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Designing PEV Infrastructure

Do PEV TOU Rates Impact PEV Charging Time
               Decisions?


           Gregory W. Haddow
SDG&E Goals
Create an excellent customer experience and support the
growth of electric transportation while ensuring the
safe, reliable & efficient integration of PEV loads with the grid
                                  Charging Technology & Infrastructure
                                             Widespread & convenient

                                                     Charging Pricing
                                          Attractive to charge off-peak

                                             Utility System Integration
                                                       Efficient & smart

                                                  Market Development
                                                    Educate & support




2
EV Rate Participation & Ownership are Growing
1,800

1,600                                           ~1,600 Total PEVs
                                                 through June '12
1,400

1,200
                                                                  701 PEV Rate Customers
1,000
                                                                 (Premises Metered and/or Submetered)
 800

 600

 400

 200
                                                 394 Experimental Rate Customers
                                                         (Submetered PEV usage)
   0
        Jan11   Mar11       May11   Jul11      Sep11     Nov11        Jan12       Mar12       May12

                 Total Vehicles     PEV Rate customers       Experimental Rate Customers
What Drives Charging Time Decisions?
      PEV Rates & Technology Study – CPUC approved experimental PEV
                  rates for EV Project & Nissan deployment


• Price – Fuel Savings?                  AM                   PM
    Low Super Off-peak rates
• Technology & Information –
  “Set & Forget”?
    On-board Leaf technology
• Convenience & Lifestyle –
  Do Travel Needs Rule?
    Schedule



4
Research Advisory Panel
• San Diego Gas & Electric
• UC Davis, Tom Turrentine, PHEV Research Center
• EPRI, Bernie Neenan, Electric Transportation Program
• University of San Diego-EPIC, Scott Anders & Nilmini Silva-Send
• UC San Diego, Professor Graff Zivin & Ben Gilbert
• CEC, Phil Misemer
• U.S. EPA, Zoltan Jung
• CCSE, Mike Ferry
• SCE, Russ Garwacki
• SMUD, Bill Boyce
• EV Project / ECOtality, Don Karner
• Coulomb Technologies, Richard Lowenthal
• Boulder Energy Group, Bill Le Blanc
• EEI, Rick Tempchin
• CPUC Staff
Study Objective
To examine PEV consumer charging time preferences, use of
  technology, and other relevant factors in a controlled study of
  CPUC-approved time-differentiated rates coincident with the
  EV Project and Nissan Leaf launch in San Diego.

                     Working Hypotheses
• Time variant pricing and technology use will influence
  consumer charging behavior
• Greater price variations will drive more charging activity to off-
  peak periods
• Enabling technology will facilitate charging behavior that is
  convenient and economic to the consumer
Study Design
Dependent Variable
Time-of-use Charging
Ratio of on-peak charging kWh to
off-peak and super off-peak
charging kWh per day
                                   Independent Variable
                                   Leaf Customers Randomly Assigned
                                   to 3 Time Variant Priced Rates
                                   Each rate differing in super off-peak to on-
                                   peak price spread

                                   Conditioning Variables
                                   • Use of Enabling Technology
                                   • Driver Profile
                                   • Use of Charging Facilities
PEV Experimental Rates – Summer
                40
                35
                30
Cents per kWh




                25
                20
                15
                10
                 5
                 0
                       EV-TOU              Rate 2            Rate 3

                         On-peak        Off-peak       Super Off-peak
                       Noon to 8pm   8pm to midnight   Midnight to 5am
                                      5am to Noon
Separate PEV Metering

SDG&E determines                   House Meter
location of the separate
PEV meter (in
series), with flexibility
regarding the
                              PEV Meter
disconnect breaker




        Garage Panel


                            EVSE
EV TOU Rate is Effective Regardless of Price
                         90%
                                                                                   82%      83%
                         80%                                                 78%

                         70%
% of Total Consumption




                         60%

                         50%

                         40%

                         30%

                         20%
                                                    13%
                               9%                           11%      10%
                         10%          7%      7%

                         0%

                                    On-Peak               Off-Peak            Super Off-Peak

                                EPEV-L (N=110)     EPEV-M (N=146)          EPEV-H (N=138)

