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Introduction
Computers have changed our lives by promising - and delivering - seemingly limitless innovation, from
word processing to the Internet.
Indeed, technology has even managed to honor the one pledge enterprises around the world were
hoping for: the ability to join virtual meetings with your peers and partners from anywhere, at any
time and thus reduce travel costs and increase productivity.
Though the hype around it has been quite exaggerated, video conferencing has grown consistently in
market share. Advances in processing power, available bandwidth and video coding technology,
coupled with the current economic slowdown and the "green" movement place video conferencing in a
good position to grow faster in market share and fulfill its potential to offer high definition, easy-to-
use, on-demand videoconferencing.
More and more companies are either deploying or considering deployment of visual communication
services. Still, there seems to be a great lack of knowledge regarding video conferencing at
management levels – what exactly is it, what would be the benefits and what are the hurdles of
deploying it within an organization.
This eBook tries to tackle these issues by answering several simple, yet frequently asked questions:
• Why is there any need to deploy visual communication services?
• What is video conferencing anyway?
• What does it take to deploy visual communication services?
• How do I know if my infrastructure is ready for visual communication services?
For those who wish to dive deeper into the exciting world of visual communication and learn more
about the technological aspects of this technology, there is an additional chapter. It gives some
insights about the obstacles in video transmission over corporate networks as well as current industry
trends of video coding techniques.
We hope you will enjoy this eBook.
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Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
Acronyms and Glossary ............................................................................................... 3
Frequently Used Acronyms........................................................................................ 3
Video Glossary ...................................................................................................... 3
The Benefits of Using Video ......................................................................................... 7
The Different Types of Office Communication Means ........................................................ 7
The Benefits of Deploying Video Communications in the Enterprise ...................................... 10
How Does Video Really Work in an Enterprise? ............................................................... 11
Video Conferencing Truly Exists ................................................................................ 12
What Does it Take to Deploy Video? .............................................................................. 15
I feel the need, the need for speed ............................................................................ 15
High Definition is Next. Do YOU Know How Much Bandwidth You Have?! ................................. 17
What Can I Know About My Network? ............................................................................. 20
Testing Your Network’s Video Capabilities has now Become eVident. .................................... 20
Advanced Topics ..................................................................................................... 23
Visual Artifacts in Video over IP ................................................................................ 23
Codec Manipulation in Visual Communication ................................................................ 29
Scalable Video Coding and the Future of Video Conferencing .............................................. 31
About The Author .................................................................................................... 35
RADVISION’s Video Offering ........................................................................................ 35
SCOPIA Unified Communications Video Infrastructure ....................................................... 36
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Acronyms and Glossary
Frequently Used Acronyms
TP - TelePresence
HD – High Definition
HDVC – High Definition Video Conferencing
HW – Hardware
SD – Standard Definition
ITU – International Telecommunications Union
UC – Unified Communications
KISS – Keep it simple stupid
MCU – Multipoint Conferencing Unit
IPTV – Internet Protocol Television
CIF – Common Intermediate Format
IP – Internet Protocol
IMS – IP Multimedia Subsystem
CIF – Common Intermediate Format
Video Glossary
Video Encoder: Software or HW device that enables video
compression. Generally, compression is used to reduce the size of
the visual content, either for storage purposes or for streaming over
a network channel (reduce bit rate). Video encoder performance and
quality is being determined by the encoder complexity.
Video Decoder: Software or HW device that enables video
decompression. In general, a video decoder is used to reconstruct
the video content from compressed data into a visible displayed
format. For real time streaming network applications, the decoder is
used to convert video packets sent over the network into video
frames which can be displayed on screen.
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Bit rate: Rate of bits transmitted over a particular period of time on a specific channel. In video
coding applications, video bit rate is determined by the number of the used bits per one second. For
example: 1Mbps = 1Megabit (1 Million bits) per second.
Frame Rate (fps): Rate of frames used in one second of video stream.
Frame resolution: A term defining the size of the basic element of a video content – the frame.
Frame resolution describes the number of pixels on the horizontal and vertical axis of a video frame.
There are several predefined popular acronyms for frame resolutions: CIF – 352x288 , 4CIF - 704x576,
D1 – 720x480 (NTSC) or 720x576 (PAL), 720p – 1280x720.
PAL: A term that uses to describe a playback video on a PAL TV. In general, PAL refers to standard
definition (SD) video with vertical resolution of up to 576 pixels and horizontal resolution of up to 720
pixels. PAL frame rate is 25 fps. PAL broadcasting can be found in Western Europe countries,
Australia, some countries of South America and some Asian countries.
NTSC: A term that uses to describe a playback video on a NTSC TV. NTSC generally includes standard
definition (SD) video with vertical resolution of up to 480 pixel and horizontal resolution of up to 720
pixels. NTSC frame rate is 29.97 fps. NTSC is used in United States, Canada, Japan, and various Asian
countries.
High Definition: Refers to frame resolutions of 720p and up.
Frame Types: In video coding, there are several common frame types:
• I or Intra frame is a frame that is coded independently of any other frame, using only spatial
redundancies for prediction and coding. An I-frame uses relatively more bits comparing to
other frame types. I frame coding complexity is relatively less than other frames type.
• P or Inter frame is a predictive video frame. This coding is done according to predictions made
on the current frame following the previous I or P frames. A P frame is coded by using
temporal redundancies from the previous frame. P frame uses relatively less bits than I frame
and its complexity is higher.
• B frame refers to a Bi-directionally predicted frame and requires information from previous
and following I, P or B frames. B frame uses relatively less bits than all other frame types and
its coding complexity is greater than all other frames types. Usage of this type of frame
introduces system delay. Hence, it is not popular in real time low delay applications.
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Picture Aspect Ratio: Representation of an image width to its height. A general notation is the form
of X:Y where X represent the image width and Y represent the image height. While there are several
video standards that are currently used in video applications, it is necessary to keep aspect ratio when
converting from one display standard to another. Avoiding that may cause the resulted frame to look
distorted, squeezed or stretched.
Packet Loss: Packets are units of information sent across a packet switched network from their source
address to a destination. Packet loss occurs when one or more packets fail to reach their destination.
On network protocols such as UDP that provides no recovery mechanism for packet loss, applications
should handle that error efficiently and should be able to conceal the lost data. In video conferencing
applications, packet loss is the major encountered error type that reduces video quality and quality of
service.
