Learn about the basics of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as transportation fuels. A presentation will be made from station installers and users of LNG. Lastly, hear about current incentives for fleets when purchasing CNG or LNG vehicles.
1. CNG AND LNG: WHAT’S BEST FOR YOUR FLEET?
Wisconsin Clean Cities and Clean Energy Webinar
October 8, 2013
www.cleanenergyfuels.com
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2. Today’s Discussion Topics
The case for natural gas as a vehicle fuel
7 factors to consider in choosing the right fuel
CNG / LNG comparison
Application considerations
Infrastructure
Payback analysis
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3. CNG or LNG? It All Depends
Natural Gas Heavy Duty Market
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4. Natural Gas:
It’s Abundant, Domestic & Clean
Natural Gas
Supplied From
US and Canada
Imported
98%
200+ year supply
Renewable sources available
NGVs offer best solution to reducing foreign oil
dependency
< 1% of NG used for transportation in U.S.
– 150,000 NGV's on road in U.S. today
– 400,000 NG Trucks consuming 20,000
gallons/year each will use < 5% of our Nation’s
Demand
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5. Energy Security:
Who Provides Our Energy?
Crude Oil & Refined Product Sources
for US Consumption
Natural Gas Sources
for US Consumption
Mexico
0.2%
Others
19%
US
28%
OPEC
32%
Canada
13%
Others
3.3%
Canada
16.4%
US
80.0%
Mexico
8%
Powering the US Heavy-duty Truck and Bus fleet with natural gas could displace 3 billion gallons of diesel per day which is roughly
more than half of the imports from OPEC and could shave $100 billion off the annual trade deficit at current oil prices.
Source: EIA data for 2007 http://tonto.eia.doe.gov
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6. NG Trucks Emit Less Emissions
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
2010 US EPA NOx
Emission
Standard
g/bhp-hr
0.2
0.15
0.1
NOx (Smog Forming Chemical)
0.05
0
Biodiesel 100 (No
OEM Warranty)
Biodiesel 20 (Some
OEM Warranty)
Biodiesel 5 (OEM
Warranty)
Diesel
CNG/LNG
CNG/LNG continues to provide superior NOx benefits over the
competition, 65+% better emissions over “clean diesel”
CNG/LNG particulate matter, unlike diesel, is not identified by Cal EPA
as a Toxic Air Contaminant which can cancer or reproductive harm
Sources: (1) California Air Resources Board , Certifications of 2010 Cummins Diesel and CNG/LNG 8.9L Engines, EO A-021-0526 and EO A-021-0520, respectively; (2)
California Air Resources Board, “Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Rulemaking 2nd Public Workshop, Lex Mitchell, Bon Okamoto, May 19, 2010.
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7. Cost of Natural Gas versus Crude Oil
$3.51 x 5.8 = $20.36
Natural Gas Equals $23.08 per Barrel of Oil
(energy equivalent )
Commodities Market October 04, 2013
$109.46
Price as of 10.04.13
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8. What Makes Up a Gallon of Fuel?
DIESEL
LNG
12%
TAXES
19%
DISTRIBUTION &
MARKETING
11%
REFINEMENT
28%
CNG
16%
7%
6%
46%
58%
COMMODITY
55%
20%
22%
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9. 7 Factors for an Informed Fuel Decision
1.
Vehicle Type and Application
– LNG / CNG differences and
advantages
5.
Fuel Cost
– Savings vs. diesel and
gasoline
2.
Duty Cycle
– Range, speed, idle time
6.
Fleet Fueling Needs
– Refueling cycles
3.
Combined Weight
– Payload, storage tank
weight
7.
4.