                                    Three Experimental EV Rate Customer Groups
Super Off-Peak Charging at Home
               is Encouraged by TOU rates

                   7%
                                    • Usage: 3 experimental PEV rate
                           11%        groups kWh usage combined
                                    • Data: January 2011 to June 2012
                                    • Super Off-Peak: Midnight to 5 am
                                    • Off-Peak: 5 am to Noon &
                                      8 pm to Midnight
      82%                           • On-Peak: Noon to 8 pm


On-Peak     Off-Peak    Super Off-Peak
Charging Behavior Similar Across the
    3 Experimental Rate Groups

                            Separately metered
                            data isolates the
                            charging use

                            Super Off-peak usage
                            Midnight to 5 am
                            indicates the use of
                            EVSE or PEV timers

                            Hour 12 = Noon
                            Hour 24 = Midnight
Slightly Less Charging on Weekends


                              Indicates a
                              routine driving &
                              charging
                              pattern, regardle
                              ss of day of
                              week
TOU Rates Influence PEV Charging
 TOU rates encourage off-peak charging vs. a flat rate

 Nashville Electric Svc, TN
 • 260 residential EVSE
 • Charge: $13.43 / month
 • Summer: $0.0936 / kWh
 • Winter: $0.0898 / kWh $


 SDG&E, CA
 • 539 residential EVSE
 • TOU rates
 • Super off-peak:
      midnight to 5am


Source: INL   http://avt.inl.gov/pdf/EVProj/EVProjInfrastructureQ42011.pdf


 14
PEV Driving Maturation in ~ 6 months


                            “Charge Month” is
                            the month after initial
                            charge, regardless of
                            calendar month of
                            the PEV purchase

                            Line denotes 3
                            month moving
                            average
Implications
     • Too soon to tell if charging patterns are stable
     • Is fueling cost so low that charging will shift to off peak
       and on-peak periods over time?
     • It doesn’t take much pricing incentive to change
       behavior – 1 to 2 pricing difference between super off-
       peak and on-peak as effective as the 1 to 6 differential
     • Convenience technology works – implies smart grid
       technology must be simple “set and forget” in nature
     • If PEV rate structures becomes more complex
       (e.g., weekday-weekend, summer-
       winter, tiers), simpler technologies may be less
       effective


16
Designing PEV Infrastructure
     Gregory W. Haddow
   GHaddow@SempraUtilities.com
          SDGE.COM/EV
         EV@SDGE.COM

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Pev consumer behavior study plug in 2012 haddow v3 panel