Video Codecs/Standards (H.26x, MPEG-x, WMV x, Real Video, VPx): Video coding standards are used
in order to standardize the video codecs. Some of those widely used standards are specified in the
international standards while others are based on proprietary standards.
H.26x refers to ITU standards while the MPEG-x term refers to ISO/IEC standards.
WMV (its latest version known as VC1) is a Microsoft standard for high efficiency video coding.
RealVideo is a popular video codec, developed by RealNetworks mainly used in PC and mobile
applications. VPx is a proprietary video codec, developed by On2 Technologies and is commonly used
by Adobe flash player and internet video platforms. Common MPEG codecs are MPEG 2 and MPEG 4.
MPEG 2 is widely spread as a popular storage and broadcasting codec. MPEG 4 and its derivatives are
common in mobile device applications as well as storage formats, and supported by many DVD players.
Common H.26x codecs are H.263 and H.264. H.263 is widely used by video conferencing applications.
H.264 is a joint development ofITU and ISO/IEC and currently, is the latest video standard available in
the industry. H.264 goal was to provide good video quality at substantially lower bit rates than
previous standards without increasing the complexity of design.
Lossy compression: A term used to describe a compression method where the compressed data
cannot be reconstructed exactly as the original form. This type of compression is mainly used in visual
and audio applications where a partial loss of data is acceptable by the human visual and hearing
systems. As opposed to a lossless compression where the compressed data can be reconstructed
precisely, lossy compression methods require significantly less bits in the compressed form.
Jitter: A term used to describe the variation in packet delay. In packet switch applications, where
data is carrying over network packets, there is a variance in the packet arrival timing. In order to
overcome this variance and to provide a smooth usage of the received packets, a delay buffer is added
to the system. In most cases, the buffer size is being determined by the max introduced variance.
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Lip Sync: A term refers to the relative timing of audio and video portions during playback. In general,
it used to describe the matching lip movements with voice. Generally, human perception is sensitive
to non synchronized audio and video with a relative phase of ~100 msec. In contrast, there are some
people that are sensitive to much lower durations.
Video Artifacts: The big challenge in most video applications is to provide the highest video quality
with a minimum cost of bit rate. As a result of lossy compression techniques, non optimized network
conditions and other application restrictions, video quality is affected and quality of service may
reduce. Video artifacts may be generated from non optimal settings and environment characteristics,
causing an unpleasant visual view. The most popular video artifact is the quantization noise,
generated as a result of bit rate reduction. Network packet loss, when accruing frequently, increasing
the video artifacts dramatically. Other artifacts like ringing noise, blocking effects, blurred images,
un-sharpness and more are resulted from the codec processing and for some cases, may be
compensated with post processes after the decoder task.
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The Benefits of Using Video
The Different Types of Office Communication Means
When it comes to office communication, the tools people use on
a daily basis as part of their job is chosen by their employer and
their selection is therefore limited. However, when you carefully
inspect one’s daily communication behavior, it seems that e-mail
and voice are still king, and Cisco’s recent acquisition of e-mail
client vendor PostPath proves it. Instant Messaging (IM) is the
fresh prince of corporate air, while visual communications – video
conferencing– is the new kid on the block. It has started to be
deployed on corporate networks, but its adoption is slow.
Everyone seems to be asking the billion-dollar question:
What will be the office communication means of choice in a year, two years or five?
What happens if we look at it from a different perspective: Different communication means give
different experience to users. So why not use them all?
Any kind of network based communication service between people can be defined by a set of six
parameters:
Bandwidth How much bandwidth does this communication service require?
Immediacy Services are either synchronous, where you expect to get a response or a feedback
immediately, or asynchronous, where feedback is either unexpected or can be
delayed.
Direction Services are either unidirectional (you get a feed of data but can’t respond to it) or
bidirectional, where both sides of the “conversation” participate.
Participation How many people on each “side” of the service exist (1:1, 1:N and even M:N).
Ease of Use How easy is it to use the communication service in question.
Collaboration Which level of collaboration does this communication service offer.
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Here’s how the office communication means discussed above measure up:
E-Mail IM Voice VC HDVC/TP
Bandwidth Low Low Low Medium High
Immediacy Asynchronous Synchronous1 Synchronous Synchronous Synchronous
Direction Unidirectional Bidirectional2 Bidirectional Bidirectional Bidirectional
Participation 1:13 1:14 1:15 N:N N:N
Ease of Use Easy Easy Very Easy Less Easy Less Easy
Collaboration Medium Medium Low High Very High
The above can be roughly divided into three groups:
1. E-mail - Although inferior in most parameters, it is an easy to use, low bandwidth,
collaborative tool. Therefore it is no surprise that it became the de-facto standard for
corporate communication.
2. IM, voice – They are easy to use, low in bandwidth, and offer an easy and therefore very good
experience (synchronous, bi-directional). Again, it is no wonder EVERYONE is using the phone
and IM client.
3. Visual Communications – It is not really important if we are talking about Video Conferencing,
High Definition Video Conferencing or Telepresence. They consume large amounts of
bandwidth (some more than others), and although they offer great features (N:N connectivity,
for instance), they are harder to use and less intuitive. Therefore, they are still not as popular.
If you want to send a colleague a message with a rather large amount of data and immediacy is not
top priority, e-mail would remain the best solution. It’s easy, quick and it does the job.
If there is a need for immediacy and bi-directional experience is important, one has a choice between
voice and IM. Voice is more personal, but has a lower level of collaboration (no data).
1
IM is considered to be Synchronous, but one may argue that if the other party’s client is closed and/or the
other party is unavailable, it is an asynchronous experience.
2
IM is considered to be Bidirectional, but one may argue that if the other party’s client is closed and/or the
other party is unavailable, it is a unidirectional experience.
3
E-mail can be a 1:1 as well as a 1:N experience, depending on the type of e-mail chosen.
4
IM is usually a 1:1 service, but today’s IM clients can broadcast IM messages in a 1:N mode as well.
5
POTS is usually a 1:1 service, but today’s PBXs offer N:N services as well.
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If a high level of collaboration is essential, visual communication is a necessity. Depending on the
level of in-person interaction expected, and the resource (bandwidth, equipment) availability policy in
the organization, one can choose between legacy, high definition or next-generation video
conferencing systems.
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The Benefits of Deploying Video Communications in the
Enterprise
Unified Communication (UC) is one of the hottest buzz words in the IT market, potentially in the
entire tech market. Ask a few people what UC is, and you’ll be sure to get various answers. Still, most
agree, it involves uniting existing communication systems and tools (phone system and internet) with
more advanced productivity and communication tools (such as instant
messaging, video conferencing, and web collaboration) to deliver a
complete solution.
