1. Presenting your evidence
Dr Will Stahl-Timmins
Associate Research Fellow – Visualisation of data and information
2. Presenting Your Evidence
• Data visualisation at the European Centre
• Visual Representation
• Design and production methods
3. Presenting Your Evidence
• Data visualisation at the European Centre
• Visual Representation
• Design and production methods
4.
5. Distance of dwelling from sea 0–1km
> 50 km 20–50 km 5–20km 1–5km
(baseline)
Coast
Health 1.5 1.5
% Change in 1.0
population with 1.0 0.5
‘good health’
+ 95% CI 0.5 0.0
-0.5
0.0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
most least
-0.5 deprived deprived
All urban areas All urban areas by income deprivation quintile
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. outcome measures used
no. of design, size baseline study cog func be glo
author location centres & follow-up MMSE sex ages quality
ADCS-ADL
ADCS-CGIC
ADAS-cog
other
other
other
CIBIC
MMSE
DAD
PDS
CDR
QoL
SIB
NPI
GDS
0yr 1 2 0 10 20 30 55 75 95
Donepezil 1mg N = 42 M F
Rogers & Rand
Donepezil 3mg N = 40 M F
? N = 161 Donepezil 5mg N = 39 M F
Char
Blind
Analy
1mg
3mg
1996 F
Placebo N = 40 M 5mg
Donepezil 5mg N = 154
M F 5mg
Rogers et al. Rand
M F Char 10
Donepezil 10mg N = 157 Blind mg
1998 (A) N = 473 Analy
M F
Placebo N = 162
Donepezil 5mg N = 157
M F 5mg
Rogers et al. Rand
M F Char 10
Donepezil 10mg N = 158 mg
Blind
1998 (B) N = 468 Analy
M F
Placebo N = 153
Donepezil 5mg N = 271
M F 5mg
Burns et al. Rand
M F Char 10mg
Donepezil 10mg N = 273 Blind
1999 Analy
N = 818 M F
Placebo N = 274
Greenberg Donepezil 5mg (D)
Rand
et al. group 1 (p-D-p-p) N=30 M F Char
group 2 (p-p-D-p) N=30 M F Blind
N = 60 Analy
2000 Placebo (p)
Donepezil 5mg N = 134
Homma et al. M F Rand
Char
Blind
2000 N = 268 M F Analy
Placebo N = 129
Donepezil 10mg N = 214
Mohs et al. M F Rand
Char
ADCS-CGIC
ADCS-ADL
Blind
ADAS-cog
2001 N = 431 M F Analy
MMSE
CIBIC
Placebo N = 217
DAD
other
other
other
CDR
GDS
PDS
QoL
NPI
SIB
0yr 1 2 0 10 20 30 55 75 95 cog func be glo
16. Investigating the use of
FLOODS AND STORMS AIR QUALITY AND DISEASE
information graphics Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm
physical infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation.
Weather at all time scales determines the development, transport, dispersion and deposition
of air pollutants, with the passage of fronts, cyclonic and anticyclonic systems and their
associated air masses being of particular importance. This information graphic shows
Floods are the most frequent natural weather disaster. This information
to explain the effects
some of the causes and health impacts of air pollution, and shows how both the amount
graphic shows some of the causes and health impacts of floods, and of air pollution, and our exposure to it, may increase in the future.
shows how the number and severity of floods may increase in the future.
of climate change CLIMATE CHANGE URBANISATION
CLIMATE CHANGE
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is
causing temperatures to rise around the world. These higher
These changes may affect air pollution in two main ways. First,
it may mean that the atmospheric conditions are right for more
GLOBAL TRENDS
temperatures can affect weather systems, causing extremely air pollution to form. Secondly, it may change the patterns of air
The majority of climate scientists agree that human activity is causing The number of people living in
on health, compared
high or extremely low winds. Rising temperatures also affect flow, meaning that more people are exposed to this pollution.
temperatures to rise around the world. As these higher temperatures free cities is growing, particularly in the amount of water in the atmosphere.
water that is usually frozen at the poles, sea levels are rising. Increased low income countries.
temeratures also lead to more evaporation of water from seas and lakes.
This can lead to increased rainfall and greater numbers of storms, 1900
to textual presentation. cyclones and extreme weather events. 1950
POLLUTION SOURCES
2005
ENERGY URBAN FOREST
PRODUCTION TRANSPORT FIRES
As well as producing In urban areas, transport Naturally-occuring forest
= 100m people greenhouse gasses vehicles are the key sources fires mean that toxic
in towns or cities such as carbon dioxide, that of nitrogen oxides and volatile gaseous and particulate air
lead to global warming, organic compounds (VOCs) pollutants are released
the burning of fossil fuels that lead to ground-level into the atmosphere.
for energy releases small ozone. Burning fossil fuels
particles into the air, called for transport also releases
FLOOD CAUSES
particulate matter (PM). other gasses and particles.
