Intro to High Tunnel Insect Pests and Natural Enemies, 2015
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by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota. Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Growers Conference, Beginning Grower Workshop
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Intro to High Tunnel Insect Pests and Natural Enemies, 2015
- 1. Introduction to High Tunnel Insect Pests and Natural Enemies Christopher Philips Assistant Professor Fruit and Vegetable Entomologist University of Minnesota Department of Entomology North Central Research & Outreach Center (NCROC)
- 2. High Tunnel IPM To reduce pests below damaging levels while maintaining economic profits, environmental quality and safety.
- 3. IPM Implementation • Step 1 – Identify the pest. • Step 2 – Evaluate the pest infestation level • (sampling, monitoring, amount of injury). • Step 3 – Assess the tolerance level of the commodity to injury. • Step 4 – Take an action (or no action!).
- 4. Insect identification • Why do I need to identify it anyway? • Determines your management strategy • Different problems require different solutions • NOT ALL INSECTS ARE BAD
- 6. Spotted wing Drosophila (SWD) • Drosophila suzukii • native to Asia • lays eggs into healthy, ripening soft fruits, using a saw-like ovipositor SWD non-SWD Photo credits: N. Gompel (top); M. Hauser (bottom)
- 7. What are my management options? 1) Biological 2) Genetic 3) Cultural 4) Mechanical 5)…Chemical… (last option, only when necessary)
- 8. 94 75 49 27 2 55 17 27 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 TSSM GPA Melon GH WF BW-WF Silverleaf onion thrips WFT Resistance to Insecticides
- 9. Thrips (A) Flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (B) Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (C) Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (D) Soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis Scale bars represent 0.5 mm. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci
- 10. Thrips >7,000 species described worldwide most are not pests Biology migrate into MN Frequency A recent survey of Midwest greenhouse operators identified WFT as the most difficult greenhouse pest to manage 20°C, ~ 19 days. 25°C, ~ 13 days.
- 11. Damage have piercing-sucking, multi-purpose mouthparts. The mouthparts are used to pierce leaves, flowers, seeds, pollen grains, and fruit, as well as to drink open liquids such as nectar, water, or insect secretions; transmit pathogens Thrips Hosts and Damage Extremely wide host range
- 12. Thrips feeding damage on cucumber fruit. Thrips feeding damage on cucumber leaves Thrips Damage Oviposition scars and feeding damage on sweet pepper. Thrips egg-laying scars on tomato Thrips feeding damage on pepper leaves. A very important aspect of thrips is the transmission of virus diseases. Tomato spotted wilt virus, transmitted by the • western flower thrips, • tobacco thrips, and • onion thrips.
- 13. Sanitation • Remove weeds that act as a thrips (virus) refuge. • Remove and destroy crop residues and affected plants after harvest. • Pasteurize soil to kill immature thrips. • Pruning Thrips Cultural and Mechanical
- 14. Thrips Biological Control Amblyseius cucumeris • Amblyseius cucumeris prefers a diet of thrips but is considered a generalist because it can survive on pollen and spider mites in the absence of thrips. A. cucumeris will work best at a temperature of 70˚F or above and RH > 65%. Orius insidiosus • Minute pirate bug is a common generalist predator found naturally in many field-grown crops. • It preys on thrips, whiteflies, spider mites, aphids and many other pests. It can survive on pollen in the absence of prey.
- 15. Intrinsic capacity of Orius insidiosus to reduce flower thrips populations Predator-Prey Ratios 1 : 217 = population suppression 1 : 51 = rapid local extinction From: Sabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, ed.) CAB International, UK Thrips Predation Photo Joe Funderburk
- 16. Whiteflies Silverleaf and sweetpotato whiteflies (Bemisia argentifolii and B. tabaci) Greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutilonea)
- 17. Biology Do not overwinter in MN continue from year to year in greenhouses Frequency Common pest in MN Control There is really no easy way to control whiteflies Whiteflies
- 18. Aphids Melon/cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Biology Overwinter and migrate into MN Frequency Common pest in MN Control Usually not necessary; biological control
- 19. Aphids and Whiteflies Hosts and Damage Numerous Host Damage • Piercing/sucking mouthparts, • plant distortion and discoloration, • leaf chlorosis, • leaf withering and premature leaf drop plant • death; • Excrete honeydew, promotes the growth of sooty mold
- 20. Aphids and Whiteflies Damage Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Vector taxa Vector group Total plant viruses Hemiptera Aphids 197 Whiteflies 128 Melon aphids are known to transmit 44 plant viruses, while green peach aphids are known to transmit more than 100 plant viruses
- 21. Aphid and Whitefly Management • Prevent outbreaks of aphids by scouting weekly and releasing natural enemies at the first sign of damage. • Inspect the upper and lower surfaces of plant leaves • If you disturb the plant foliage, whitefly adults will fly up and be easier to spot. • Use a hand lens • Also check for evidence of natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, syrphid fly larvae and the mummified skins of parasitized aphids. Look for disease-killed aphids as well: • They may appear off-color, bloated or flattened.
