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PMR Science
                       Seminar
                            by Miss Wong Sook Yen




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FORM 1 Science
1) Introduction to Science
2) Cell as a Unit of Life
3) Matter
4) The Variety of Resources on Earth
5) The Air around Us
6) Sources of Energy
7) Heat




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FORM 2 Science
1) The World through Our Senses
2) Nutrition
3) Biodiversity
4) Interdependence among Living Organisms
   and the Environment
5) Water and Solution
6) Air Pressure
7) Dynamics
8) Support and Movement
9) Stability
10)Simple Machines




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FORM 3 Science
1) Respiration
2) Blood Circulation and Transport
3) Excretion
4) Reproduction
5) Growth
6) Land and Its Resouces
7) Electricity
8) Generation of Electricity
9) Stars and Galaxies
10)Space Exploration



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Form 1
                            Chapter 1
      Introduction to Science
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Chapter 1.1
Science is Part of Everyday Life




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1.2 A Science Laboratory
a)   Safety and Precaution rules
b)   Identify apparatus
c)   Functions of apparatus
d)   Bunsen burner
e)   Hazard warning symbols




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Safety and Precaution Rules




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Laboratory Apparatus
                         Make sure you are
                      able to identify
                      different apparatus
                      and give their
                      functions

                         Know the
                      differences between
                      measuring cylinder,
                      pipette and burette

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Using a Bunsen Burner




         Parts of a Bunsen Burner
         Types of flame
         Comparison between luminous
       and non-luminous flame
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Hazards Warning Symbols

                          Identify different
                        hazard symbols

                          Give examples for
                        each types of hazard
                        symbols




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1.3 The Steps in
Scientific Investigation
           1) Identifying
            the problem


            2) Forming a
             hypothesis


           3) Planning an
            experiment
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1.3 The Steps in
Scientific Investigation
            4) Controlling
             the variable


            5) Collecting
                data


             6) Analyzing
                 data
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1.3 The Steps in
Scientific Investigation
     7) Interpreting
          data


        8) Making a
         conclusion


       9) Writing a
          report
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1.3 The Steps in
Scientific Investigation
   Pendulum experiment




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1.4 Physical Quantities
             and Their Units




                  SI unit for
                temperature is Kelvin,
                not Celcius
                 Know related
                measuring tools
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1.5 The Use of
     Measuring Tools
a)   Measuring length
b)   Measuring diameter
c)   Measuring area
d)   Measuring volume
e)   Measuring temperature



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Measuring lengths
                                           Length of a curve
Correct eye position to
avoid parallax error




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Measuring diameter




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Measuring Area




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Measuring volume



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Measuring volume of
 an irregular solid




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1.6 Weight and Mass
             Differences between
                 weight and mass




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Form 1
                            Chapter 2
           Cells as a Unit of Life
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2.1 What is a Cell?

a) Parts of a Microscope
b) Using a Microscope
c) Structure and functions of
   animal cells
   plant cells
d) Comparison between animal
   cells and plant cells

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Parts of a Microscope




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Animal Cell and Plant Cell




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Comparison between
Animal cell and Plant cell




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2.2 Unicellular and
Multicellular Organisms
a) Identify and classify
   Unicellular organisms
   Multicellular organisms




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2.3 Cell Organisation in the
        Human Body
a) Types and functions of
     Epithelial cells
     Nerve cells
     Sperm
     Ovum
     Red blood cells
     White blood cells

b) Organisation of cells
     Cells
     Tissues
     Organs
     Systems
     Organism



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2.3 Cell Organisation in the
        Human Body




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2.3 Cell Organisation in
    the Human Body




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2.3 Human Beings are Complex
        Organisms




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Form 1
                            Chapter 3
                             Matter
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3.1 What is matter?

a) Matter – anything that has
   mass and occupies space.
b) Experiment
     Air occupies space
     Air has mass
     Water occupies space
     Water has mass



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3.2 The States of Matter

a) Matter is made up of
   ________.
b) Three states of matter
c) Comparison between solid, liquid
   and gas




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Three States of Matter




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3.3 The Concept of Density

a) Calculation of density
b) Relationship between buoyancy
   and density




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3.4 Properties of Matter and Their
   Application in Everyday Life
 a) Application of compressed gas
 b) Application of concept of
    density




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Density and Buoyancy




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Form 1
                                  Chapter 4
The Variety of Resources on Earth
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4.1 The Various
     Resources on Earth
Importance of natural resources
   Water
   Air
   Soil
   Minerals
   Fossil fuels
   Living things




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4.2 Elements, Compounds and
          Mixtures
  a) Identify and Recognize
     Elements, Compounds and
     Mixtures
  b) Comparison of Metal and
     Non-metals
  c) Comparison between
     Compounds and Mixtures
  d) Methods of Separation of
     Mixtures Templates
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4.2 Elements, Compounds
       and Mixtures