Bottom line - UC is aimed at creating adaptive workspaces – allowing
for workers to collaborate across any workspace, accelerating decision
making and endorsing innovation across the organization. Sounds
great? Well, a recent Forrester Research study which questioned 2,187
Western companies that were potential buyers of UC technologies
suggests that 55% of those queried claimed that there is “confusion
about the value of unified communication for their company”.
This “confusion” leads to “no increase in firms buying UC… because
they’re not able to define it very clearly…” At the same time however
40% of those firms have already deployed IP audio and IP web conferencing, 37% have deployed video
conferencing, and those adoption figures continue to rise. You can now see that this is indeed
somewhat confusing.
Parker claims that audio, web and video conferencing are “well within the definition of UC”, but let’s
put the definitions aside for a moment and suggest this. Instead of seeking out a “total” UC solution,
waiting for standards to mature and prices to be lowered, or for that single compelling application to
emerge, why not deploy a video conferencing system first and take that first solid step towards a truly
adaptive workspace today?!
I’m a big fan of desktop video conferencing solutions, and so are most
leading research and analyst groups (Frost & Sullivan, for example). If I
was an IT manager, I would definitely go with desktop video
conferencing before deploying a complete unified communication
solution in my organization, and here is why:
• KISS - Start with a mature, proven technology, instead of diving
into the undefined, chaotic world of UC. See technology work
for you, then progress.
• Setup time - Deploying desktop video in the organization is easy. Connect a webcam (in case
it’s not there already), click on a URL, quickly download and install, and you’re set. Hell,
employees can actually do that all by themselves!
• Money, money, money - Desktop video hardly costs ANYTHING! UC solutions require monthly
license fees or user license fees, which cost a considerable sum of money. If you consider a
mass deployment in your organization, desktop conferencing seems like the affordable way to
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go.
• Telework - Desktop video conferencing allows your employees to work seamlessly from
anywhere as if they were actually in the offices. You hardly need anything else (other than a
VPN client, an instant messaging client and an e-mail client, but you probably already have
them) to get telework to be effective in your organization.
• ROI - Desktop video conferencing reduces travel (travel between corporate branches,
suppliers, customers, service providers) without requiring anything else. And as it costs
nothing and is simple to deploy (reason #2), the ROI is quite obvious.
• Connectivity - Desktop video conferencing works well with your previous communication
equipment (IP phones, mobile phones, conference room system) and it works with the video
conferencing systems that you are considering (HD Video Conferencing systems,
Telepresence). It can also be enhanced to High Definition (using an HD cam and HD-enabled
client) and even supports most UC solutions that you may progress to.
So you see - with all due respect to buzz words, if you want to gain most of the UC vision while risking
and spending as little as possible, deploying desktop video conferencing is surely the right first step
for you. It’s a rather small step for an IT department (simple, doesn’t cost much and quick to
deploy), but definitely a BIG step for your organization. You don’t have to work at NASA to know it’s
the right thing to do.
How Does Video Really Work in an Enterprise?
A Release Readiness Review (RRR) meeting is standard procedure in most software companies, but
what if your company is spread over three countries, located in three different continents with three
different time zones? Even if you could get all of them in the same place, you would still need to find
a room that could fit more than 20 people - product managers, development team leaders, QA - at the
same time?
Lucky for us, video conferencing companies such as RADVISION now offer products which are designed
to help global enterprises meet and share video, audio and data over their corporate network.
Take RADVISION, for instance. In the designated time of a typical RRR meeting in Radvision, people
from across the globe join a video conference, led by the product manager from Tel-Aviv. Some staff
can join from the numerous conference rooms in the organization, while others connect from their
desktops using RADVISION’s desktop client (Scopia Desktop). Joining from mobile phones, and a
logging in at home homes (using either their phones or their desktops) are other frequently used
possibilities.
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A Typical Video Conference Architecture in RADVISION.
Without worrying about balancing the load, adjusting the bitrates and resolutions, or grouping all the
participants in a specific physical location, it is possible to go through whole presentations while
giving feedback and accomplishing the objectives of the RRR meetings. The best part about this is
that it is as easy as going to a conference room and having an actual meeting. Actually, it is even
simpler…
Many people work in global work places and multi-national enterprises, and it is a surprise every time
that these companies are “not” using any means of visual communication.
Those who already use video conferencing in RADVISION and in other global organizations all speak
enthusiastically about the benefits and effectiveness of it. Hopefully in a few years everyone will be
able to enjoy the comfort and ease of the unified communication revolution and those who took
leading roles in this will sit back with smiles knowing that they created this “new world”.
Video Conferencing Truly Exists
Video Conferencing is something every enterprise, and every employee in the enterprise, can benefit
from. Nevertheless, it is quite obvious that different enterprises, and more specifically different
employees, have diverse needs and therefore have varied requirements for video communications.
Due to these diverse needs, and also to the varied roles that exist in the enterprise, different
employees use different video conferencing equipment: Top executives can use high-end, expensive
video conferencing units, such as the LifeSize Room, with high definition video, audio and a dedicated
high bandwidth line. Company meeting rooms may include multi-screen, multi-camera, high-
definition video conferencing systems. Managers might be using lower cost video conferencing
endpoints while sitting on their desks. Employees who do not use video conferencing often may be
using software-based video conferencing applications, like web cameras and personal computers, and
utilizing the regular data bandwidth to extend visual communication to the desktop.
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Example: Corporate video network topology
Looking at this complicated mash of different video conferencing equipment, one may wonder how a
video conference can even be conducted? It is as diverse in capabilities - image size (resolution), bit
rate, choice of video and audio codecs, etc. and therefore so broad. A low resolution endpoint can’t
interwork with a high resolution stream and a high bandwidth endpoint will have trouble
communicating with a low bandwidth endpoint. Lastly, if endpoints use different video codecs, the
call will simply not be successful.
The choice of video codec is a “weak spot” in the whole concept of video communication. One may
argue that today most endpoints support H.264, the latest video codec standardized by ISO and ITU-T
(considered to be the best known codec out there), but unfortunately it is far more complicated.
Some of the older video conferencing equipment (legacy) does not support H.264; some endpoints still
support H.261, which was standardized 18 years ago. Others use H.263; Mobile handsets supported by
MPEG4 and H.263 and only now have started to introduce H.264. Popular instant messaging clients,
such as Office Communicator and Skype, use proprietary video standards.
