1. Thermal Turbomachines History, Types and Uses

2. Contents Fans and Blowers Compressors Steam Turbines Gas Turbines 2

3. Fans and Blowers Team Members: Ghada Zobeir Nouran Ezz El Din Nervien Islam 3 Fans and Blowers

4. Contents Definition History Components Fans Performance Parameters Blowers 4 Fans and Blowers

5. Definition Fan: An mechanically powered device used to produce an airflow (compression ratio ~1.1) Blower: A high pressure fan (compression ratio 1.11.2) 5 Fans and Blowers

6. History Omar-RajeenJumala 1st working mechanical fan (1832) 1st mechanical fan  Punkah Fan (Middle East 19th century) Nicola Tesla (AC) and Thomas Edison (DC)  Electric Power  Electric Fans and blowers 6 Fans and Blowers

7. Components Impeller or Rotor: A series of radial blades attached to a hub which creates the pressure difference. Motor: provides mechanical power to rotate the blades. Housing: Enclosure that protects the components. 7 Fans and Blowers

8. Fans Centrifugal Fans Axial Fans 8 Fans and Blowers

9. Centrifugal Fans They throw air away from the blade tips. 3 types Radial Blade Forward Curved Blade Backward Curved Blade 9 Fans and Blowers

10. Axial Fans They force the air to move parallel to the rotating shaft. 3 types Propeller Fans Tube Axial Fans Vane Axial Fans 10 Fans and Blowers

11. Comparison 11 Fans and Blowers

12. Performance Parameters 12 Fans and Blowers

13. Blowers Centrifugal Centrifugal blowers look more like centrifugal pumps than fans. The impeller is typically gear-driven and rotates as fast as 15,000 rpm. Positive Displacement Positive displacement blowers have rotors, which "trap" air and push it through housing 13 Fans and Blowers

14. Compressors Team Members Karim Ehab Mohamed El Laithy EmanSaudi Mahmoud Ali Fouad 14 Compressors

15. Contents Definition Types 15 Compressors

16. Definition Compressors: Mechanically powered gas mover with pressure ratio >1.2 16 Compressors

17. Types 17 Compressors

18. Centrifugal Compressors (Dynamic) Design Impeller (rotating vanes)  similar to centrifugal fan (mostly backward curved blade fan) Housing  mounted static vanes (diffusers) 18 Compressors

19. Centrifugal Compressors (Dynamic) Advantages High mass flow rate Oil free gas flow (Good Sealing) Low Life Cycle Cost (LCC) (High Reliability) High Efficiency Max compression ratio of 10:1 19 Compressors

20. Centrifugal Compressors (Dynamic) Disadvantages Fixed head for all gases, and variable pressure ratio for each gas. (Not used with Molecular weight less than 10 due to very low pressure ratio). Needs multi-stage configuration for higher pressure ratio. 20 Compressors

21. Axial Compressors (Dynamic) Design Rotor with successive rows of blades Stator blades  diffusers, remove swirl, maintain axial flow Blade aerodynamic design  max thrust, min drag 21 Compressors

22. Axial Compressors (Dynamic) Advantages Higher efficiency than centrifugal compressors (+ 8~10%) Small frontal area High pressure rise Compression ratio of 1.15-1.6 per stage Disadvantages High cost High weight High starting requirements 22 Compressors

23. Positive Displacement Compressors Sliding vane compressor 23 Compressors

24. Positive Displacement Compressors Lobe compressor 24 Compressors

25. Positive Displacement Compressors Screw compressor 25 Compressors

26. Positive Displacement Compressors Reciprocating compressor 26 Compressors

27. Steam Turbines Team Members Amr Ibrahim Rasha Kamal Dina El Naggar YahiaSowylam 27 Steam Turbines

28. Contents Definition History Design Types Uses 28 Steam Turbines

29. Definition A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion 29 Steam Turbines

30. History Hero of Alexandria’s Aeolipile (reaction turbine) 30 Steam Turbines

31. History Sir Charles Parsons  modern steam turbine  1884  7.5 kW of electricity. 7.5 kW  50,000 kW 31 Steam Turbines

32. Design One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing One set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft 32 Steam Turbines

