1. Water Desalination & Reuse as Non-Conventional Solution for Water Supply in WANA Noreddine Ghaffour Water Desalination & Reuse Center King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) WANA Forum Consultation Amman Feb. 22nd 2011

3. Deteriorating quality of fresh water sources

4. Reduced cost of water produced by desalination

5. Security of supply2

7. Additional, reliable, and safe water supply needed for population and industrial growth

8. Water supply is an issue of economic growth and national sustainability

9. Water can be a possible source of conflict3

10. Market Evolution Total capacity: 2006: 40M m3/d 2010: 64M m3/d 2015: 98M m3/d The review indicates it is growing at a compound annual growth rate of 55%. 4 Source: GWI/IDA, 2011

11. Relevant Technologies in Use 5

14. Compared to conventionalresources (civil engineering projects) , desalinationprojects:canbebuiltquickly (2-3 years), close to demand have lessproblematic right of way are lesslikely to meet opposition of local groups are modular and easilyadapt to demandevolution are more susceptible to privatesectorinvestment

16. Conventional wastewater treatment of primary, secondary and tertiary steps give policy makers a choice in cost versus product and versus use

17. Available technologies to produce even more superior quality water at a reasonable cost has widened the options for useIt is technically and economically possible to produce potable water from wastewater 8

19. GCC countries generally treat the wastewater up to tertiary treatment► Major amount dumped into the sea after conventional treatment. ► Partly used for greening and agriculture ► Presently there are plans to store the treated wastewater in aquifers 9

20. Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant Capacity: 375,000 m3/d RO process: 3 stages. 83 % recovery.

21. Singapore NEWater Treatment Plant Product water NEWater & Sulaibiya -> WHO drinking water quality standards Capacity: 24,000 m3/d Purpose : High Grade Water Reclamation Plant

23. Ex. Fluoride Removal DENTAL FLUOROSIS (F- > 2 mg/L) 10 years of exposure to 4 mg/L F-, in Fatick, SENEGAL Regulation (drinking water) : < 1.5 mg/L (WHO, 2006) (Sy M.H., Sene P., Diouf S., Soc. d’Ed. des de l’Assoc. Des Hop. De Paris, 1996 15/2 p.109 ) (TRAVI Y. Sciences géologiques, (1993), mémoire 95, ISSN 0302-2684)

24. Ex. Fluoride Removal (Cont’d) OSSEOUS FLUOROSIS (F- > 4 mg/L) 15 years of exposure to 6-10mg/L F-, in Fatick, Senegal Regulation(drinking water) < 1.5 mg/L (WHO, 2006) (Sy M.H., Sene P., Diouf S., Soc. d’Ed. Assoc. Des Hop. De Paris, 1996 15/2 p.109 ) 6 (TRAVI Y. Sciences géologiques, (1993), mémoire 95, ISSN 0302-2684)

25. Ex. Fluoride Removal (Case Study) THE FIRST DEFLUORIDATION UNIT IN THE WORLD – 2010 Lessfluorides in drinking water, betterhealth and dignityrecovering ! Thiadiaye, January 2010 Maxime PONTIE1, Hanane DACH1,2, Pascal JAOUEN1, Courfia DIAWARA3, Jérôme LEPARC4, Mohamed HAFSI4, Norredine GHAFFOUR5 3rd Oxford Water and Membranes Research Event – September 12th - 15th 2010, Lady Margaret Hall, The University of Oxford (UK)

26. Trends in Water Cost Due to technological maturity and the various developments as well as transparency and competition, produced water from thermal and RO plants has considerably declined in the last 20 years. US cent RO cost is reduced to a level to compete with traditional water supply options 16

28. Membranes – needs electrical energy onlyBoth are energy intensive, accounting for 40-75 % of the operating cost Why reduce energy consumption  cost and CO2 emissions 17

29. 18 Energy Consumption

30. Minimum Energy Required Minimum energy for separation of pure water from saline water at 25 oC 19

32. Can be used in remote and rural areas for small scale applications

33. RE can provide thermal, electrical or mechanical energy 20

34. RE Desalination Sources & Combination Biomass

35. RE : Power Oriented Technologies (Electricity Production) Power oriented RE technologies are based on three major resources: Solar or wind based solutions are particularly suitable for desalination purposes, given the resource availability in most of the water stressed areas Wave energy is available where sea water is available, which is needed for desalination. The technology is little developed but has a huge potential.

36. RE : Heat Oriented Technologies (Heat Production) Heat oriented RE technologies are based on three major resources:

38. Occupy large areas (cases of solar collectors, solar PV fields or wind farms)

39. Adverse impact on the environment:• Visual impacts, • Affection to marine and aerial life • Noise (Wind for example )

40. Seawater Greenhouse

41. Seawater Greenhouse (Oman) Inside the greenhouse 26

43. Photovoltaic cells (rooftop):minor share of RO energy demand

45. The Desert of Tomorrow! Heaven on Earth Ideadevelopedby Dr. Paton, SWGH, England 29

47. Water reuse is not widely accepted, can play an important role

48. Desalination and water reuse technology responds to market needs

50. Presently solar desalination can be used for small/medium scale applications in remote locations where grid electric power is not available30

51. 31