Overview of the efforts globally to utilize renewable energy resources to charge growing deployments of electric vehicles. Particularly focus on UC San Diego program entitled 'Tailpiple Endgame" in collaboration with the Smart City San Diego collaborative.

1. The Tailpipe Endgame:
Charging of Electric Vehicles with Secure,
Domestic, Renewable Energy Resources

2. The goal of the University of California, San Diego’s Zero Emission Vehicle Project named ‘Tailpipe
Endgame” is to eliminate greenhouse gases and local air pollutants from the tailpipes of the transportation
sector by using secure, domestic, renewable energy resources to charge a variety of new models of electric
vehicles from twelve international manufacturers. The Tailpipe Endgame project was announced on January 31,
2011 as one of five key electric vehicle initiatives by a bold, new Smart City San Diego Collaborative among
the City of San Diego, San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E), GE, UC San Diego and CleanTECH San Diego.
Electric vehicles (EV) achieve four-times the efficiency of internal-combustion engines, but the long term goals
of an 80% reduction in green house gas emissions will not be met due to the carbon intensity of the generating
sources of the electricity that supplies California’s and our nation’s grids. The California Energy Commission’s
2012 Investment Plan for the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program Committee
Draft Report in support of AB118 recently recommended, “Encourage workplace and fleet charging, the Energy
Commission will consider grants to support charging infrastructure (with emphasis on battery storage and

3. renewable charging) and outreach to business and fleet owners.” CleanTech San Diego, CONNECT, GE, San
Diego Regional Economic Development Council and UCSD submitted for the record support for this
recommendation.
The concept of using “grid connected”
Photovoltaics to charge EVs in a carport
configuration was very prevalent in the news in May
2011 with separate press releases by GE, Nissan and
Hitachi. GE commissioned in Plainville CT
(pictured above) a 100 kW PV carport to fully
charge up to 13 electric vehicles per day via six
Level 2 GE EV Charging Stations and to power the
overhead lighting in the parking lot.
Nissan North America began installation of 30 solar
assisted charging stations at the Smyrna Plan in
Franklin, TN with a scheduled operation in July
2011. Hitachi announced plans for various types of rapid chargers will be installed on Maui HI by 2014,
including flexible power supply type, Photovoltaic DC to DC Power supply type and DC power supply type
with battery power at EV charging stations, and demonstrate their effectiveness at controlling EV chargers so
they do not overload distribution facilities.
Above: On September 22, 2010 the Executive Team from the State Grid China Corporation, the world’s largest utility, visited UC San
Diego’s initial site for the renewable energy charging of electric vehicles.