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4.2 Methods of
     Separation for Mixtures
a)   Evaporation
b)   Magnet
c)   Separating funnel
d)   Filtration
e)   Distillation



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4.3 Appreciating
  the Importance of
  Earth’s Resources
a) Preservation of resources
b) Conservation of resources




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Form 1
                            Chapter 5
                The Air Around Us
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5.1 The Composition of Air

a) Composition of air
b) Composition of inhaled and
   exhaled air
c) Experiment showing the
   percentage of oxygen in air




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5.2 The Properties of
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Comparison between
      Colour and Smell
      Solubility in water
      Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide
      Solubility in alkaline pyrogallol solution
      Test for the presence of gases
      Effect on litmus paper
      Effect on hydrogen carbonate indicator


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5.3 Oxygen is Needed
   for Respiration
a) Understanding of Respiration
b) Properties of Inhaled air and
   exhaled air
c) Experiment
   Showing that oxygen is
     required for respiration
   Showing that carbon dioxide
     is produced during
     respiration
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5.4 Oxygen is Needed
        for Combustion
a)   Conditions of Combustion
b)   Combustion of carbon
c)   Combustion of hydrocarbon
d)   Experiment showing that
     oxygen supports combustion


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5.5 Air Pollution
5.6 The Importance of Keeping
          Air Clean
   a) Examples of air pollutants
   b) Sources and effects of air
      pollutants
   c) Prevention and Control of air
      pollution

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Form 1
                            Chapter 6
                 Sources of Energy
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6.1 The Various Forms and
    Sources of Energy
a) 8 Forms of energy
b) Conversion of energy
c) 8 Sources of energy




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6.1 The Various Forms and
    Sources of Energy




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6.2 Renewable and
 Non-renewable energy
a) Classification of various
   energy sources




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6.3 The Importance of
Conserving Energy Sources
a) Why do we have to conserve
   energy sources
b) Methods to conserve energy
c) Alternative energy




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Form 1
                            Chapter 8
                               Heat
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7.1 Heat as a Form of Energy

 a) Differences between heat and
    temperature
 b) Experiment showing the
    differences between heat and
    temperature




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7.2 The Effects of Heat Flow on
            Matter
 a) Expansion and Contraction of Matter
 b) Experiment of contraction and
    expansion of
     Solid
     Liquid
     Gas
 c) Methods of heat transfer
     Conduction (experiment)
     Convection
     Radiation
 d) Application of heat transfer
 e) Heat Powerpoint Templatesheat insulatorsPage 62
     Free
          conductors and
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7.3 Effect of Heat on Matter

a) Changes of states of matter
b) Comparison between boiling
   and evaporation




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7.4 Application of Expansion
 and Contraction of Matter
 a)   Thermometers
 b)   Bimetallic thermometers
 c)   Rivets
 d)   Wheel axles
 e)   Fire alarms
 f)   Electric irons
 g)   Railway tracks
 h)   Electrical cables
 i)   Pipes
 j)   Metal bridges
 k)   Concrete road surfaces
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7.5 Absorption and
    Radiation of Heat
a) Comparison between good
   and bad heat radiator




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7.6 The Benefits of Heat Flow




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Form 2
                               Chapter 1
The World through Our Senses
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1.1 Sensory Organs
   and their Functions
a) The 5 Senses
     Touch
     Smell
     Taste
     Hearing
     Sight

b) Stimulus to Response Pathway
   Receptors
   Sensory Organs
   Nerves
   Brain/Spinal Cord
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      Effectors                 Page 74
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1.2 The Sense of Touch

          a) Location and
             functions of receptors
          b) Factors affecting
             sensitivity of skin
          c) Braille Reading
             system for the Blinds


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1.3 The Sense of
               Smell
      a) Structures and Functions
         of the Nose
      b) Sensory pathways for
         smell
      c) Explain why a person who
         has a runny nose is
         unable to detect smells
         clearly.
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1.4 The Sense of Taste
a) Structures and Functions of
   the Tongue
b) Sensory Pathways for Taste




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1.5 The Sense of Hearing
a) Structures and Functions
   of the Ear
b) The Hearing mechanism




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1.6 The Sense of Sight

                    a) Structure and
                       Functions of the
                       Eye
                    b) Formation of
                       Image on the
                       retina



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1.6 Formation of Image
     on the Retina