Hours of Service
– Drive, idle, down time
Fueling Infrastructure
– Availability
on your
routes
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10. CNG / LNG – the Distinction
CNG and LNG are simply two different ways natural gas is
stored
There is no such thing as an “LNG engine” or a “CNG engine”
– It’s not engine type that differentiates LNG
and CNG, it’s how the fuel is stored and
supplied to the engine
– Both are delivered to the engine as a gas
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11. LNG / CNG – Energy Density
Relative to one gallon of
diesel:
– LNG = 1.7 DGE
– CNG = 3.8 DGE
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Energy density is an
important factor you
need to consider when
choosing a natural gas
vehicle
5
CNG
4
3
2
1
LNG
DIESEL
0
One DGE
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13. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Basics
Light, medium, and some heavy duty applications
– <50 DGE/Truck/Day
NG delivered by gas co pipeline to fueling station
Dried, compressed & stored at 4,500 psi and
dispensed to vehicle at 3,600 psi
Dispensed at similar speed (gpm) to gasoline
Stored in cylinders onboard the vehicle
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14. CNG Time Fill
Complete fill because we
can dissipate heat
– Three to six hour fill period
– Increase Range
Lowest cost installation
– Best value
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15. CNG Fast Fill
Large capital investment
– >2X compared to LNG
– $5+ million for four lanes
dispensing at 12 gpm at
the same time
– 0.5 acre for CNG compound
& electrical equipment
High heat gain during fueling
– >30% loss of storage
Industrial Utility Services
– NG, both pressure & flow
– >2 MW electrical demand
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17. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Basics
Pipeline gas cooled to -260F
Produced at LNG plants
Delivered in trailers to fuel stations
Rapid fueling at 12+ DGE per minute
Ideal for heavy duty vehicles
– Storage volume is half of CNG
– System weight is less than CNG
– Consistent fuel range vs. CNG
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18. LNG Fast Fill Fueling
Transparent to diesel fueling
– Typically, not site constrained
LNG storage reduces truck weight &
increases range compared to
heavier/multiple CNG HP vessels
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20. Consider Your Application
Choosing between LNG and CNG is really about the
spectrum - at either end the choice is relatively fixed
light-duty
automotive & industrial
bus &
vocational trucks
heavy-haul
transport
CNG
LNG
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21. Fueling Options Widen in the Middle
bus &vocational trucks
CNG
CNG is a good
option for:
Refuse and
transit using
fast or time fill
Medium duty
applications
< 300 miles per
fill
LNG
LNG is a good
option for:
Long driving range
requirements
8.9L to 12L
engines hauling up
to 80,000 lbs
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22. Your Fleet’s Duty Cycle is Important
Helps you evaluate:
– How much energy your vehicles require
– How often vehicles will need to be refueled
Consider:
– Number of hours a vehicle is in use per day
– Number of hours a vehicle is driven per day
7
DAYS
LNG NEEDS TO BE
USED WITHIN 7
DAYS TO AVOID
TANK VENTING
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23. Consider Your Fleet’s Fueling Needs
Return to base fleets are good candidates for CNG
– You can install infrastructure to fuel at base
using fast fill or time fill
Time fill is an attractive fueling method that is less costly and
complex
– Does not require a storage system
– Compressor is smaller and less expensive
– Attractive option for fleets that are idle
overnight, like refuse and school buses
Fleets that operate around the clock need a fast fill option
– Public or private
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24. Payload and Storage Tank Weight Count
The weight difference between CNG and LNG is dependent on the
amount of fuel being stored
Diesel
15 Gal.
LNG
CNG
26 Gal.
58 Gal.
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25. Ask Yourself…
How much tank weight can you afford?
– A Westport LNG tank providing 60 DGE’s of
storage capacity weighs 1,100 lbs when full
– CNG tank packages providing 60 DGE of fast
fill storage capacity typically weighs 1,600 lbs
How much space will the tank require?
– LNG tanks are typically mounted with standard
diesel tank brackets
– CNG pressure vessels are typically packaged in
steel racks
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26. CNG
Advantages
Greater infrastructure than
LNG
– Light and medium duty
Considerations
Simple fuel systems
– Easy to fuel like gasoline
No diesel, DPF, or SCR to
manage (SI engines)
Gas/Vapor instead of
cryogenic
Less CNG infrastructure for
trucks than LNG
Fuel storage tanks
– Heat of compression
– Weight of storage tanks
– Range limitations
Limited to 9L and 12L spark
ignited engines
– Cummins 15L in 2016
No fuel loss if parked for an
extended period of time
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27. LNG
Advantages
Greater fuel density/volume
– Greater range then CNG
– Lower weight of storage
Faster fueling
– Fuels like diesel
– No impact to HOS
Growing “Truck Friendly”
infrastructure
No diesel, DPF, or SCR to
manage (SI engines)
Considerations
Cryogenic tanks
Special handling when
fueling
Pressure and temperature
management of fuel to
engine
Potential boil off (use it or
lose it) if vehicles are
parked for extended period
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30. North American Infrastructure
CNG is more publicly available than LNG
CNG stations must be near a pipeline network
– Concentrated in California, New York, Utah,
Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, Colorado
LNG can be hauled long distances from the liquefier while remaining
economical
About 150 LNG stations would provide fueling coverage along all of the
major interstate trucking routes
– At 250 mile intervals
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36. LNG Fuel Economics
$85,000
$10,000
$11,400
$106,400
NG Truck Cost
FET @ 12%
Total NG Truck Cost
$125,000
$15,000
$140,000
Net Incremental Cost
Diesel Truck Operating Costs
Fuel Economy (MPG)
Fuel Cost ($/Gal)
Fuel Cost per Mile
NG Truck Operating Cost
Fuel Economy (MPG)
Fuel Cost ($/Gal)
Fuel Cost per Mile
$33,600
6.5
$3.75
$0.58
Simple Payback
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25
Payback (Months)
Diesel Truck Cost
Diesel 2010 Emissions System
FET @ 12%
Total Diesel Truck Cost
20
15
10
5
5.8
$2.50
$0.43
0
200,000
150,000
100,000
Annual Miles
NG Truck Savings per Mile
% Savings over Diesel
Annual Mileage
Annual Fuel (DGE)
Annual Savings
Simple Payback (Months)
$0.15
25%
200,000
34,483
$29,178
14
150,000
25,862
$21,883
18
100,000
17,241
$14,589
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37. Natural Gas for Transportation
Cheaper
Cleaner
Domestic &
Abundant
Steve White
Business Development Manager
312-771-6718
steve.white@cleanenergyfuels.com
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