- 22. Sanitation • Remove weeds in and around high tunnels Limit the use of quick-release fertilizer Aphid and Whitefly Cultural and Mechanical Photo credit: Galen Weston,
- 23. Biological control of Aphids: Parastitoids Aphidius colemani Works best at a temperature of 50 to 76˚F and tolerates cool temperatures. Aphidius ervi This small, black wasp parasitizes all types of large aphids. It prefers an air temperature of 86˚F.
- 24. Biological Control of Whiteflies: Parasitoids Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) 8-10 eggs per day Primary Prey: whiteflies and aphids Key Characters: parasitized hosts turn black Vegetable crops: release needed Eretmocerus eremicus E. formosa prefers an average temperature above 64˚F, and RH >70%
- 25. Parasitoids Insect which lives in or on another insect during its immature stages. Differs from parasitism in that: 1. only larval stages are parasitic, adults are typically free flying 2. larvae eventually kill their host
- 27. Two-spotted Spider Mite Biology Overwinters in MN Frequency Common pest in MN
- 28. Feed on over 180 host plants, including over 100 cultivated species Damage • Spider mites injure leaves by piercing cells and sucking out cell contents. • This injury produces white or yellow spots or "stippling" that is heaviest on the underside of the leaves • As mite numbers increase, these white speckles will increase in number, the leaf will take on a bleached appearance and die. Two-spotted Spider Mite Host and Damage
- 29. • Chemical control of spider mites generally involves pesticides that are specifically developed for spider mite control • Few insecticides are effective for spider mites and many even aggravate problems. • Furthermore, strains of spider mites resistant to pesticides frequently develop, making control difficult. 0 20 40 60 80 100 TSSM 94 Two-spotted Spider Mite Management
- 30. Two-spotted Spider Mite Cultural and Mechanical Sanitation • remove alternative hosts could reduce infestation of plants nearby • disposing of old or infested plant material Inspections Avoid over-fertilization • promotes succulent new growth which is more susceptible to two-spotted mites. Use of high-pressure water spray or overhead irrigation to dislodge spider mites
- 31. Predators are very important in regulating spider mite populations and should be protected whenever possible. Important predators include: the predatory mites, • Phytoseiulus persimilis, • Mesoseiulus longipes, • Neoseiulus californicus, • Neoseiulus fallicus • Galendromus occidentalis The lady beetle, Stethorus; The minute pirate bugs, Orius; Two-spotted Spider Mite Biological control
- 32. Predatory Mites Acari: Phytoseiidae 67 genera, 2,000 species Primary Prey: spider mites, thrips; fungus gnats Predatory Stage: nymphs and adults Key Characters: teardrop shape; fast moving Vegetable crops: most greenhouse crops Amblyseius fallacis Galendromus occidentalisMesoseiulus longipes Phytoseiulus persimilis Neoseiulus californicus
- 33. Anatomy Body structure, mouthparts Reproduction Parthenogenic, haplodiploidy, polyembryony Ontogeny Growth rate, metamorphosis, pest stage Insect Ecology Environmental interactions Why Do Insect Pest Problems Occur?
- 34. Insect Growth and Development Affected by two major factors, time and temperature The amount of heat required by an organism to complete its development is known as physiological time. • Minimum or lower developmental threshold is the temperature below which insect development is negligible. • Maximum or upper developmental threshold is the temperature at which insect growth stops.