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1.7 Light and Sight
a) Reflection of Light and its Applications
b) Refraction of Light
      Light Rays diagram for refraction of light
      Phenomena of the refraction of light
c) Vision defects and its corrections
      Short-sightedness
      Long-sightedness
d) Limitations of sight
      Blind spot
      Optical illusion

e) Types of vision
      Stereoscopic
      Monocular


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Long-sightedness




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Short-sightedness




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Optical Illusion




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1.8 Sound and Hearing
            a) Experiment showing that
               sound require medium for
               transfer
            b) Materials used as sound
               reflectors and sound
               absorbers
            c) Hearing defects and hearing
               aids
            d) Limitations on hearing – old
               people
            e) Characteristics of
               stereophonic hearing
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1.9 Stimuli and
Responses in Plants
                  a) Tropism - +ve/-ve
                  b)   Phototropism
                           Shoots
                           Roots
                  c)   Hydrotropism
                           Shoots
                           Roots
                  d)   Geotropism
                           Shoots
                           Roots
                  e)   Nastic movement
                  f)   Thigmotropism

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Form 2
                            Chapter 2
                            Nutrition
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2.1 Classes of Food
              a) 7 Classes of Food
                  Examples
                  Roles and Functions
              b) Food tests for the presence
                 of
                  Starch - __________
                  Glucose - _________
                  Proteins - _________
                  Fats - ___________



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2.2 The Importance of
    Balanced Diet
                             a) Factors that
                                determines a
                                balanced diet
                             b) Calorific value of
                                food - Calculations
                             c) Planning a
                                balanced diet
                                meal plan




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2.3 Human Digestive
       System
a) Structures and Functions of
   Digestive Organs
b) Pathway of food movement along
   the alimentary canal
c) Chemical Digestion of
     Carbohydrates – Starch
     Protein
     Fats
d) End Products of Digestion
   Glucose
   Amino acids
   Fatty acids and glycerols
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2.4 Absorption of
      Digested Food
a) Location for food absorption
b) Structural adaptations of villi for
   maximum rate of absorption




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2.5 Reabsorption of Water
     and Defecation
a) Location of food reabsorption
   Types of food being reabsorbed
   Types of remaining food
b) Defecation
c) Constipation – Causes and
   Solutions



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2.6 Healthy Eating Habits
a) Location of food reabsorption
   Types of food being reabsorbed
   Types of remaining food
b) Defecation
c) Constipation – Causes and
   Solutions




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Form 2
                               Chapter 3
                            Biodiversity
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3.1 Biodiversity of Living
       Organisms
 a) Habitats
 b) Classifications of Living Organisms
    Animals
    Plants
 c) Classification of Animals
    Vertebrates
    Invertebrates
 d) Classification of Plants
    Flowering
    Non-flowering
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3.3 The Importance of
  Biodiversity to the
     Environment




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Form 2
                      Chapter 4
    Interdependence among Living
       Organisms and Environment
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4.1 Interdependence among
      Living Organisms
a) Know the relationships between
     Species
     Population
     Community
     Ecosystem
b) Identify living and non-living
   components of an environment
c) Importance of maintaining a
   balanced ecosystem
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4.2 Interaction between
    living organisms
Be able to define and recognize
different types of interactions
between living things
a) Competition
      Inter-species
      Intra-species

b) Symbiosis
      Commensalism
      Mutualism
      Parasitism

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    Prey-predator              Page 103
Symbiosis




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4.3 Food Webs
a) Based on a food web, be able to
   identify
     Producer
     Primary consumers
     Secondary consumers
     Decomposers
b) Converting food web into pyramid
   of numbers
c) Predict the changes in the
   numbers of organisms
d) Energy flow in a food web Page 105
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4.4 Photosynthesis




a) Writing word equation
b) Requirements of photosynthesis
c) Experiment – Test for the
   presence of starch in leaves
d) Importance of photosynthesis
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4.5 Conservation and
Preservation of Organisms
 a) Three R’s – Recycle, Reuse,
    Reduce
 b) Education
 c) Enforcement of Laws




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4.6 Role of Human Beings
in Maintaining the Balance
       of the Nature
 a) Reforestation
 b) Sustainable management of
    natural resources
 c) Three R’s




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Form 2
                            Chapter 5
             Water and Solution
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5.1 Physical Characteristics
         of Water
  a) Freezing and Melting of water
  b) Boiling of water
  c) Effects of impurities on
     Melting and Boling points
     Density
     Conduction of electricity



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5.2 Composition of Water
 a) Water as a compound
    Hydrogen
    Oxygen
 b) Electrolysis of water
   i. Aim
   ii. Experimental set up
   iii. Products of electrolysis at
      Anode
      Cathode
   iv. Ratio of products of electrolysis of
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       water                         Page 114
5.3 Evaporation of water

a) Process of evaporation
b) Factors affecting the rate of
   evaporation of water
   Air humidity
   Surrounding temperature
   Surface area exposed to air
   Movement of air (wind)
c) Applications of evaporation
   Drying
   Food preservations
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5.4 Solution and Solubility
  a) Identify Solute, Solvent and Solution
  b) Comparing dilute, concentrated and
     saturated solutions
  c) Ways to Dissolve undissolved solutes
     in a saturated solution
  d) Experiment - Comparing solution and
     suspension
  e) Factors affecting the solubility of a
     solute
  f) Functions of various organic solvents
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Solute + Solvent >> Solution