33. Types Steam Turbines are classified according to: Steam Supply and Exhaust Conditions Casing or Shaft Arrangements N.B. Other types are stated in the gas turbine section. 33 Steam Turbines

34. Steam Supply and Exhaust Conditions Condensing: most electrical power plants Non-condensing (backpressure turbines): use exhaust steam in other processes (heating units, pulp and paper plants, desalination facilities) 34 Steam Turbines

35. Steam Supply and Exhaust Conditions Reheat turbine: reheat high pressure exhaust to operate a low pressure turbine. 35 Steam Turbines

36. Casing or Shaft Arrangements Single casing units: single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator Tandem compound: two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator Cross compound arrangement: two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. Typically used for many large applications 36 Steam Turbines

37. Uses Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal power plants, such as plants using coal or fuel oil or nuclear power 37 Steam Turbines

38. Uses Steam turbines may be used in combined cycles with a steam generator 38 Steam Turbines

39. Uses Steam turbines are used as drivers for large ships 39 Steam Turbines

40. Gas Turbine Team Members: Mahmoud Koraïem Mohamed El Mohasseb AmrSerry 40 Gas Turbine

41. Contents Definition History Types and design Applications 41 Gas Turbine

42. Definition Compressor, combustion chamber and turbine arrangement. Working fluid is air (compressor), air + combustion products (turbine) 42 Gas Turbine

43. History 1500  Leonardo Da Vinci  chimney jack 43 Gas Turbine

44. History 1791  John Barber designed (UK) 1st gas turbine engine  uses a compressor, combustion chamber, and a turbine (patent only) 44 Gas Turbine

45. History 1872 - 1904  F. Stolze designed (Germany)  gas turbine with axial compressor (no useful power) 1906  ArmengaudLemale (France) centrifugal compressor (no useful power) The lack of advanced knowledge of aerodynamic was the reason for the failure. 45 Gas Turbine

46. History 1910 HanzHolzwarth (Germany)  constant volume combustion (150 kW) 46 Gas Turbine

47. Types and Design Axial gas turbine Radial gas turbine Bladeless gas turbine (the difference is in the turbine stage only) 47 Gas Turbine

48. Axial Gas Turbines Most common type Easy multi-staging high overall pressure ratio Wide range of applications 48 Gas Turbine

49. Axial Gas Turbines Can be either impulse (Rateau, Curtis) turbine or reaction (Parson’s) type Rateau  stationary blades = nozzles Curtis  1 nozzle (rest is anti-swirl) 49 Gas Turbine

50. Axial Gas Turbines Rateau  stationary blades = nozzles 50 Gas Turbine

51. Axial Gas Turbines Curtis  1 nozzle (rest is anti-swirl) 51 Gas Turbine

52. Axial Gas Turbines Parson’s  reaction turbine 52 Gas Turbine

53. Axial Gas Turbines Blades  air cooled Superalloys  transition elements (Ni, Fe, Co) alloys are used with (Al, Ti or Nb) in FCC crystals 53 Gas Turbine

54. Radial Gas Turbines High pressure ratio per stage Hard to multi-stage Very Compact size More efficient for small mass flow rate Lower Thermal stresses (no need for air cooling) 54 Gas Turbine

55. Bladeless Turbine (Tesla’s) Uses adhesive force of inlet gas to turn the disks Ideal for extremely small flow applications Efficiency (60~95%) (steam turbine’s 80~98%) 55 Gas Turbine

56. Applications Turboshaft engine (used in locomotive) 56 Gas Turbine

57. Applications Turboprop engine 57 Gas Turbine

58. Applications Turbofan engine 58 Gas Turbine

59. Applications Turbojet engine 59 Gas Turbine

60. Applications Combined power cycle (Gas turbine, steam turbine) N.B. Advances in gas turbines are mainly dependant on cooling technology (axial), and compressor design (Wc = 60% Wt) 60 Gas Turbine

61. Any Questions? 61 Fans and Blowers