SEA LEVEL RAINFALL STORMS EVAPORATION SURFACE LOCAL
Coastal regions Extreme rainfall Drowning by Global warming RUN-OFF TOPOGRAPHY
are more can overwhelm storm surge is and changes in Urbanisation can Sometimes, Ozone generation PM generation The number
vulnerable to rivers and lakes, the major killer land use (like is affected by: is affected by: of forest fires
affect how much the shape of the — Bright sunlight — Raised is affected by:
flooding as sea causing them to in coastal urbanisation) excess water land can make
levels rise. flood. storms. affect how much — Raised temperatures temperatures — Raised
can be absorbed areas vulnerable — Atmospheric temperatures
water is carried into the ground. to flooding. — Low winds
in the air. moisture — Atmospheric
— Atmospheric moisture
moisture
OZONE PARTICULATE OTHER TOXIC
AIR POLLUTION (AP)
FLOODS AND STORMS Ozone is a secondary pollutant
formed through photochemical
reactions involving nitrogen
MATTER (PM)
Many different kinds of
GASSES
As well as ozone, other
Floods are low-probability, high-impact events that can overwhelm physical VULNERABLE PLACES One-quarter of the
FLOODS VULNERABLE world’s population oxides and volatile organic combustion, both artificial toxic gasses such as
infrastructure, human resilience and social organisation. Floods are the most THE NORTH THE NILE resides within 100 km compounds (VOCs) in the and natural, can cause carbon monoxide can have
frequent natural weather disaster. Floods result from the interaction of rainfall, SEA COAST DELTA
PEOPLE presence of bright sunshine particles of solid matter can effects on human health.
distance and 100 m
surface runoff, evaporation, wind, sea level and local topography. In inland areas, Those living in elevation of the with high temperatures. become suspended in the air.
flood regimes vary substantially depending on catchment size, topography and Low lying places coastline. PM is known to affect
climate. Water management practices, urbanisation, intensified land use and SOUTH ASIA (especially those morbidity and mortality.
with high density) In the USA, lower-income
forestry can substantially alter the risks of floods. Windstorms are often THE GULF MICRONESIA groups were most
associated with floods. COAST affected by Hurricane The amount of air
Poorer communities
Katrina in 2005. pollution breathed
Major storm and flood disasters have occurred in the last two decades. In 2003, in by people
BAY OF BENGAL Those with limited depends on:
130 million people were affected by floods in China. In 1999, 30,000 died from ability to escape Such as children, the
(particularly at
storms followed by floods and landslides in Venezuela. In 2000/2001, 1,813 died LATIN GULF OF risk from storm infirm, or those living — Wind / circula-
in sub-standard housing. tion of air
in floods in Mozambique. Improved structural and non-structural measures, AMERICA GUINEA SEYCHELLES surges)
— Topography
particularly improved warnings, have decreased mortality from floods and storm
— Housing
surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact of weather disasters in terms of characteristics
social and health effects is still considerable and is unequally distributed, — Activity patterns
particularly affecting women. Flood health impacts range from deaths, injuries, ALLERGIC PNEUMONIA COPD ASTHMA OTHER BURNS
infectious diseases and toxic contamination, to mental health problems. RHINITIS Particularly Chronic Can affect DISEASE & SMOKE
Severe affects obstructive quality of life, Other Cardio- INHALATION
In terms of deaths and populations affected, floods and tropical cyclones have the allergies can children. pulmonary and is vascular and forest fires
limit quality disease. increasingly respiratory can have
greatest impact in South Asia and Latin America. Deaths recorded in disaster DEATH & INJURY INFECTIOUS TOXIC CON- MENTAL common,
of life. diseases are direct effects
databases are from drowning and severe injuries. Deaths from unsafe or unhealthy DISEASES TAMINATION HEALTH particularly in also caused by on health.