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5.5 Acid and Alkali
a) Identify acids and alkalis
b) Characteristics of acids and
   alkalis
c) Application of acids and alkalis
d) Neutralisation
   Mixing solutions of different pH to
      get neutral solution
   Changes in colour of acid-base
      indicator
   Write chemical equation
   Determine the end-point of Page 118
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5.6 Water Purification
a) Natural sources of water
b) Compare and contrast Methods
   of water purification
     Filtration
     Boiling
     Chlorination
     Distillation



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5.7 Water Supply System

a) Water purification/treatment
     Screening
     Coagulation
     Sedimentation
     Filtration
     Chlorination
     Storage
     Distribution
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5.8 Preservation of Water
         Quality
 a) Sources and effects of water
    pollutants
      Industrial
      Domestic
      Agricultural
      Siltation
      Oil spills
 b) Controlling water pollution
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Form 2
                                 Chapter 6




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                            Air Pressure
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6.1 Air Pressure
a) Formation of air pressure
b) Experiment showing that air
   exerts pressure
c) Factors affecting air pressure
   Volume
   Temperature
d) Experiment showing the
   increase/decrease in air pressure
   when volume/ temperature
   change Templates
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6.2 Application of the
Principle of Air Pressure
a) Identify location of high pressure
   and low pressure in
     Syringe
     Rubber hook
     Bicycle pump
     Plunger
     Pipette/rubber dropper
     Drinking straw – with/without holes
     Siphon
     Spray pump/aerosol can

b) Storing Gas under High Pressure
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Form 2
                             Chapter 7

                            Dynamics

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7.1 Force
              a) Definition of force
              b) Types of forces
                      Frictional
                      Gravitational
                      Electrostatic
                      Magnetic

              c) Effects of forces
                      Shape
                      Motion
                      Direction


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7.2 Measurement of Force
  a) SI unit of force – Newton (N)
  b) Conversion of Mass to Newton
  c) Measuring device – Spring
     balance
  d) Experiment measuring the
     magnitude of force




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7.3 Application of Frictional Force

                  a) Existence of Frictional
                       force in daily activities
                  b) Characteristics of
                       Frictional force
                  c) Advantages/
                       Disadvantages of
                       friction
                  d) Ways to
                       increase/decrease
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7.4 Application of Work




a)   Definition of work done
b)   Identify work done
c)   SI unit of work done
d)   Calculation of work done
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7.5 Application of Power
      a) Definition of power
      b) SI unit of power
      c) Calculation of power




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7.6 Importance of Force in
           Life




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Form 2
                               Chapter 8

                            Support and
                              Movement




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8.1 Support Systems in
       Animals
a) Characteristics of 3 types of support
   systems
b) Classification of
     Endoskeleton
     Exoskeleton
     Hydrostatic skeleton
c) Recognize various parts of the Human
   Skeletal System
d) Compare and contrast support system of
   terrestial and aquatic animals
e) Compare and contrast exoskeleton and
   hydrostatic skeleton of invertebrates
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8.2 Support Systems in Plants
    a) Characteristics of support system of
       terrestrial plants
    b) Classification of support system of
       terrestrial plants
         Woody
         Herbaceous
    c) Compare and contrast support system of
       woody and herbaceous plants
    d) Characteristics of support system of
       aquatic plants
    e) Compare and contrast support system of
       terrestrial and aquatic plants
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    f) Special adaptations              Page 139
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8.3 Appreciating the
Support System in Living
       Organisms




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Form 2
                            Chapter 9
                            Stability
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9.1 Stability
a) Determine the centre of
   gravity/point of equilibrium of an
   object
b) Factors affecting the stability of
   an object
   Base area
   Level of centre of gravity
   Mass



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9.2 Importance of Stability
   a) Ways to improve
      stability of certain
      objects/design
        Increasing base area
        Lowering centre of
         gravity




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Form 2
                            Chapter 10
                   Simple Machines
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10.1 Levers
a) Identify
     Fulcrum
     Load
     Effort

b) Identify 3 types of levers
c) Compare and contrast 3 types of
   levers
d) Ways to overcome larger loads
   using the principle of levers
e) Solving problems related to levers
   using the principles of moments
    Free Powerpoint Templates
                               Page 148
Free Powerpoint Templates
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Free Powerpoint Templates
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Free Powerpoint Templates
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10.2 Appreciating the Innovative
Efforts in the Design of Machines to
            Simplify Work




