSIONS OF
-Mapping on current social, eco- sult of this thesis can be seen via a
BANGKOK.
nomic and spatial condition design on spatial intervention on the
The first part of research will focus
-Interview local residents in order local scale as a pilot project that will
on the relation between the two de-
to know the local network and how create a sustainable future.
velopments. It describes the issues
they use space Methods
from the history, because it will give Outcome
-Space syntax in order to discover -Drawing
a better understanding as they are An overview on Context research Vision Strategy Design tools Design criteria
spatial condition and level of inte- -Design research
currently. The historic development History and theory Case study
gration of the city and the area -Mapping
will be analysed since the city has
-GIS to analyse and calculate data -Visualizations
formed as the capital city in a form
and statistic Products
of maps. Another reason is to know
Products -Specific intervention proposals
the benefits, conflicts and driving
-An understanding on the MTS im- based on the toolbox and criteria Intervention
forces which already happened,
pact -Integration of the existing situation
and at the same time where has a
-An overview on the existing social, of the historic core with the MTS to
high chance to be preserved and An integrated model for Bangkok in 2030
economic and spatial issue of the create mutual benefits
the risky one to be destructed. In
living heritage expressed in built en- -Master plan for the area
relation to the design phrase, the
vironment
purposed intervention will be done
-A toolbox that can be used in the
in terms of living heritage conserva-
design phase
tion, which is necessary to antici-
pate threats and potentialities.
POSSIBLE SCENARIOS IN THE RE-
Methods
LATION OF THE TWO DEVELOP-
A review through the history in a re-
MENTS
lation between the urban and infra-
The purpose of this part is to search
structure development, and at the
for successful strategies that can
same time searching for the conse-
apply to the city of Bangkok. Be-
quence of the current MTS after an
sides the MTS takes twenty years
implementation in 1999
to function, 2030, which the situa-
-Literature review
tion can changes. Particularly, in the
-Mapping
city that the market is most powerful
-Historic research
Illustration 1.8 am empirical research model