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Video Compression Standards
H.261
ITU-T
H.263 H.263++
H.263+
H.264
MPEG 1 MPEG 4
ISO
MPEG 2
Evolution of the video standards
Of course none of these standards are backward compatible.
In that case, believing that a video conference will work out seamlessly requires a great deal of faith.
Who - you will probably ask - is responsible for the “magic” that you see every day in your enterprise
when employees simply call into the conference without any worries? Well, the Babel fish in the
middle of the enterprise infrastructure is the video conferencing bridge, the MCU in video
conferencing jargon.
MCU, short for Multipoint Control Unit, is the network entity that is responsible for translating
between different endpoints. Therefore, it should be capable of not only accepting and understanding
every endpoint (no matter what it is and what characteristics it uses) but also translating it to any of
the other endpoints in the conference in a process called Transcoding.
So when a top executive is using his high-end conferencing unit to call a manager on his mobile
handset, the MCU is working very hard in the middle to transcode the streams. The MCU makes it
possible for the high-end conferencing unit to send a high definition 720p resolution while using H.264
as video codec and a 4Mb per second bandwidth to the mobile handset. This sends a low resolution
stream and uses MPEG4 as video codec and a 64Kb per second bandwidth.
The example above illustrates that a reliable MCU does not force any restrictions on the endpoints
connecting to it. This means that an IT manager can choose whatever kind of endpoints to use and
expect the good old “plug and play” scheme to work. Designing such a product therefore introduces
complicated interoperability issues, on top of “just” testing new endpoints in events like the SuperOp.
Backward compatibility issues, for instance, are a big pain as they require not only support, for
example Microsoft, to support your old versions, but have to support old versions of products from
other vendors that may be used somewhere by some client.
Still, the Babel fish works its magic and as a result, video conferencing usually works seamlessly, as
long as you have a good MCU. Different users connect using different equipment and everyone gets
connected to one big, successful conference. It may seem like something that requires a lot of faith,
but the Babel fish in the Tel Aviv offices of RADVISION proves video conferencing does successfully
exist.
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What Does it Take to Deploy Video?
I feel the need, the need for speed
Most telecommunications providers around the globe are busy nowadays developing Next Generation
Networks (NGN).
Millions of dollars are invested in upgrading infrastructure in order to provide internet services at
bitrates of up to 50Mbps. NGN will allow providers to use their wire-line infrastructure to provide
advanced services, such as IPTV that will compete with satellite and cable companies.
This is, of course, very interesting. As there is no such thing as more bandwidth, everyone has the
need for speed. In Israel, for instance, current internet infrastructure is quite substandard. Most
internet connections at home use speeds of up to 3Mbps for download and up to 256Kbps for upload.
In the US, for comparison, download speed at most homes already reaches 8Mbps and more while
uploads already support more than 1Mbps.
Download Speed Application Technology
56 kbps Low Quality, Streamlining Audio Dial Up
200 kbps FCC Definition of High Speed DSL Lite (256 kbps)
1 mbps Streaming Video Satellite, DSL, Cable
2-5 mbps High Resolution Neurological DSL, Cable
Testing
4 mbps Standard TV DSL, Cable
6 mbps Videoconferencing DSL, Cable
20 mbps High Definition TV ADSL
100 mbps All Fiber
Broadband Applications & Speeds. Source: S. Derek Turner, Broadband Reality Check, Free Press,
August 2005
As one can see in the above table, most video applications require at least 1Mbps of download speed.
For HD television there needs to be around 20Mbps. In a Communication Workers of America policy
paper titled “Speed Matters - Affordable High Speed Internet For All“, the authors argue that a high-
speed interactive network on a national level will improve the quality of our economic, civic and
personal life, not just entertainment.
For instance, high speed interactive broadband can connect health professionals and patients which
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enable telemedicine. Programs like REACH (Remote Evaluation of Acute Ischemic Stroke) can save the
lives of thousands living in rural areas that don’t have easy access to big hospitals.
Furthermore, a recent Pew Internet & American Life Project survey shows that more than 40% of all
US adults now have a high-speed broadband internet connection at home. The demographics are as
expected, with most users are in the 30-49 age group, white, well-educated and with a rather high
income. These figures sit well with the “Speed Matters” motto: while in urban areas only 13% of the
users have broadband, in suburban areas 56% of the users enjoy it and in rural areas 31%.
In other words, it seems that broadband connection is used for its natural purpose - communication.
Whether it is used for triple-play (voice, video, internet) or entertainment services (IPTV, games), it
seems that broadband communication is the key with bandwidth as the basis for any broadband
communication.
50Mbps in the home may sound like a lot, but when you think about multi-channel, on-demand, high
definition video with real-time high-definition multi-user games and high definition video conferencing
- all in the comfort of your living room, the numbers are quite reasonable, even a bit conservative.
The need for speed
Still, upgrading from my 1.5M/256K connection at home to a 50Mbps connection would be a dramatic
change of pace. It will have a great impact on people’s lives, both personally and as a society. I can
already feel the need, the need for speed…6
6
Tagline for the movie “Top Gun”, voted as one of the top 100 movie quotes by the American Film Institute.
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High Definition is Next. Do YOU Know How Much Bandwidth You
Have?!
High definition (HD) is everywhere. If you haven’t read about it, you probably have seen it featured in
a commercial. If you haven’t seen a commercial, you probably have heard about it from one of your
friends who bought a new TV. HD is the next big thing, it’s everywhere and you can’t escape it. The
question is not if HD will spread globally, but rather if we have really stopped to consider all of its
implications?
When it comes to video conferencing, there are now enough endpoints out there that support HD to
state that the market has completely gone to high def. This is not including the outrageously
expensive conference rooms, but rather the commoditized HD endpoints from vendors like LifeSize or
Aethra.
Most users would definitely enjoy the HD experience. In ideal conditions it is a definite “WOW”,
especially when compared to the small, blurred SD experience (and HD sure makes CP look better than
ever). It’s bigger, it’s sharper, and you can see details you’ve never seen before.
That’s why the video conference world has “jumped” to HD (actually skipping middle resolutions such
as 4CIF). Modern endpoints and MCUs support up to 720p. Some even support 1080p, but a very
crucial part of the puzzle was somewhat neglected, bandwidth. Bandwidth, which is necessary for the
transmission of video over IP, hasn’t progressed as fast as the endpoints. Actually, it’s not only a
matter of progress, but also price. In other words, bandwidth is expensive.