4. The CA South Coast Air Quality Management District identified as one of the priority projects in 2011 to
incentivize five megawatts of in-basin renewable distributed electricity generation and storage to support
electric technology applications such as plug-in hybrid vehicles. This priority goal was highlighted as
particularly important in achieving AQMD’s mission and goals. A Request For Proposals was released in May
2011 for 5+ Megawatts with a budget of $30+M. The Agency also stated that the use of renewable feedstocks
for energy production is a necessary transition to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide for domestic
energy diversity. Renewable distributed generation and time-shifting of electricity purchases benefit the
environment by conserving fossil fuel, reducing emissions from power plants and reducing operation of power
plants during peak demand periods when air pollutants are at highest levels.
The international implication of the zero tailpipe emissions concept utilizing renewable resources was
strengthened when LBL’s China Energy Group published ”China’s Energy and Carbon Emissions Outlook to
2050” which emphasized that decarbonization has important effects on the CO2 emissions mitigation potential
of switching to electric vehicle technology, but in the absence of any concurrent decarbonization of the power
sector, EVs will actually increase CO2 emissions. China’s largest EV manufacturer, BYD, announced a similar
strategic goal of utilizing Renewable Energy for charging of EVs in October 2010.
Uniquely, UC San Diego serves its population of 45,000 with an internationally acclaimed microgrid that has a
growing portfolio of 1.2 MW of solar Photovolatics, 2.8MW of fuel cells utilizing renewable waste methane
gas, and 27 MW of an EPA Energy Star Award combined cooling, heating and natural gas power plant. UCSD
currently self generates 82% of its needs and will achieve 90% by the end of 2011. A recognized prototype to
the Smart Grid of the future, UCSD proposes to divert a portion of its solar and biogas resources to charging a
fleet of approximately fifty new electric automobiles that will be road tested by a control group of students,
faculty and staff with a diversity of demographics, driving ranges and patterns.
This quantum advancement will establish the technical feasibility of using renewable energy to electrify the
transportation sectors while inciting the global competitive forces to leapfrog to the one solution that provides
the greatest sustainable, secure supply of energy and reduces the largest global source of greenhouse gas
emissions and local air pollutants.
The Project Director is UCSD’s Director of Strategic Energy Initiatives, Byron Washom who held the world’s
efficiency record for sunlight to grid electricity for 24 years, received R&D magazine’s award for one of the
most innovative products in 1984 and was named in 2010 to Fast Company magazine’s 100 Most Creative
People in Business for his pioneering research and leadership at UCSD. Mr. Washom is the principal
investigator on the top ranked research proposal funded by the US Department of Energy and the CA Energy
Commission for $2.5M for modeling techniques to mitigate negative impacts from high penetrations of solar
systems on a distribution grid. In 2010, the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment
Group awarded UCSD the 1st Annual Climate Leadership Award for Institutional Excellence, and UCSD in
May, 2011 was the first CA university and 10th in the nation to receive a Gold STARS Rating from AASHE.
The university is a pillar in the dynamic CleanTech San Diego region which is one of five awarded by the US
Department of Energy to deploy 1000 all-electric Nissan Leafs and a companion 2300 charging infrastructure in
SDG&E’s service territory through 2011. Collaborative partner GE recently made the largest single purchase
commitment of 25,000 EVs worldwide by 2015. The region won 19% of the total, or $154M, of the US
Treasury’s 2009 Allotments of Clean Renewable Energy Bonds. The City of San Diego is a Solar American
City and host to numerous economic incubators including CleanTech San Diego, rated the 7th Best CleanTech

5. cluster in the world and the CA Center for Sustainable Energy. In June 2010, Governor Schwarzenegger named
the San Diego region as the California iHub for bio-algae fuels and solar energy storage. The CA Energy
Commission has designated UCSD as the co-lead of the CA Solar Collaborative, and the local utility, San
Diego Gas & Electric, was rated the #1 Intelligent Utility in the US for the second year in a row.
The blue ribbon Electrification Coalition published in November its Fleet
Electrification Roadmap. UCSD’s planned fleet deployment, moreover, has
already initiated unprecedented partnerships and coordination among regulators,
vehicle manufacturers, electric utilities, research organizations, government
planners, and consumer advocacy groups. UCSD with its installed or funded
infrastructure is poised at the leading edge to demonstrate ultra clean vehicle
electrification by the utilization of a diversity of secure, distributed and
renewable energy resources.
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), TVA and Oakridge National
Laboratory are currently testing a solar assisted EV charging station which
utilizes a battery storage system to assess the impact on reliability, analyze
electric vehicle supply equipment, and test advance metering infrastructure.
The CEC in May 2011 approved approximately $200,000 towards the project,
and DOE is amending its High PV Penetration CY2011 grant by ~$50,000 to
include the Tailpipe Endgame Project. The required new funding is only for the
incremental cost of
the leasing and
integration of the EVs
and charging stations
since the preexisting or under contract renewable
solar and biogas energy resources have been funded
by other private, state and federal sources.
The schedule would be to complete the scoping
studies based upon the EPRI Base Design Report
and conclude the global competitive solicitation
within 15 months after the receipt of the initial grant
funding. The 24 month test plan for each charging
station and EV deployed at UCSD will produce widely circulated reports and lead to hosting numerous
international visitors and conferences.