  • 1. Designing PEV Infrastructure Do PEV TOU Rates Impact PEV Charging Time Decisions? Gregory W. Haddow
  • 2. SDG&E Goals Create an excellent customer experience and support the growth of electric transportation while ensuring the safe, reliable & efficient integration of PEV loads with the grid Charging Technology & Infrastructure Widespread & convenient Charging Pricing Attractive to charge off-peak Utility System Integration Efficient & smart Market Development Educate & support 2
  • 3. EV Rate Participation & Ownership are Growing 1,800 1,600 ~1,600 Total PEVs through June '12 1,400 1,200 701 PEV Rate Customers 1,000 (Premises Metered and/or Submetered) 800 600 400 200 394 Experimental Rate Customers (Submetered PEV usage) 0 Jan11 Mar11 May11 Jul11 Sep11 Nov11 Jan12 Mar12 May12 Total Vehicles PEV Rate customers Experimental Rate Customers
  • 4. What Drives Charging Time Decisions? PEV Rates & Technology Study – CPUC approved experimental PEV rates for EV Project & Nissan deployment • Price – Fuel Savings? AM PM Low Super Off-peak rates • Technology & Information – “Set & Forget”? On-board Leaf technology • Convenience & Lifestyle – Do Travel Needs Rule? Schedule 4
  • 5. Research Advisory Panel • San Diego Gas & Electric • UC Davis, Tom Turrentine, PHEV Research Center • EPRI, Bernie Neenan, Electric Transportation Program • University of San Diego-EPIC, Scott Anders & Nilmini Silva-Send • UC San Diego, Professor Graff Zivin & Ben Gilbert • CEC, Phil Misemer • U.S. EPA, Zoltan Jung • CCSE, Mike Ferry • SCE, Russ Garwacki • SMUD, Bill Boyce • EV Project / ECOtality, Don Karner • Coulomb Technologies, Richard Lowenthal • Boulder Energy Group, Bill Le Blanc • EEI, Rick Tempchin • CPUC Staff
  • 6. Study Objective To examine PEV consumer charging time preferences, use of technology, and other relevant factors in a controlled study of CPUC-approved time-differentiated rates coincident with the EV Project and Nissan Leaf launch in San Diego. Working Hypotheses • Time variant pricing and technology use will influence consumer charging behavior • Greater price variations will drive more charging activity to off- peak periods • Enabling technology will facilitate charging behavior that is convenient and economic to the consumer
  • 7. Study Design Dependent Variable Time-of-use Charging Ratio of on-peak charging kWh to off-peak and super off-peak charging kWh per day Independent Variable Leaf Customers Randomly Assigned to 3 Time Variant Priced Rates Each rate differing in super off-peak to on- peak price spread Conditioning Variables • Use of Enabling Technology • Driver Profile • Use of Charging Facilities
  • 8. PEV Experimental Rates – Summer 40 35 30 Cents per kWh 25 20 15 10 5 0 EV-TOU Rate 2 Rate 3 On-peak Off-peak Super Off-peak Noon to 8pm 8pm to midnight Midnight to 5am 5am to Noon
  • 9. Separate PEV Metering SDG&E determines House Meter location of the separate PEV meter (in series), with flexibility regarding the PEV Meter disconnect breaker Garage Panel EVSE
  • 10. EV TOU Rate is Effective Regardless of Price 90% 82% 83% 80% 78% 70% % of Total Consumption 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 13% 9% 11% 10% 10% 7% 7% 0% On-Peak Off-Peak Super Off-Peak EPEV-L (N=110) EPEV-M (N=146) EPEV-H (N=138) Three Experimental EV Rate Customer Groups
  • 11. Super Off-Peak Charging at Home is Encouraged by TOU rates 7% • Usage: 3 experimental PEV rate 11% groups kWh usage combined • Data: January 2011 to June 2012 • Super Off-Peak: Midnight to 5 am • Off-Peak: 5 am to Noon & 8 pm to Midnight 82% • On-Peak: Noon to 8 pm On-Peak Off-Peak Super Off-Peak
  • 12. Charging Behavior Similar Across the 3 Experimental Rate Groups Separately metered data isolates the charging use Super Off-peak usage Midnight to 5 am indicates the use of EVSE or PEV timers Hour 12 = Noon Hour 24 = Midnight
  • 13. Slightly Less Charging on Weekends Indicates a routine driving & charging pattern, regardle ss of day of week
  • 14. TOU Rates Influence PEV Charging TOU rates encourage off-peak charging vs. a flat rate Nashville Electric Svc, TN • 260 residential EVSE • Charge: $13.43 / month • Summer: $0.0936 / kWh • Winter: $0.0898 / kWh $ SDG&E, CA • 539 residential EVSE • TOU rates • Super off-peak: midnight to 5am Source: INL http://avt.inl.gov/pdf/EVProj/EVProjInfrastructureQ42011.pdf 14
  • 15. PEV Driving Maturation in ~ 6 months “Charge Month” is the month after initial charge, regardless of calendar month of the PEV purchase Line denotes 3 month moving average
  • 16. Implications • Too soon to tell if charging patterns are stable • Is fueling cost so low that charging will shift to off peak and on-peak periods over time? • It doesn’t take much pricing incentive to change behavior – 1 to 2 pricing difference between super off- peak and on-peak as effective as the 1 to 6 differential • Convenience technology works – implies smart grid technology must be simple “set and forget” in nature • If PEV rate structures becomes more complex (e.g., weekday-weekend, summer- winter, tiers), simpler technologies may be less effective 16
  • 17. Designing PEV Infrastructure Gregory W. Haddow GHaddow@SempraUtilities.com SDGE.COM/EV EV@SDGE.COM