If bandwidth is expensive, compression becomes a necessity. The video encoder is the unit responsible
for compressing the video to fit the bandwidth requirement. In an ideal world, this encoder would
have unlimited compression ability with no implementation problems or any visual artifacts.
Therefore, a video in any resolution can be sent over any given bandwidth with no effort at all.
Unfortunately, back in the real world, even the most advanced state-of-the-art encoder used today -
H.264 - still has many limitations in terms of compression, complexity and visual artifacts. The reason
it is considered the most advanced is due to its ability to compress the same video, at the same visual
quality, to half the bandwidth required by previous encoders (such as MPEG2, H.263, MPEG4, etc.).
Still, for a good quality (or, God forbid, superb quality) 720p resolution, 30 frames per second (fps)
video conference scene (known as “talking head”) compressed with H.264, you probably need at least
1.5-2 Mbps This means that an HD endpoint that sends a 720p resolution video stream that would
require a guaranteed 1.5-2Mbps bandwidth. However, this is a ballpark number, as it depends very
much on numerous factors (such as the quality of the camera or lens, the quality of the encoder and
the complexity of the scene itself), so take it with a grain of salt. Nevertheless, the graph below
shows the visual quality that the end user can expect with a given bandwidth using H.264 encoder.
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Visual quality resolution vs. bandwidth using a H.264 encoder for SD
It is very clear why CIF/240p and 4CIF/480p resolution are still the most common resolutions today.
For example, a good quality video at CIF/240p would require a 512Kbps link. This is something most
users can afford. This would definitely be the norm, if video conferencing becomes a norm in the
enterprise with many video conferences are running at the same time as well. Even a good quality
4CIF/480p video is still affordable in most cases. Around 1Mbps is also not that much to “pay” for good
quality video.
Frame sizes comparison for CIF, 4CIF, 720p and 1080p
Jumping to HD introduces a very “nice” jump in bandwidth requirement. This should be quite obvious
as there is more than twice the amount of information in a 720p picture than in a 4CIF/480p picture
and five times more information in a 1080p picture. For something a bit more staggering, 1080p has
more than 20 times the information in CIF. All of this can be seen very clearly in the graph above.
Still people usually tend to forget this and expect good quality HD to consume somewhere around
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2Mbps, but even with 2Mbps per user, assuming there are many video users and conferences talking at
the same time, the enterprise will have to invest a lot in its IP network.
Visual quality resolution vs. bandwidth using a H.264 encoder for HD
Here comes the final and painful leap to 1080p, if you invest in a 1080p endpoint, you probably expect
superb quality (not just a “good” one). This minor experience will cost you somewhere around 6Mbps.
Seeing the required bandwidth for 720p or 1080p makes it crystal clear why HD video conferencing is
not spreading fast and is still more of an executive toy rather than a mass communication tool. Most
enterprises, even if they can afford an HD endpoint and the associated connection, can probably not
afford this in high volume. This means that, at best, there will be only a few HD endpoints in some of
the conference rooms in the enterprise and maybe a few for the executive board.
There is also another issue. On a larger scale, the video conferencing market today is still filled with
SD (CIF or 4CIF) endpoints and the common links between sites range from 384Kbps to 2Mbps. An
enterprise and/or user that has invested in HD expects to get “the HD experience”, but is still strongly
affected by his peers - other users that attend the same conference and in the same site that share
the same bandwidth capacity. For instance, a participant connecting with a low-end endpoint, using
low resolution or low bandwidth, will send poor quality video that will look bad even on an HD
endpoint. Actually, it will look even worse on the large HD screen. Eventually the HD users will be
reduced to poor quality, not because of his endpoint or connection, but simply because of other
participants in the conference.
Even so, HD is next. HD-enabled MCU’s and endpoints are being released by all the leading vendors
and prices are dropping. Everyone agrees, soon HD will become a commodity. The bandwidth though
is a problem and it seems that it will remain a problem in the future. So, for all those who want and
are ready to invest in the HD experience, PLEASE don’t forget to invest in bandwidth. It’s just as, if
not more important.
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What Can I Know About My Network?
Testing Your Network’s Video Capabilities has now Become
eVident.
There are many advantages for visual communications on a global scale, most of them relevant for the
enterprise. But this is not something that comes without a price. While the devices themselves are
not be prohibitively expensive, the bandwidth requirements have a high price.
Video conferencing solution providers such as RADVISION invest a lot of money in testing for industry
events, such as the IMTC’s SuperOp and the IMS Forum’s PlugFest. But how will YOU - as a consumer,
user, system administrator, or an IT manager - know how well prepared YOUR enterprise
infrastructure is for video conferencing?
Example for the effects of bad network conditions on video conferencing
Up until now there was really no way to find out. You could read up on video, try to consult system
integrators about network requirements, or even install a video conferencing system and do some kind
of trial. All of these though would amount to nothing, as they cannot substitute for the REAL
thing: testing a LIVE video conferencing system in a LIVE enterprise network.
Too often customer support is called to solve a problem on a customer site, the typical root cause of
which is mainly infrastructure, or the way the infrastructure works with video conferencing. These
cases would probably fit best an article on “How (not) to deploy video conferencing in the
enterprise.”
Many organizations “jump” from having almost no VoIP communications at all to video conferencing;
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and some upgrade their voice conferencing systems to video. Still, the difference in bandwidth
requirement, in tolerance to errors, and in the user experience is quite extreme.
It is senseless that system integrators, IT managers, and service providers can’t test their
infrastructure prior to deployment. Why do they have to wait until they have installed a system to
know if their infrastructure is capable of running it? Simple questions like “how do the conditions of
my network affect video quality?”, “is my network ready to provide video services?” or “what may be
the source for video problems?” remain unanswered until the “experts” arrive on site, and valuable
time (and money) is wasted.
Well, all of this is changing with RADVISION’s eVident. eVident is a software testing solution which
you can use during the various stages of deployment, even before you begin looking for a video
conferencing solution or months after you implemented such a system. It allows users to test the
network’s readiness for voice and video over IP, test network configurations, emulate network
topologies, prevent problems and even offer optimal user experience to end-users.
An example of eVident’s deployment in a distributed conferencing solution
Imagine that your enterprise has many branches, connected to one another in some infrastructure. It
would be great if you could test the connectivity using REAL video and analyze how well it performs.