     Free Powerpoint Templates
                                 Page 152

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PMR Science Seminar

  • 1. PMR Science Seminar by Miss Wong Sook Yen Free Powerpoint Templates Page 1
  • 2. FORM 1 Science 1) Introduction to Science 2) Cell as a Unit of Life 3) Matter 4) The Variety of Resources on Earth 5) The Air around Us 6) Sources of Energy 7) Heat Free Powerpoint Templates Page 2
  • 3. FORM 2 Science 1) The World through Our Senses 2) Nutrition 3) Biodiversity 4) Interdependence among Living Organisms and the Environment 5) Water and Solution 6) Air Pressure 7) Dynamics 8) Support and Movement 9) Stability 10)Simple Machines Free Powerpoint Templates Page 3
  • 4. FORM 3 Science 1) Respiration 2) Blood Circulation and Transport 3) Excretion 4) Reproduction 5) Growth 6) Land and Its Resouces 7) Electricity 8) Generation of Electricity 9) Stars and Galaxies 10)Space Exploration Free Powerpoint Templates Page 4
  • 5. Form 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Free Powerpoint Templates Page 5
  • 6. Chapter 1.1 Science is Part of Everyday Life Free Powerpoint Templates Page 6
  • 7. 1.2 A Science Laboratory a) Safety and Precaution rules b) Identify apparatus c) Functions of apparatus d) Bunsen burner e) Hazard warning symbols Free Powerpoint Templates Page 7
  • 8. Safety and Precaution Rules Free Powerpoint Templates Page 8
  • 9. Laboratory Apparatus Make sure you are able to identify different apparatus and give their functions Know the differences between measuring cylinder, pipette and burette Free Powerpoint Templates Page 9
  • 10. Using a Bunsen Burner Parts of a Bunsen Burner Types of flame Comparison between luminous and non-luminous flame Free Powerpoint Templates Page 10
  • 11. Hazards Warning Symbols Identify different hazard symbols Give examples for each types of hazard symbols Free Powerpoint Templates Page 11
  • 12. 1.3 The Steps in Scientific Investigation 1) Identifying the problem 2) Forming a hypothesis 3) Planning an experiment Free Powerpoint Templates Page 12
  • 13. 1.3 The Steps in Scientific Investigation 4) Controlling the variable 5) Collecting data 6) Analyzing data Free Powerpoint Templates Page 13
  • 14. 1.3 The Steps in Scientific Investigation 7) Interpreting data 8) Making a conclusion 9) Writing a report Free Powerpoint Templates Page 14
  • 15. 1.3 The Steps in Scientific Investigation Pendulum experiment Free Powerpoint Templates Page 15
  • 16. 1.4 Physical Quantities and Their Units SI unit for temperature is Kelvin, not Celcius Know related measuring tools Free Powerpoint Templates Page 16
  • 17. 1.5 The Use of Measuring Tools a) Measuring length b) Measuring diameter c) Measuring area d) Measuring volume e) Measuring temperature Free Powerpoint Templates Page 17
  • 18. Measuring lengths Length of a curve Correct eye position to avoid parallax error Free Powerpoint Templates Page 18
  • 19. Measuring diameter Free Powerpoint Templates Page 19
  • 20. Measuring Area Free Powerpoint Templates Page 20
  • 21. Measuring volume Free Powerpoint Templates Page 21
  • 22. Measuring volume of an irregular solid Free Powerpoint Templates Page 22
  • 23. 1.6 Weight and Mass Differences between weight and mass Free Powerpoint Templates Page 23
  • 24. Form 1 Chapter 2 Cells as a Unit of Life Free Powerpoint Templates Page 24
  • 25. 2.1 What is a Cell? a) Parts of a Microscope b) Using a Microscope c) Structure and functions of  animal cells  plant cells d) Comparison between animal cells and plant cells Free Powerpoint Templates Page 25
  • 26. Parts of a Microscope Free Powerpoint Templates Page 26
  • 27. Animal Cell and Plant Cell Free Powerpoint Templates Page 27
  • 28. Comparison between Animal cell and Plant cell Free Powerpoint Templates Page 28
  • 29. 2.2 Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms a) Identify and classify  Unicellular organisms  Multicellular organisms Free Powerpoint Templates Page 29
  • 30. 2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body a) Types and functions of  Epithelial cells  Nerve cells  Sperm  Ovum  Red blood cells  White blood cells b) Organisation of cells  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems  Organism Free Powerpoint Templates Page 30
  • 31. 2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body Free Powerpoint Templates Page 31
  • 32. 2.3 Cell Organisation in the Human Body Free Powerpoint Templates Page 32
  • 33. 2.3 Human Beings are Complex Organisms Free Powerpoint Templates Page 33
  • 34. Form 1 Chapter 3 Matter Free Powerpoint Templates Page 34