Deaths recorded in disaster databases
HEALTH IMPACTS
conditions following the extreme event are also a health consequence, but such children. air pollution.
are from drowning and severe injuries. Particularly in From storage or Insufficiently
information is rarely included in disaster statistics. Drowning by storm surge is the
VENEZUELA 1999 30,000 DEAD places with from chemicals investigated,
major killer in coastal storms where there are large numbers of deaths. An
poor sanitation: already in the but may include:
assessment of surges in the past 100 years found that major events were confined environment:
to a limited number of regions, with many events occurring in the Bay of Bengal, MOZAMBIQUE 2000/2001 1,813 DEAD Diarrhoeal Post-traumatic
particularly Bangladesh. diseases Oil stress
CHINA 2003 130m AFFECTED Pesticides
Cholera Behavioural
Populations with poor sanitation infrastructure and high burdens of infectious disorders in
Improved warnings have decreased mortality from floods Cryptosporidiosis Heavy metals
disease often experience increased rates of diarrhoeal diseases after flood events.
Increases in cholera, cryptosporidiosis and typhoid fever have been reported in
and storm surges in the last 30 years; however, the impact
of weather disasters in terms of social and health effects Typhoid fever Hazardous
children
Anxiety?
MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY
low- and middle-income countries. Flood related increases in diarrhoeal disease is still considerable and is unequally distributed, waste
have also been reported in India, Brazil and Bangladesh. The floods in Mozambique particularly affecting women. Depression?
in 2001 were estimated to have caused over 8,000 additional cases and 447
deaths from diarrhoeal disease in the following months.
OZONE MODELS PM MODELS
The risk of infectious disease following flooding in high income countries is
Future emissions are, of course, uncertain, and depend on Evidence for the health impacts of particulate matter
generally low, although increases in respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases have been assumptions of population growth, economic development, is stronger than that for ozone. However, there are
reported after floods. An important exception was the impact of Hurricanes Katrina regulatory actions and energy use. Changes in few models of the impact of climate change on pollutants
and Rita in the USA in 2005, where contamination of water supplies with faecal concentrations of ground-level ozone driven by scenarios other than ozone. These tend to emphasise the role of
bacteria led to many cases of diarrhoeal illness and some deaths.
CASE STUDY 1: BANGLADESH CASE STUDY 2: USA of future emissions and/or weather patterns have been local abatement strategies in determining the future
If human activity continues to warm global temperatures, Studies in industrialised countries indicate that densely projected for Europe and North America: levels of, primarily, particulate matter, and tend to project
Flooding may lead to contamination of waters with dangerous chemicals, heavy countries like Bangladesh are likely to see more flooding. populated urban areas are at risk from sea-level rise. the probability of air-quality standards being exceeded
FUTURE CHANGES
FUTURE CHANGES
metals or other hazardous substances, from storage or from chemicals already in assumed changes instead of absolute concentrations; the results vary
by 2050s
the environment (e.g., pesticides). Chemical contamination following Hurricane ASSUMPTIONS by region.
NEW ORLEANS (USA) TEMP.
Katrina in the USA included oil spills from refineries and storage tanks, pesticides, REFERENCE AREA INCREASE EMISSIONS EFFECTS
Global temperature rise 2°c 4°c Because transboundary transport of pollutants plays
metals and hazardous waste. Concentrations of most contaminants were within Mid-range estimate Knowlton New York 1.6 – medium 4.5% more a significant role in determining local to regional air
acceptable short-term levels, except for lead and volatile organic compounds Global Sea level rise 30cm 100cm 1.5–3m below of 48 cm sea level et al., 2004 area, USA 3.2°C increase deaths quality, changing patterns of atmospheric circulation
(VOCs) in some areas. There are also health risks associated with long-term rise by 2100 plus
sea level now subsidence Bell et al., 50 cities, 1.6 – medium 0.6% more at the hemispheric to global level are likely to be just
contamination of soil and sediment; however, there is little published evidence Increase in monsoon rains 18% 33% 2007 East USA 3.2°C increase deaths as important as regional patterns for future local air
demonstrating a causal effect of chemical contamination on the pattern of Increase in monsoon 5% 10% Anderson England 0.9 – no ozone + quality.
morbidity and mortality following flooding events. Increases in population density discharge into rivers This would mean that 2.5–4m below et al., 2001 & Wales 2.4°C increase other AP -
and accelerating industrial development in areas subject to natural disasters a storm surge from a sea level by 2100 (all models assume population
increase the probability of future disasters and the potential for mass human LIKELY EFFECTS Category 3 hurricane constant at year 2000 level)
exposure to hazardous materials released during disasters. (estimated at 3 to 4 m
People affected 4.8% 57% without waves) could be 6 to 7 m above There are no projections for cities in low- or middle-
There is increasing evidence of the importance of mental disorders as an impact of areas that were heavily populated in 2004. income countries, despite the heavier pollution burdens
disasters. Prolonged impairment resulting from common mental disorders (anxiety Flooding depth 30–90cm 90–180cm
in these populations.
and depression) may be considerable. Studies in both low- and high-income
countries indicate that the mental-health aspect of flood-related impacts has
been insufficiently investigated. A systematic review of post-traumatic stress
disorder in high income countries found a small but significant effect following
disasters. There is also evidence of medium- to long-term impacts on behavioural
disorders in young children.