Or, think of another example - a CEO who has a 4pm conference call with some analysts… its 3:30pm
now. Is there a way for him to test the connection ahead of time and verify that everything is ready?!
Another important issue is testing video quality. Up until now, video quality has remained something
that only experts understood, even though anyone faced with a video conference will have some
notion of its perceived quality. Objective measures exist, but they are very hard to understand and
have limited correlation to human perception. This situation has caused video quality to be something
no one mentions when discussing network analysis or video conferencing systems.
RADVISION’s Elie Cohen has years of experience with testing and analysis tools. In a recent
whitepaper he discusses the growing need for video quality testing. Combinations of objective and
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subjective testing, Elie states that it is the only way to achieve network performance optimization for
video deployments. Elie explains that the integrated approach means monitoring quality using
multiple calls simultaneously and indentifying problems early in the development process, thus
ensuring a high quality user experience.
Therefore, eVident’s voice and video measurement module implement the latest ITU-T standards, but
was calibrated by a subjective global “human eye” video quality survey. This was performed by
RADVISION and showed that the highest correlation was between test results and individual
perception.
Example of similar video streams and their score according to eVident
eVident provides voice and video quality measures that anyone can read. This means that you will not
only receive notifications on whether the video is “good” or “bad”, but also a numeric value which
strongly correlates to what you or other end-users will think of the video. On top of that, eVident
implements different network metrics (such as: jitter, delay, packet loss, throughout utilization) in
order to better configure the network for voice and video conferencing.
One may think that a video conferencing system vendor such as RADVISION is “shooting itself in the
foot” by releasing such an analysis tool. However, only by educating the customer, only by giving him
the means to prepare his infrastructure better, and only by cooperating with the customer to provide
the desired user experience will video conferencing be able to truly provide the best means of
communication.
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Advanced Topics
Visual Artifacts in Video over IP
One of the biggest obstacles of the video conferencing industry has long been the user experience.
Early video conferencing systems suffered from poor quality video, low fidelity audio, as well as great
difficulties in establishing and maintaining the connection for the conference duration. Most of these
issues were solved with advances in processor speed, audio and video coding algorithms and network
infrastructure improvement. But even today’s video conferencing experience - with high definition
video, wide-band audio and always-on networks - is not flawless, and the main Achilles heel is, as
always, the network.
The Achilles heel of High Definition - available bandwidth
This is true for video over IP in general - IPTV, video streaming, web casting, you name it. Whether
it’s the one the network is connected to at the office, home or on a mobile handset - bandwidth is
expensive, and therefore bandwidth is limited. Also, transmitting video at reasonable bit rates over
the bandwidth is not trivial and the affect the bandwidth has on visual quality is significant.
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Talking heads layout
It can be said that video conferencing is much “easier” in terms of content complexity, than the other
video over IP domains, usually featuring a bunch of “Talking Heads” (also known as CP). Still, as can
be seen in the table below, even at 480p, an endpoint requires around 1 Mbps for good visual quality,
and almost twice at 720p (HD).
A 1Mbps network connection is not a problem in a modern enterprise, but if video conferencing is
deployed all over the organization (as it should be), very soon the existing infrastructure would
become a bottleneck and bandwidth would drop, causing an array of nasty artifacts. Those
annoyances make your video terribly unpleasant. And while other aspects, such as video codec
features, scene type and source type, also influence the visual quality, it seems that network related
artifacts are the most frequent and most annoying.
Insufficient bandwidth will result in packet loss, which leads to lousy video. There are basically two
ways for an endpoint to deal with that - reduce the bit rate and/or increase the compression.
Reducing the bit rate causes a drop in visual quality (as can be seen above). Modern endpoints reduce
the resolution (picture size) together with the bit rate, but still, the experience suffers. Higher
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compression rates decrease the visual quality even further.
And so we are left with the following seven deadly sins - I mean artifacts - of video over IP:
The Seven Deadly Sins
1. Packet Loss
If packets are missing, whole areas in the video frame are displayed wrong. This causes ugly artifacts
to appear in various ways, all of them very unpleasant
Packet loss in a multipoint video conference.
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2. Trails
These are vertical lines or colored areas, which usually trail an object while it’s moving. This usually
happens when the bandwidth is insufficient, as movement requires more bits.
Left: A scene featuring trails on the person on the left. Right: zoom in on the trails.
3. Blockiness
Blockiness is usually visible on moving objects and backgrounds (walls, furniture). This is caused by a
high compression rate.
Left: original Right: blockiness effect
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4. Posterization
Posterization is the loss of color depth. This means that background and other even color spaces look
blurred and lose the sharp transiency between them. Again, this is caused by a high compression rate.
Left: source Right: posterization effect
5. Noise
Noise is a general name for any “weird” looking squares and spots in the video. These are usually
caused by packet loss or erroneous packets.
Random noisy artifacts on video
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6. Mosquitoes (Gibbs effect)
Mosquitoes, or in their formal name “Gibbs Effect”, are dots in various level of intensity which
surround edges. This is caused by too high of a compression rate.
Left: visible mosquitoes on the face. Right: zoom in on the face.
7. Scaling
As endpoints lower the resolution when bit rates drop, the picture on the other end is smaller and has
to be scaled up to be displayed on a large screen. Scaling up a low resolution picture is very hard, and
often the visual quality suffers.
Left: qCIF image (source). Right: Scaled up image.
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When it comes to visual quality, everyone is an expert. Whether you’re watching a video streamed
over the internet, attending a video conference with peers around the world or watching the news on
your mobile handset - you don’t want anything interfering with your experience, and definitely not
those pesky artifacts.
There are ways to remove, or at least reduce, those annoyances. Those methods mostly involve fancy
post-processing algorithms, but this, I fear, is a matter for a different book.
Codec Manipulation in Visual Communication
Not many people know that H.323, the umbrella under which the ITU (International
Telecommunication Union) defined the protocols for the transmission of unified communication over
packet networks (back when it was simply called “audio-visual communication”), was conceived in the
good old ISDN days.
Nowadays, H.323 is mainly used for video conferencing over IP networks which introduce new
challenges that were not present before. One major challenge is sending media that requires high
bandwidth (especially since the mighty HD became a reality) over a packet switch network with
variable bandwidth, variable packet delay (jitter) and packet loss. Another challenge is the
computational complexity of encoding and decoding the transmitted bit stream. The more complex
the video standard, the more energy (computational power, time, memory) it requires from both
sides.