- 35. Why Do Insect Pest Problems Occur? • Almost unlimited food and improved environmental conditions • Multiple generations - up to 12-15 / year • Limited natural enemies to reduce populations • Some life stages are not susceptible to treatment • Major insecticide and miticide resistance
- 36. Biological control • “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” • e.g., predators, parasitoids, pathogens • Biological control is a method of controlling pests using other living organisms. Types of Biological Control Classical Augmentation inundative releases and inoculative releases Conservation
- 37. Arthropod Predators True Bugs Beetles Flies Others • lacewings • Spiders • Mites
- 38. Getting Started • Start small and start early • Pesticide Residues and when needed use soft pesticides • Good Sanitation • Weed management is critical • Clean Transplants +
- 40. Questions?
- 41. What are my management options? 1) Biological 2) Genetic 3) Cultural 4) Mechanical 5)…Chemical… (last option, only when necessary)
- 42. Types of Natural Enemies Generalists and Specialists Predators and Parasitoids Pathogens
- 43. Nymphs and adult stage Primary Prey: whiteflies, thrips, aphids Predatory Stage: nymphs and adults Key Characters: very small, black and white coloration Vegetable crops: most Minute Pirate Bugs Hemiptera: Anthocoridae
- 44. Intrinsic capacity of Orius insidiosus to reduce flower thrips populations Predator-Prey Ratios 1 : 217 = population suppression 1 : 51 = rapid local extinction From: Sabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, ed.) CAB International, UK Thrips Predation Photo Joe Funderburk
- 45. Big-eyed bugs Hemiptera: Goecoridae Geocoris punctipes Big-eyed bug Primary Prey: insect eggs, small insects and larvae Predatory Stage: nymphs and adults Key Characters: small black, gray or tan with large eyes Vegetable crops: most
- 46. Damsel bugs Hemiptera: Nabidae Nabis spp. Primary Prey: insect eggs, small insects and larvae Predatory Stage: nymphs and adults Key Characters: slender yellowish-brown with narrow head, prominent eyes and long antennae Vegetable crops: most
- 47. Primary Prey: aphids and whiteflies Predatory Stage: larvae Key Characters: Mosquito-like adults; small orange maggots Vegetable crops: most attacked by aphids Predatory Midge Diptera: Cecidomyiidae Predatory Midge: Feltiella acarisuga
- 48. Hover Flies Diptera: Syrphidae Primary Prey: aphids and small caterpillars Predatory Stage: larvae Key Characters: adults resemble bees, maggots are tapered near head, green or pinkish, near aphids Vegetable crops: most attacked by aphids
- 49. Primary Prey: aphids, mites, small insects, eggs Predatory Stage: larvae and adults Key Characters: alligator-like larvae; red or orange adults with black markings Vegetable crops: most Lady Beetles Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Coleomegilla maculata Larva C. septempunctata Delphastus pusillusDelphastus catalinae Stethorus punctum Harmonia axyridis 450 species of lady bugs in NA
- 50. Rove Beetles Coleoptera: Staphylinidae Primary Prey: root maggot eggs, other soft bodied insects Predatory Stage: larvae and adults Key Characters: slender, short forwings Vegetable crops: cole crops, onions, corn, and others
- 51. Ground Beetles Coleoptera: Carabidae Many, many species - usually ground-dwelling generalist predators Larva Elaphrus Clivina Notiophilus Lebia Primary Prey: soil-dwelling eggs larvae and pupae Predatory Stage: larvae and adults Key Characters: dark, sometime metallic color; fast moving, ground dwelling, thread-like antennae Vegetable crops: most
- 52. The True Bugs Key Characteristics Piercing-sucking mouthparts Generalist feeding Omnivorous Stink bugs Minute Pirate Bugs Big-Eyed Bugs Damsel Bugs Assassin Bugs
- 53. Predatory Flies Hover Flies Predatory Midge
- 54. Predators – Beetles Lady Beetles Rove Beetles Soldier Beetles Ground Beetles
- 56. Lacewings Neuroptera: Chrysopidae/Hemerobiidae Primary Prey: aphids and other pests Predatory Stage: larvae Key Characters: green or brown adults; net-veined wings; alligator-like larvae with sickel-shaped jaws Vegetable crops: most
Notes de l'éditeur
- Any pest is a potential pest in high tunnel
- small, 0.5 to 5 mm long
- eggs are inserted into soft plant tissues, including flowers, leaves, stems and fruit two plant-feeding larval stages occur the insect drops to the soil and enters a pupal stage
- Both larvae and adults feed on flowers, leaves, twigs, or buds, using their piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing structural abnormalities of foliage in the form of leaf malformation (distorted, dwarfed, and matted), leaf fold, leaf roll, leaf blisters, and sometimes defoliation; causing discoloration of petals, deformation, or scarring of flowers
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- Whiteflies suck phloem sap. Large populations can cause leaves to turn yellow, appear dry, or fall off plants. All major crops families
- Substantial numbers of any of these natural control factors can mean that the aphid population may be reduced rapidly without the need for treatment.