Vulnerability to weather disasters depends on the attributes of the person at risk
(including where they live, age, income, education and disability) and on broader
social and environmental factors (level of disaster preparedness, health sector
responses and environmental degradation). Poorer communities, particularly slum
dwellers, are more likely to live in flood-prone areas. In the USA, lower-income
groups were most affected by Hurricane Katrina, and low-income schools had
twice the risk of being flooded compared with the reference group.
High-density populations in low-lying coastal regions experience a high health
burden from weather disasters, such as settlements along the North Sea coast in
north-west Europe, the Seychelles, parts of Micronesia, the Gulf Coast of the USA
and Mexico, the Nile Delta, the Gulf of Guinea, and the Bay of Bengal.
Environmentally degraded areas are particularly vulnerable to tropical cyclones
and coastal flooding under current climate conditions.
Future vulnerability to climate change
17. Presenting Your Evidence
• Data visualisation at the European Centre
• Visual Representation
• Design and production methods
18. 1) increased resources
2) reduced search
3) enhanced pattern recognition
4) perceptual inference
5) perceptual monitoring
6) manipulable medium
Thomas, J. J. and K. A. Cook (2005). Illuminating the Path: The
Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics. Available
Online at: http://nvac.pnl.gov/agenda.stm, IEEE Computer Society.
!
20. 1) increased resources
- high bandwidth of sensory information
vision - 12 MB/s
touch - 1 MB/s
hearing, smell & taste - 1 MB/s
Nørretranders, T. (1999). The user illusion: cutting consciousness
down to size. Penguin, London, UK.
21. 1) increased resources
- high bandwidth of sensory information
Nørretranders, T. (1999). The user illusion: cutting consciousness
down to size. Penguin, London, UK.
36. red = 255
green = 0
blue = 0
10
red = 255
green = 231 red = 255
blue = 0 green = 177 red = 255
blue = 0 green = 68 red = 255
blue = 0 green = 205
blue = 0
0
1 3 7 2
red = 255
green = 255
blue = 0
37. red = 255
green = 0
blue = 0
10
red = 255
green = 231 red = 255
blue = 0 green = 177 red = 255
blue = 0 green = 68 red = 255
blue = 0 green = 205
blue = 0
0
1 3 7 2
the colour element
44. size1d one dimensional sizing of objects (think bar graphs).
size2d two dimensional sizing of objects. (including bubble charts and pie charts,
which rely on area)
size3d three dimensional sizing of objects.
position1d 1 meaningful axis. Data represented by position on a line, circle or
other shape, from one point (often representing 0) to another. Can be nominal
(no particularly significant order numerically, but could be alpabetical); ordinal
(list from highest to lowest for example); interval (position represents numerical
value) or ratio (like interval, but with a 0 value meaning nothing, eg. not
temperature in celcius)
position2d information represented using 2 axes, like a scatter plot, line
graph or points on a map
position3d unusual, and clumsy to represent on paper/screen.
textposition1d where the position of text has significance.
textposition2d
textposition3d
typesize
fontweight use of text that appears bolder or italicised.
scale when objects are represented to scale
orientation
count
shape (including pictograms and logotypes)
symbol assumed convention, such as an arrow for direction
grouping grouping elements, for example using an outline or enclosure.
highlighting use of border etc to highlight element/elements. (static highlighting)
linking physical joining of elements using a line, etc.
45. Presenting Your Evidence
PhD thesis
http://sites.pcmd.ac.uk/infographics/thesis.php
Chapter 4.1 - Design Elements
46. Presenting Your Evidence
• Data visualisation at the European Centre
• Visual Representation
• Design and production methods
50. Title Gender Ages Sites Features Outcomes Design
M F 500mg N=22
Able Baker et al. 2010 N=50
M F Control N=28
Dogg's Hamlet 2009 M F N=150
Echo Bazaar 2006 M F ? N=25
56. Presenting Your Evidence
In Summary:
Simple graph tools are suitable for simple data.
Online tools (like Gapminder) and specialist software
(like GOfER, Tableau, Many Eyes) are available for more
complex data.
Bespoke presentations (possibly made by information
design professionals) will be needed for the most
challenging data. Contact through Information Design
Association / International Institute for Information
Design.