These challenges have been occupying the visual communication market for a long time and special
mechanisms have been developed to try and deal with these problems. On the one hand,
infrastructure is frequently becoming better, both in terms of bandwidth and quality of service (QoS)
and also in terms of the end-equipment that is used in unified communication deployments
(particularly in large enterprises). On the other hand, the demand for this infrastructure is rapidly
growing at a very fast pace and therefore bandwidth available for unified communications is still a
serious problem. The endpoints that were bought last year already struggle to support the current
capabilities of new endpoints.
This infrastructure problem is similar to that of an assembly line, similar to the one depicted by
Charlie Chaplin in “Modern Times“. On the one side, the feeding machine which is operated by a
technician feeds the assembly line with pieces of machinery at an unknown pace. On the other side,
the weak assembly line worker is forced to adapt to the pace of the machine, which has no regard for
the pace of the assembly line.
Even if you are not a certified industrial engineer, you can probably solve the assembly line problem.
All you need to do is allow the line worker to control the speed of the assembly line and the feeding
machine. This can be done by either giving the worker control over the assembly line and machine, or
by regulating some sort of feedback from the worker to those responsible for the assembly line and
machine (for instance, a good old “Slow down, god damn it!”).
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It’s true that one can leave the control of the assembly line and feeding machine to others
(technicians, for instance), who would try to adapt to the pace of the worker. However it is clear that
in both cases - the assembly line speed (or bandwidth problem) and the feeding machine’s speed
(processing power problem) - the receiving side (the worker) is the one who can make the best
decision.
In video conferencing over IP networks, the bandwidth problem occurs mainly because the available
bandwidth varies during the length of the call as people join in or drop the conference. The
processing power problem is caused by new and more powerful endpoints that send input information
which requires greater processing power from the receiver. In both cases, just like with the assembly
line example, allowing the receiving side to control the characteristics of the input should help solve
the problem efficiently.
Bandwidth estimation in an IP network is prepared by monitoring packet loss indication on the link.
Just as the number of dropped pieces of machinery on the floor of the assembly line would serve as an
indication to a problem with the pace, packets lost (discarded) serve as indication that the available
bandwidth was exceeded.
The standard approach to bandwidth adaptation is that the receiver will send a request to the sender,
asking for a change of bandwidth (known as “flow control message”). Intelligent bandwidth adaptation
algorithms, such as RADVISION’s QualiVision, apply bandwidth estimation and adaptation to optimize
the available bandwidth utilization.
The simple solution to the assembly line worker problem has a flaw
though. When it is implemented in the video conferencing world, as
the bit rate is being reduced the quality of the video stream is also
reduced. Therefore, the system handles the bandwidth adaptation
problem but harms the overall quality.
A better approach is to reduce the resolution (picture size) along with
the bit rate, while maintaining the high quality. LifeSize endpoints,
for example, change the resolution automatically as a result of flow control messages. This is very
beneficial from an endpoint point of view, but causes more instability on a system level - the receiver
no longer is in control over the process.
In the past few years, the problem of giving the receiver - and not the sender - control over the
parameters of the video sent to it has been the focus of many in the video conferencing business. An
ITU study group (SG16) led by RADVISION has been designing such a mechanism over the last two
years.
The proposal is to add a “Video Sub-Mode Control” (see original draft here - pdf) to H.241, the ITU
recommendation that deals with “video procedures and control signals”, in order for better control to
be achieved during a call by the receiver of a video stream over parameters such as frame rate (Macro
Block rate, to be more accurate), resolution (picture size), frame aspect ratio, etc. All of these can
help in both optimizing the use of a given bandwidth and the use of processing power.
Due to the urgency to find a solution to this problem, all leading vendors generally agreed to the
proposal, which was consented in this month’s Geneva meeting. Now all that remains is to deploy this
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mechanism and make sure that in these “modern times” everyone will be able to enjoy high quality
unified communications, as they expect and deserve.
Scalable Video Coding and the Future of Video Conferencing
In Short
Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is an interesting technology. It definitely shows the potential that still
lays in H.264 tools for video applications such as video conferencing. I believe that the media
attention it is receiving will improve the video conferencing market, as it will push vendors to
introduce more tools that will improve the overall quality of experience.
The long answer
SVC, the latest extension to the popular H.264 video coding standard, has been getting a lot of media
attention, but Scalable Coding is not a new concept. The idea of sending a single bit stream which
would fit different receiver capabilities (in terms of frame size, frame rate, bandwidth and
computational complexity) has been charming video coding researchers and video application
manufacturers as wired and wireless networks evolved over the past 15 years.
As video is sent to several receivers with their own processing capabilities, several problems arise for
the aggregator of the content (the MCU, video conferencing applications, the streaming server, a
streaming application). It can settle for the lowest common denominator and ruin the experience for
all, or it can try to fit the stream for each participant separately, spending lots of resources and
bandwidth.
SVC attempts to solve this issue by offering a single stream that is built like an onion in which each
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participant can peel the layers of the stream up to the point where they feel comfortable with the
result (meaning, it can process the layers that are left). In this way, the “base layer” of an SVC
stream, the core of the onion, can include support for the lowest resolution (CIF, for instance), and
the outer layers will include information that allows to scale-up the resolution gradually too, for
instance, 4CIF (1st layer), 720p (2nd layer) and 1080p (3rd layer).
AVC
Decoder
qCIF @ 15fps
SVC
SVC Decoder
Encoder
SVC CIF @ 30fps
Decoder
Source: 720p @ 30fps SVC
Decoder
480p @ 30fps
720p @ 30fps
Example: SVC encoder with multiple receivers.
Any network component can then choose to process any set of layers, yielding the different
resolution(s) it chooses. In a similar way, layers can increase the frame rate (the number of frames in
the stream), the bit rate, or the quality (the base layer has low quality; higher layers improve the
quality gradually).
All major video coding standards since 1994 have included tools for scalable coding (MPEG-2, H.263
V2. MPEG-4). It doesn’t seem like that long ago when there was big hype around MPEG-4’s scalable
video coding tools which offered a brand new disruptive alternative to the traditional coding schemes
of the time (see part 8 of this interesting pdf: MPEG-4 overview).
Not all of these tools were accepted by the video applications market, even though the standards
themselves were, mainly due to the tremendous additional cost in terms of bit rate and computation.
Although, it was appealing to send just one stream instead of multiple streams from a streaming
server to different clients, the overall bit rate of that one stream was close to the aggregate total of
the different streams complexity and cost. Therefore the solution didn’t stick.
