Physics of Rocks for CO2 reservoir characterisation and monitoring - presentation by Angus Best of at the UKCCSRC meeting Monitoring of the deep subsurface: leakage pathways – understanding and monitoring the mechanics of CO2 storage, 23 October 2014
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Physics of Rocks for CO2 reservoir characterisation and monitoring - presentation by Angus Best of at the UKCCSRC meeting Monitoring of the deep subsurface: leakage pathways – understanding and monitoring the mechanics of CO2 storage, 23 October 2014
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Physics of Rocks for CO2 reservoir characterisation and monitoring - presentation by Angus Best of at the UKCCSRC meeting Monitoring of the deep subsurface: leakage pathways – understanding and monitoring the mechanics of CO2 storage, 23 October 2014
- 1. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 UKCCSRC Bristol 23rd October 2014 Monitoring of the deep subsurface: leakage pathways – understanding and monitoring the mechanics of CO2 storage Physics of Rocks for CO2 reservoir characterisation and monitoring Angus Best Acknowledgements: Ismael Falcon, Laurence North, Jeremy Sothcott & Clive McCann National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom, angus.best@noc.ac.uk
- 2. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • Physics of rocks • DiSECCS study • Fractured rock/seismic anisotropy – Pore fluid viscosity – Sw • New CO2 rig • New acoustic pulse tube Outline
- 3. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • 58 papers • Seismic attenuation /velocity dispersion • Seismic anisotropy • Geomechanics • Microstructural models • Digital rock physics • Elastic properties • Joint elastic-electrical properties • Fluids and carbonates • Reservoir characterisation and monitoring Physics of Rocks
- 4. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • Contrast reservoir styles – Sleipner (sand) – Snøhvit (sandstone) – In Salah (tight sandstone) DiSECCS Study & Geomechanics • Diagnostic Seismic toolbox for Efficient Control of CO2 Storage • BGS, NOC, Leeds, Edinburgh, Manchester • Statoil, BP
- 5. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • Scale dependent • Grain alignment • Bedding fabric • Aligned fractures Images from Armstrong et al. 1994 Transverse Isotropy Seismic Anisotropy (In Salah example)
- 6. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • NOC – lab experiments • BGS – theoretical models Pore fluid viscosity & anisotropy in fractured rocks Shear wave splitting (SWS)
- 7. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Frequency dependent seismic anisotropy (Chapman Theory) Wave propagation at 30° to the fracture normal. Meso-scale fractures Meso-scale fractures Microcracks Microcracks P-waves S-waves (Chapman 2003) • Poro-visco-elastic model • Squirt flow • Attenuation • Velocity dispersion • Vertically fractured reservoirs • Multi-component seismics • Azimuthal VSPs • Fracture characterisation • Pore fluid detection
- 8. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Chapman Model Chapman (2003), Geophysical Prospecting, 51, 369-379.
- 9. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • P- & S-wave velocity and attenuation • Very accurate (± 0.3%, ± 0.1 dB/cm) • 400 – 900 kHz • Effective pressure up to 65 MPa • Rotating S-wave transducer Ultrasonic pulse-echo system Best, Sothcott & McCann (2007)
- 10. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Synthetic sandstones with aligned cracks Leach out aluminium disks with acid Silica-cemented sand blocks
- 11. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Rock property Value Grain size 120 μm Porosity 30 % Permeability 21 mDarcy Fracture density 0.0314 ± 0.0059 Ave fracture radius 2.91 ± 0.06 mm Ave fracture aspect ratio 0.0429 ± 0.0008 Octagonal sandstone samples
- 12. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Model predictions Blank sample (no fractures) Anisotropic background Fractured sample Minimise errors in Thomsen weak anisotropy parameters: epsilon, gamma & delta SWS = 1.45% CD = 3.14% Tillotson et al (2014), Geophysical Prospecting, 62, 1238-1252.
- 13. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Results - pore fluid viscosity SWS = 4.59% (1.45% + 3.14%) Tillotson et al (2014), Geophysical Prospecting, 62, 1238-1252.
- 14. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Results – attenuation & Sw Blank Fractured Amalokwu et al (2014), Geophysical Journal International, 197, 943-947.
- 15. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 New CO2 rig (Falcon, North, Best) • THMC (Thermal-Hydro- Mechanical-Chemical)
- 16. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 New CO2 rig (Falcon, North, Best) 1 Ultrasonicpulse-echoBufferroad-topBufferroad-bottomElectrodesSampleσ3σ1Lateral strain gageAxial strain gage Static moduli vs Dynamic moduli
- 17. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 New CO2 rig (example data) 1
- 18. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • Geophysics • Seabed gas quantification • CH4 & CO2 • Hydrates • P-waves 500 Hz – 10 kHz • Frequency-dependence • Samples 7 cm diameter, 50 cm long • 60 MPa fluid/confining • 4 to 100 degC • S-waves ~ 1 kHz • ERT • Sands, muds Greenhouse Gas Pulse Tube Sat. 5th July 2014
- 19. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Greenhouse Gas Pulse Tube a)b) c)d) McCann et al (2014), Geophysical Prospecting, 62, 97-116. 1 – 10 kHz
- 20. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 Acoustic Bubble Resonance Anderson & Hampton (1980a, b) Recent theoretical developments: Leighton (2007) Kuhs et al (2004) Velocity Attenuation Bubble size distributions
- 21. UKCCSRC Bristol, 23 October 2014 • Need controlled lab studies to understand: – Seismic anisotropy in fractured porous rocks – Pore fluid viscosity effects – Gas saturation effects – Geomechanical response to CO2 injection – Validate theoretical models for application to reservoir characterisation & monitoring • Acoustic pulse tube studies – Seabed greenhouse gas quantification – Gas bubble resonance phenomena Conclusions