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Chapter 8:  Main Memory
Chapter 8:  Memory Management ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Background ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Base and Limit Registers ,[object Object]
Binding of Instructions and Data to Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Multistep Processing of a User Program
Logical vs. Physical Address Space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Memory-Management Unit ( MMU ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic relocation using a relocation register
Dynamic Loading ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dynamic Linking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Swapping ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Schematic View of Swapping
Contiguous Allocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HW address protection with base and limit registers
Contiguous Allocation (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],OS process 5 process 8 process 2 OS process 5 process 2 OS process 5 process 2 OS process 5 process 9 process 2 process 9 process 10
Dynamic Storage-Allocation Problem ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How to satisfy a request of size  n  from a list of free holes First-fit and best-fit better than worst-fit in terms of speed and storage utilization
Fragmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Paging ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Address Translation Scheme ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],page number page offset p d m - n n
Paging Hardware
Paging Model of Logical and Physical Memory
Paging Example 32-byte memory and 4-byte pages
Free Frames Before allocation After allocation
Implementation of Page Table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Associative Memory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Page # Frame #
Paging Hardware With TLB
Effective Access Time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Memory Protection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Valid (v) or Invalid (i) Bit In A Page Table
Shared Pages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Shared Pages Example
Structure of the Page Table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hierarchical Page Tables ,[object Object],[object Object]
Two-Level Page-Table Scheme
Two-Level Paging Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],page number page offset p i p 2 d 12 10 10
Address-Translation Scheme
Three-level Paging Scheme
Hashed Page Tables ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hashed Page Table
Inverted Page Table ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Inverted Page Table Architecture
Segmentation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
User’s View of a Program
Logical View of Segmentation 1 3 2 4 user space  physical memory space 1 4 2 3
Segmentation Architecture  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Segmentation Architecture (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Segmentation Hardware
Example of Segmentation
Example: The Intel Pentium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Logical to Physical Address Translation in Pentium
Intel Pentium Segmentation
Pentium Paging Architecture
Linear Address in Linux Broken into four parts:
Three-level Paging in Linux
End of Chapter 8

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Chapter 8 - Main Memory