12. 20 BKKs 1.7 METHODOLOGY MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 21
Target location Topic
LITERATURE STUDY DESIGN
The historic core of The mass transit expansion
Target location Topic
Bangkok, Thailand and heritage conservation
LITERATURE STUDY DESIGN
The historic core of The mass transit expansion Literature study Site analysis The historic core of Bangkok Scale
Bangkok, Thailand and heritage conservation
Literature study Site analysis The historic core of Bangkok Scale
The role, potential and general
Future role, potential and unique
City
identity of the infrastructure
Problem statement expansion and heritage consear- identities of Bangkok scale
The role, potential and general
vation City
Confliction between new and traditional developments identity of the infrastructure Future role, potential and unique
Problem statement expansion and heritage consear- identities of Bangkok scale
vation
Confliction between new and traditional developments
Literature review Mapping in order to know A vision for an integration
1.MTS current conditions of the city between the MTS and historic
Objective a. Network city 1. Urban development areas
Literature review b. Mobility Mapping in order to know Government A vision for an integration
2. vision
A synergetic vision, integrated the MTS with heritage conservation 1.MTS current conditions of the3. Spatial condition; infrastruc- and historic
city between the MTS
Objective a. Network city
c. TOD
1. Urban development ture, open space areas
2. Heritage
b. Mobility a. Conservation 2. Government vision 4. Economic status
A synergetic vision, integrated the MTS with heritage conservation c. TOD b. Heritage tourismSpatial condition; infrastruc- dimension; population,
3. 5. Social
2. Heritage c. urban vitality ture, open space density
Research question a. Conservation 4. Economic status
3. Historical research 6. Land use
b. Heritage tourism a. Urban development dimension; population,
5. Social
c. urban vitality b. Planning systemdensity
Research question 3. Historical research 6. Land use
c. Infrastructure development
a. Urban development
b. Planning system
Theoretical framework Empirical framework c. Infrastructure development
Theoretical framework Empirical framework The role, potential and general Analysis on urban condition of the District
identity of the infrastructure scale
historic core of Bangkok
expansion and heritage consear-
City scale The role, potential and general
vation Analysis on urban condition of the District
identity of the infrastructure scale
historic core of Bangkok
Historial analysis expansion and heritage consear-
City scale vation Literature review Mapping
Hypothesis Current situation 1. Gentrification in Bangkok Selection criteria to seek for strategic Revitalization approach for
2. Traditional settlements locations to be intervened living heritage sites towards
Historial analysis Literature review Mapping sustainability
3.Accessibility 1. Spatial conditions : study on
Hypothesis Current situation for strategic Revitalization approach for
1. Gentrification in Bangkok good node Selection criteria to seek network connectivity and potential
4.A living heritage sites towards
2. Traditional settlements 5.Place making locations to be intervened integrate
to
3.Accessibility sustainability
6.Role of government in conditions : studyEconomic status : search for the
1. Spatial 2. on
District scale 4.A good node network connectivity and potential endangers by negative
conservation planning area which
5.Place making to integrate effects by the rapid development
Spatial analysis 6.Role of government in 2. Economic status : search Social status : look for the area
3. for the
District scale conservation planning area which endangers bythat tends to be segregated after the
negative
Vision Socio-economic analysis
effects by the rapid development
implementation
Spatial analysis 3. Social status : look for the area value : investigate the
4. Historic
Vision Socio-economic analysis that tends to be segregated after the high value
area which has
implementation
4. Historic value : investigate the
Reference area which has high value
Evaluation
projects Theoretical underpin on the Mapping spatial and socio- Local
Reference relatioship between the MTS and economic problem on strategic scale
Evaluation heritage conservation. locations.
projects Theoretical underpin on the Mapping spatial and socio- A synergetic Local regard-
strategy
Evaluation relatioship between the MTS and economic problem on strategic scale
ing new development from
potential heritage conservation. locations. the MTS; function and typol-
A synergetic strategy regard- and local benefits; public
Strategies Evaluation transferable Literature review Mapping ing new development from
ogy
1. Thai successful space amenities and connectivity
1. Infrastructural networkfunction and typol-
potential model the MTS; improved
2. Cultural landscape 2. Natural network and local benefits; public
Evaluation Strategies transferable Literature review Mapping
3. Spatial indicators of urban
ogy
3. Built environment
1. Thai successful space vitality 1. Infrastructural network amenities and connectivity
model improved
2. Cultural landscape 2. Natural network
Evaluation 3. Spatial indicators of urban 3. Built environment
Design vitality
Design Illustration 1.9 the research model

13. 22 BKKs 1.8 TIME WORKING PLAN MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 23
The phasing of this project was de- fined and positioned in the time-line
fined by two angles; one is the pres- process. The outputs are the prelim-
entation-based time (P1, P2, P3, P4 inary thesis plan, outline of review
and P5), while the others base on paper, final thesis plan, conference
which should be done during the paper and final thesis.
research process. The actions are
defined as follows; research, theo-
retical framework and design task.
Besides, there are some important
in-between products already de-
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
Research
- Study on current conditions of Bangkok
and its potential
- Specified research in the field of design
- Technical research
Theoretical framework
- Relation of TOD and urban revitalization
- Spatial indicators of urban vitality
- Positive gentrification
- Conflicts between social and economic development
Design task
- Preliminary design proporsal
- Design proporsal
- Evaluation and reflection
- Possibility study
Literature study Implementation on vision Detailed design Specific project plan
Theory paper Strategy Design parameter Evaluation
Case study Design parameter Screnarios Conclusion
Interview
Analysis on existing layers
Statistic research
Vision
Design
Illustration 1.10 Time working plan in relation to five times of graduation presentation

14. 24 BKKs MASTER THESIS TU DELFT BANGKOK SYNERGY 25
Chapter 2
THEORETICAL
RESEARCH
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