  • 35. 3.1 What is matter? a) Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space. b) Experiment  Air occupies space  Air has mass  Water occupies space  Water has mass Free Powerpoint Templates Page 35
  • 36. 3.2 The States of Matter a) Matter is made up of ________. b) Three states of matter c) Comparison between solid, liquid and gas Free Powerpoint Templates Page 36
  • 37. Three States of Matter Free Powerpoint Templates Page 37
  • 38. 3.3 The Concept of Density a) Calculation of density b) Relationship between buoyancy and density Free Powerpoint Templates Page 38
  • 39. 3.4 Properties of Matter and Their Application in Everyday Life a) Application of compressed gas b) Application of concept of density Free Powerpoint Templates Page 39
  • 40. Density and Buoyancy Free Powerpoint Templates Page 40
  • 41. Form 1 Chapter 4 The Variety of Resources on Earth Free Powerpoint Templates Page 41
  • 42. 4.1 The Various Resources on Earth Importance of natural resources  Water  Air  Soil  Minerals  Fossil fuels  Living things Free Powerpoint Templates Page 42
  • 44. 4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures a) Identify and Recognize Elements, Compounds and Mixtures b) Comparison of Metal and Non-metals c) Comparison between Compounds and Mixtures d) Methods of Separation of Mixtures Templates Free Powerpoint Page 44
  • 45. 4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Free Powerpoint Templates Page 45
  • 46. 4.2 Methods of Separation for Mixtures a) Evaporation b) Magnet c) Separating funnel d) Filtration e) Distillation Free Powerpoint Templates Page 46
  • 47. 4.3 Appreciating the Importance of Earth’s Resources a) Preservation of resources b) Conservation of resources Free Powerpoint Templates Page 47
  • 48. Form 1 Chapter 5 The Air Around Us Free Powerpoint Templates Page 48
  • 49. 5.1 The Composition of Air a) Composition of air b) Composition of inhaled and exhaled air c) Experiment showing the percentage of oxygen in air Free Powerpoint Templates Page 49
  • 50. 5.2 The Properties of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Comparison between  Colour and Smell  Solubility in water  Reaction with Sodium Hydroxide  Solubility in alkaline pyrogallol solution  Test for the presence of gases  Effect on litmus paper  Effect on hydrogen carbonate indicator Free Powerpoint Templates Page 50
  • 51. 5.3 Oxygen is Needed for Respiration a) Understanding of Respiration b) Properties of Inhaled air and exhaled air c) Experiment  Showing that oxygen is required for respiration  Showing that carbon dioxide is produced during respiration Free Powerpoint Templates Page 51
  • 52. 5.4 Oxygen is Needed for Combustion a) Conditions of Combustion b) Combustion of carbon c) Combustion of hydrocarbon d) Experiment showing that oxygen supports combustion Free Powerpoint Templates Page 52
  • 53. 5.5 Air Pollution 5.6 The Importance of Keeping Air Clean a) Examples of air pollutants b) Sources and effects of air pollutants c) Prevention and Control of air pollution Free Powerpoint Templates Page 53
  • 54. Form 1 Chapter 6 Sources of Energy Free Powerpoint Templates Page 54
  • 55. 6.1 The Various Forms and Sources of Energy a) 8 Forms of energy b) Conversion of energy c) 8 Sources of energy Free Powerpoint Templates Page 55
  • 57. 6.1 The Various Forms and Sources of Energy Free Powerpoint Templates Page 57
  • 58. 6.2 Renewable and Non-renewable energy a) Classification of various energy sources Free Powerpoint Templates Page 58
  • 59. 6.3 The Importance of Conserving Energy Sources a) Why do we have to conserve energy sources b) Methods to conserve energy c) Alternative energy Free Powerpoint Templates Page 59
  • 60. Form 1 Chapter 8 Heat Free Powerpoint Templates Page 60
  • 61. 7.1 Heat as a Form of Energy a) Differences between heat and temperature b) Experiment showing the differences between heat and temperature Free Powerpoint Templates Page 61
  • 62. 7.2 The Effects of Heat Flow on Matter a) Expansion and Contraction of Matter b) Experiment of contraction and expansion of  Solid  Liquid  Gas c) Methods of heat transfer  Conduction (experiment)  Convection  Radiation d) Application of heat transfer e) Heat Powerpoint Templatesheat insulatorsPage 62 Free conductors and
  • 66. 7.3 Effect of Heat on Matter a) Changes of states of matter b) Comparison between boiling and evaporation Free Powerpoint Templates Page 66
  • 68. 7.4 Application of Expansion and Contraction of Matter a) Thermometers b) Bimetallic thermometers c) Rivets d) Wheel axles e) Fire alarms f) Electric irons g) Railway tracks h) Electrical cables i) Pipes j) Metal bridges k) Concrete road surfaces Free Powerpoint Templates Page 68
  • 71. 7.5 Absorption and Radiation of Heat a) Comparison between good and bad heat radiator Free Powerpoint Templates Page 71