- Virtually nothing is known about the ecology of E. formosa in outdoor agricultural systems Principal greenhouse crops include tomato and cucumber probing with the ovipositor for up to six minutes and feeds from wounds
- Very diverse group – thousands of species Mostly wasps Life history are unique and highly vary Rarely seen due to their small size.
- It is unlikely that you will see much I any parasitoid activity, but these are the types of thigs that you will see good indication that parasitoids are at work.
- Two-spotted spider mite populations may be higher in greenhouses that use only drip irrigation which keeps foliage dry. The use of occasional overhead irrigation will wash mites off plants.
- Very susceptible to temp and humidity
- Development is highly temp dependent
- 600 species of predators in 45 families of insects And Over 600 species in 23 families of spiders and mites With this kind of diversity it is hard to make generalization about predators.
- If you wait until you see pest or damage…it is too late.
- Predators Typically, insect predators are characterized by a set of attributes that distinguish them from parasitoids. They are large relative to their prey - require more than one prey individual to complete development; they have free-living predatory immature stages - many species of insect predators are predacious as both immatures and adults and - predacious insects consume their prey immediately after attack. ================================================================ Parasitoids - Defined by the feeding habits of the larvae The larvae feed exclusively on the body of another arthropods, its host, eventually killing it. Only a single host is required, and many parasitoids can emerge from a single host. Godfray referes to parasitoids as a intermediate between predators and parasites. Like predators they always kill the host they attack, like parasites they require a single host to mature. Insect pest and beneficials can be classified into two broad feeding groups, specialist and generalist. - It is estimated that 90% or more of all insect herbivore species are There are a lot of grey areas with these terms. This is because insects can specialize on plant families, genera, or even be species specific. ALL IPM requires an understanding of the cropping system including the pest their natural enemies and the surrounding environment.
- Black and white color Nymphs 33 spider mites a day Important predator of corn earworm, corn leaf aphid, potato leafhopper 1940 research in VA 14-54% corn earworm egg destruction
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- Impacts are not well known On cotton reported to consume 1600 mites over developmetn Adults 80 mites per day Can survive on plant provided resources when prey is scarce – may actually track high quality plant resources May be susceptible to systemic insecticides
- Slender yellowish brown Common in alfalfa and grass cover crops
- Females live up to 2 weeks 250 eggs
- Common and abundant in many habitats Important pollinators and many are bee mimics Larvae develop over two to three weeks and can consume as many as 400 aphids in that time.
- Adult can consume up to 50 aphids in a day Delphastus avoids feeding on parasitized whiteflies Adults can eat >600 whitefly eggs or 11 large larvae per day. A single beetle can consume as many as 10,000 whitefly eggs or 700 larvae during its lifetime S. punctum consume up to 100 mites per day they quickly lessen an outbreak of spider mites.
- Over 30 species in some onion plantings Up to 95%control of cabbage maggot
- Ground dwellers – generally Have been the most abundant predator in several surveys Might be thinking what I am I showing you these ground predators for foliar pests….thats a good question…
- Impale prey – inject a toxin that paralyzes the prey – then suck out the body fluids
- Very diverse group Really only two major predators
- Largest and most diverse group of insects. Hardened forewings are a key characteristic. A single species impact may be minor but comebined the impact may be considerable.
- Spiders are often over looked as beneficials in vegetabels and little is known about their biology Mantids are true generalists overwinter as eggs – several hundred nymphs from a single egg mass Mites – good for spider mite and thrips…can get where sprays and other predators can not
- Female can lay several hundred eggs Larvae are highly mobile cannibalistic two to three weeks Mostly aphid feeders 100 – 600 aphids during development