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H.264 SVC
Scalable Video Coding (SVC), the extension of the H.264 standard, has been developed since October
2003 by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) at ISO/IEC. In January 2005 MPEG and the Video
Coding Experts Group (VCEG) at ITU-T agreed to standardize SVC as an amendment to the H.264
standard. In July 2007, this amendment got its final approval.
The scalability extension of H.264 offers spatial scalability (frame size adaption), temporal scalability
(frame rate adaption) and fidelity scalability (quality adaption). It also provides a great boost in error
resiliency and concealment, which helps prevent errors in the bit stream and recover from them
gracefully.
Many applications, such as video streaming, surveillance, broadcast and storage may potentially
decide to adopt SVC. For video conferencing SVC offers two potential benefits:
Compatibility among different endpoints, from desktop to conference room, as the variety of their
capabilities is a great challenge to current MCUs.
Greater error resiliency as modern networks still introduce many artifacts to the video which hurt the
quality of experience tremendously.
The main question here is whether or not these benefits will drive SVC into the video conferencing
market?
Adaption to Different Endpoint Capabilities
As a general idea, adaption to different endpoint capabilities does sound great. The main problem is
interoperability. If your network is, as RADVISION believes, to be the Babel Fish of all video
conferencing endpoints, encompassing a full range of products from the mobile handset through the
desktop and up to HD video conferencing and Telepresence, then the range of video resolutions,
frame rates and bit rates that you have to support makes the use of SVC very complicated, especially
if you also need to support non-SVC (legacy) endpoints.
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That is because in SVC, the world is divided into layers. If you want your stream to include both CIF
and 720p, you need two layers. If you want other resolutions as well, you need even more layers.
Note: that the combination of resolutions, bit rates, frame rates and their various combinations
becomes quite high and the overhead in bit rate and complexity makes SVC less appealing.
One may argue that we will see hybrids between SVC and AVC (the more common H.264 coding
standard) which will offer gateways to transcode between the SVC world and the AVC world. But then
again, you build a world of isolated islands, which - just like with Telepresence - is something we’ll
have to deal with sooner or later.
SVC for Error Resiliency
The use of SVC or SVC-like techniques to improve error resiliency and error concealment is, IMHO, the
biggest short term benefit to the video conferencing world, out of all the hype concerning this
technology.
Error resiliency schemes and tools already exist in H.264 AVC (pdf), but are mostly not used in the
video conferencing domain. SVC will assist video conferencing to move forward by giving these tools
the spotlight.
Error concealment in H.264. Source: Signal Processing group, University of Bristol.
With SVC being introduced and companies like Vidyo pushing it hard and marketing their proprietary
error concealment capabilities, the focus of video conferencing vendors will change. More error
resiliency tools, but not necessarily the SVC tools, will be used and that will improve the overall
experience for all.
The value of Scalable Video technologies for improving error resiliency is clear. However, instead of a
dramatic “phase transition” into SVC, the video conferencing market should evolve gradually into
scalable technologies.
Bottom Line
SVC is intriguing but the video conferencing market will not move entirely to it. Instead, it will adopt
ideas and technologies into its fine foundations, making the video conferencing experience better.
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About The Author
Sagee Ben-Zedeff has been managing R&D teams, both first-line and second-line,
developing video technologies and video related products for the past decade. His
experience includes research and development of video coding technologies,
implementation of video codecs on various embedded systems, and development of
complex media processing products for the V²oIP market.
Sagee currently manages the DSP group in RADVISION, responsible for all media
processing capabilities in the Networking Business Unit (NBU) line of products.
Sagee writes "Video Over Enterprise", a RADVISION blog that covers video products and
innovation from an enterprise perspective.
Sagee holds a BSc in Computer Sciences, Statistics and Operations Research and a BA in Managment
and Economics.
Contact Information:
e-mail - sagee@radvision.com
blog - http://www.VideoOverEnterprise.com
RADVISION’s Video Offering
RADVISION’s SCOPIA offering is the industry’s most comprehensive, robust video platform that delivers
the scalability and seamless device support enterprises need to leverage and protect current
standards-based conferencing investments. As high definition (HD) endpoints bring higher and higher
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collaboration solutions extend video to the desktop and mobile arenas, more and more organizations
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Communications technologies.
The SCOPIA platform is a powerful combination of hardware and software that supports media
processing for advanced room system devices and delivers high scalability and distributed processing
for desktops and mobile deployments.
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SCOPIA Unified Communications Video Infrastructure
MCUs
Reliable and highly scalable visual communication infrastructure solutions for enterprise and service
provider environments, RADVISION’s SCOPIA Conferencing Platforms offer the industry’s most
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Desktop Video Conferencing
With RADVISION’s PC based SCOPIA Desktop, you don’t need to go to “the conference room” to have a
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SCOPIA Desktop is a simple web browser plug-in that is centrally managed and deployed without
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Gateways
SCOPIA Gateways provide seamless connectivity between different networks and standards to deliver
feature-rich, reliable, multimedia conferencing and communications. The Gateways are ideal for
connecting IP video conferencing networks with ISDN endpoints and networks to fully utilize existing
video conferencing infrastructure investments.
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Video Network Management
iVIEW Suite provides a comprehensive management solution for voice and video collaborative
communications. Efficiently manage and monitor a video network to ensure efficient bandwidth
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Firewall Traversal
SCOPIA PathFinder Firewall Traversal is a complete firewall and NAT solution enabling secure
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Gatekeepers
RADVISION's high-performance, standard-compliant H.323 ECS (Enhanced Communication Server)
Gatekeeper provides the most intelligent, advanced backbone management system for IP telephony
and multimedia communication networks. ECS provides gatekeeper functionality and everything
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Unified Communications Integration
RADVISION’s SCOPIA maximizes a Unified Communications real-time collaboration investment by
turning it into a complete conferencing solution. The SCOPIA Conferencing Platform allows users to
create and initiate multiparty audio and video conferences directly from within industry leading
Unified Communications applications and extend those conferences to devices such as standards-based
video conferencing systems, 3G videophones or virtually any telephone available today.
Media Servers (Interactive Video Platforms)
The SCOPIA Interactive Video Platform (IVP) is a powerful general purpose media server with a flexible
high-level API and Service Creation Environment for generating a wide range of video services. With
the SCOPIA IVP, service providers, enterprises and developers can now easily create and reliably
deploy interactive video services seamlessly integrated with existing networks. These real-time,
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for true added value.
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