  • 72. 7.6 The Benefits of Heat Flow Free Powerpoint Templates Page 72
  • 73. Form 2 Chapter 1 The World through Our Senses Free Powerpoint Templates Page 73
  • 74. 1.1 Sensory Organs and their Functions a) The 5 Senses  Touch  Smell  Taste  Hearing  Sight b) Stimulus to Response Pathway  Receptors  Sensory Organs  Nerves  Brain/Spinal Cord  Free Powerpoint Templates Effectors Page 74
  • 76. 1.2 The Sense of Touch a) Location and functions of receptors b) Factors affecting sensitivity of skin c) Braille Reading system for the Blinds Free Powerpoint Templates Page 76
  • 77. 1.3 The Sense of Smell a) Structures and Functions of the Nose b) Sensory pathways for smell c) Explain why a person who has a runny nose is unable to detect smells clearly. Free Powerpoint Templates Page 77
  • 78. 1.4 The Sense of Taste a) Structures and Functions of the Tongue b) Sensory Pathways for Taste Free Powerpoint Templates Page 78
  • 79. 1.5 The Sense of Hearing a) Structures and Functions of the Ear b) The Hearing mechanism Free Powerpoint Templates Page 79
  • 80. 1.6 The Sense of Sight a) Structure and Functions of the Eye b) Formation of Image on the retina Free Powerpoint Templates Page 80
  • 81. 1.6 Formation of Image on the Retina Free Powerpoint Templates Page 81
  • 82. 1.7 Light and Sight a) Reflection of Light and its Applications b) Refraction of Light  Light Rays diagram for refraction of light  Phenomena of the refraction of light c) Vision defects and its corrections  Short-sightedness  Long-sightedness d) Limitations of sight  Blind spot  Optical illusion e) Types of vision  Stereoscopic  Monocular Free Powerpoint Templates Page 82
  • 83. Long-sightedness Free Powerpoint Templates Page 83
  • 84. Short-sightedness Free Powerpoint Templates Page 84
  • 85. Optical Illusion Free Powerpoint Templates Page 85
  • 87. 1.8 Sound and Hearing a) Experiment showing that sound require medium for transfer b) Materials used as sound reflectors and sound absorbers c) Hearing defects and hearing aids d) Limitations on hearing – old people e) Characteristics of stereophonic hearing Free Powerpoint Templates Page 87
  • 89. 1.9 Stimuli and Responses in Plants a) Tropism - +ve/-ve b) Phototropism  Shoots  Roots c) Hydrotropism  Shoots  Roots d) Geotropism  Shoots  Roots e) Nastic movement f) Thigmotropism Free Powerpoint Templates Page 89
  • 91. Form 2 Chapter 2 Nutrition Free Powerpoint Templates Page 91
  • 92. 2.1 Classes of Food a) 7 Classes of Food  Examples  Roles and Functions b) Food tests for the presence of  Starch - __________  Glucose - _________  Proteins - _________  Fats - ___________ Free Powerpoint Templates Page 92
  • 93. 2.2 The Importance of Balanced Diet a) Factors that determines a balanced diet b) Calorific value of food - Calculations c) Planning a balanced diet meal plan Free Powerpoint Templates Page 93
  • 94. 2.3 Human Digestive System a) Structures and Functions of Digestive Organs b) Pathway of food movement along the alimentary canal c) Chemical Digestion of  Carbohydrates – Starch  Protein  Fats d) End Products of Digestion  Glucose  Amino acids  Fatty acids and glycerols Free Powerpoint Templates Page 94
  • 95. 2.4 Absorption of Digested Food a) Location for food absorption b) Structural adaptations of villi for maximum rate of absorption Free Powerpoint Templates Page 95
  • 96. 2.5 Reabsorption of Water and Defecation a) Location of food reabsorption  Types of food being reabsorbed  Types of remaining food b) Defecation c) Constipation – Causes and Solutions Free Powerpoint Templates Page 96
  • 97. 2.6 Healthy Eating Habits a) Location of food reabsorption  Types of food being reabsorbed  Types of remaining food b) Defecation c) Constipation – Causes and Solutions Free Powerpoint Templates Page 97
  • 98. Form 2 Chapter 3 Biodiversity Free Powerpoint Templates Page 98
  • 99. 3.1 Biodiversity of Living Organisms a) Habitats b) Classifications of Living Organisms  Animals  Plants c) Classification of Animals  Vertebrates  Invertebrates d) Classification of Plants  Flowering  Non-flowering Free Powerpoint Templates Page 99
  • 100. 3.3 The Importance of Biodiversity to the Environment Free Powerpoint Templates Page 100
  • 101. Form 2 Chapter 4 Interdependence among Living Organisms and Environment Free Powerpoint Templates Page 101
  • 102. 4.1 Interdependence among Living Organisms a) Know the relationships between  Species  Population  Community  Ecosystem b) Identify living and non-living components of an environment c) Importance of maintaining a balanced ecosystem Free Powerpoint Templates Page 102
