Computers when invented by Charles Babbage only viewed it as a computing machines. However it is only recently that computer has evolved more rapidly. Through its complex systems and processing capabilities computers can be used to manipulate databases. For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc

1. I.T. for Management
Chapter 2
Evolution of Computer

2. Introduction to computers
• Computer have evolved over past 50–60 years
through idea of computing machines has been
much older
• Inventors Charles Babbage had thought of
adding machine through precision engineering
required to implement such devices was missing
at that time.
• It is only early part of the last century that the
concept of computer evolved rather rapidly

3. Hardware Evolution

4. Hardware Evolution
• These second generation computers were
much smaller than valve based computers
• With evolution of the microprocessor,the
power of computer was implanted into
small silicon chip
• A microprocessor includes the entire
functionality of CPU along with local
processing memory ……… ..Cont

5. Hardware Evolution
• Solid state electronics devices combined with
evolution of concept of software made it possible
to make computers versatile& therefore more
suited for a variety of Business & Scientific
applications
• The performance improvement in the computer
system happened due to the design of a Shorter
_ electronic path
• What set apart was however the concept of
software

6. Historical evolution of microprocessors
Name Date Data width
8080 1974 8 bits
8088 1979 16 bits
80286 1982 16 bits
80386 1985 32 bits
80486 1989 32 bits
Pentium 1993 64 bits Bus
Pentium2 1997 64 bits Bus
Pentium3 1999 64 bits Bus
Pentium4 2000 64 bits Bus

7. Basic Functions of microcomputer chip
• Point to certain data in
memory
• Fetch the data
• Perform basic Arithmetic
Logic update (ALU)
operations
• Perform other control
operations
• Put results to memory

8. Evolution of Software
• The evolution of operating system &
language made computers more reliable
• In early 70’s & 80’s Unix was very popular
mainly because of portability
• Unix has provided an escape from the
proprietary operating systems such as
Digital VAX ……..Cont

9. Evolution of Software
• Unix also separated hardware business from
software
• Apple developed CPM in early 80’s
• Microsoft developed MSDOS for IBM compatible
desktop computers
• Several versions of DOS were developed (upto
version 6.2)during 1980-90
• Microsoft introduced GUI windows OS which
revolution …….. Cont

10. Evolution of Software
• Microsoft introduced Win95 ,Win 98,Win
2000 Win2003 in respective years
• Windows server,client used for networking
• XP & windows Vista are latest in the
Microsoft family
• Linux operating system available free on
internet

11. Evolution of Languages
• The machine level instructions also known as
Micro-code were the earliest forms of software
• They made computer versatile
• Machine level instructions are 0 & 1form which is
also called binary
• Binary instructions are easy for a computer to
understand & all electronics based on 0 & 5 volt
• 0 & 5 Volt represents 0 &1 level ……… Cont

12. Binary Notation
• The entire electronics of a computer uses
the principle of a switch
• It is either switched off represents 0
• It is either switched on represents 1
• Decimal systems where each digit varies
fro 0-9
• In binary only 2 digits 0 & 1 ……….Cont

13. Machine Language Programming
• The CPU works on the principle of Array
of switches
• It is necessary to write programmes using
0 &1 for CPU to work
• In early days of computing this was
indeed what was done

14. Assembly Languages
• The Assembly language exploited the capability
of microprocessor
• Yet use short form / pnemonic English like
notations
• Thus to add two numbers A & B
• AD A,B
• LD A 00012 (Load Value of A to to memory
location 00012)
• In the computers the human language
instructions are converted by the assembler into
a hardware program

15. Beginning of Business computing
• The Cobol computer language was
developed by a formal committee
• The Cobol language was designed to
express the data processing needs of a
business
• COBOL, FORTRAN and Pascal are
Procedural in nature

16. Language for Online & interactive work
• We need information instantly & online
• With on line programming it is possible for users
to query database directly
• This new paradigm introduced new 4th
generation language called 4GL
• SQL structure query language which is standard
query language for Database System allows
user to perform manipulation in database

17. • I.T. for Management
End of Chapter 2