  • 103. 4.2 Interaction between living organisms Be able to define and recognize different types of interactions between living things a) Competition  Inter-species  Intra-species b) Symbiosis  Commensalism  Mutualism  Parasitism c) Free Powerpoint Templates Prey-predator Page 103
  • 105. 4.3 Food Webs a) Based on a food web, be able to identify  Producer  Primary consumers  Secondary consumers  Decomposers b) Converting food web into pyramid of numbers c) Predict the changes in the numbers of organisms d) Energy flow in a food web Page 105 Free Powerpoint Templates
  • 108. 4.4 Photosynthesis a) Writing word equation b) Requirements of photosynthesis c) Experiment – Test for the presence of starch in leaves d) Importance of photosynthesis Free Powerpoint Templates Page 108
  • 110. 4.5 Conservation and Preservation of Organisms a) Three R’s – Recycle, Reuse, Reduce b) Education c) Enforcement of Laws Free Powerpoint Templates Page 110
  • 111. 4.6 Role of Human Beings in Maintaining the Balance of the Nature a) Reforestation b) Sustainable management of natural resources c) Three R’s Free Powerpoint Templates Page 111
  • 112. Form 2 Chapter 5 Water and Solution Free Powerpoint Templates Page 112
  • 113. 5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water a) Freezing and Melting of water b) Boiling of water c) Effects of impurities on  Melting and Boling points  Density  Conduction of electricity Free Powerpoint Templates Page 113
  • 114. 5.2 Composition of Water a) Water as a compound  Hydrogen  Oxygen b) Electrolysis of water i. Aim ii. Experimental set up iii. Products of electrolysis at  Anode  Cathode iv. Ratio of products of electrolysis of Free Powerpoint Templates water Page 114
  • 115. 5.3 Evaporation of water a) Process of evaporation b) Factors affecting the rate of evaporation of water  Air humidity  Surrounding temperature  Surface area exposed to air  Movement of air (wind) c) Applications of evaporation  Drying  Food preservations Free Powerpoint Templates Page 115
  • 116. 5.4 Solution and Solubility a) Identify Solute, Solvent and Solution b) Comparing dilute, concentrated and saturated solutions c) Ways to Dissolve undissolved solutes in a saturated solution d) Experiment - Comparing solution and suspension e) Factors affecting the solubility of a solute f) Functions of various organic solvents Free Powerpoint Templates Page 116
  • 117. Solute + Solvent >> Solution Free Powerpoint Templates Page 117
  • 118. 5.5 Acid and Alkali a) Identify acids and alkalis b) Characteristics of acids and alkalis c) Application of acids and alkalis d) Neutralisation  Mixing solutions of different pH to get neutral solution  Changes in colour of acid-base indicator  Write chemical equation  Determine the end-point of Page 118 Free Powerpoint Templates
  • 120. 5.6 Water Purification a) Natural sources of water b) Compare and contrast Methods of water purification  Filtration  Boiling  Chlorination  Distillation Free Powerpoint Templates Page 120
  • 121. 5.7 Water Supply System a) Water purification/treatment  Screening  Coagulation  Sedimentation  Filtration  Chlorination  Storage  Distribution Free Powerpoint Templates Page 121
  • 122. 5.8 Preservation of Water Quality a) Sources and effects of water pollutants  Industrial  Domestic  Agricultural  Siltation  Oil spills b) Controlling water pollution Free Powerpoint Templates Page 122
  • 123. Form 2 Chapter 6 Free Powerpoint Templates Air Pressure Page 123
  • 124. 6.1 Air Pressure a) Formation of air pressure b) Experiment showing that air exerts pressure c) Factors affecting air pressure  Volume  Temperature d) Experiment showing the increase/decrease in air pressure when volume/ temperature change Templates Free Powerpoint Page 124
  • 126. 6.2 Application of the Principle of Air Pressure a) Identify location of high pressure and low pressure in  Syringe  Rubber hook  Bicycle pump  Plunger  Pipette/rubber dropper  Drinking straw – with/without holes  Siphon  Spray pump/aerosol can b) Storing Gas under High Pressure Free Powerpoint Templates Page 126
  • 128. Form 2 Chapter 7 Dynamics Free Powerpoint Templates Page 128
  • 129. 7.1 Force a) Definition of force b) Types of forces  Frictional  Gravitational  Electrostatic  Magnetic c) Effects of forces  Shape  Motion  Direction Free Powerpoint Templates Page 129
  • 130. 7.2 Measurement of Force a) SI unit of force – Newton (N) b) Conversion of Mass to Newton c) Measuring device – Spring balance d) Experiment measuring the magnitude of force Free Powerpoint Templates Page 130
  • 131. 7.3 Application of Frictional Force a) Existence of Frictional force in daily activities b) Characteristics of Frictional force c) Advantages/ Disadvantages of friction d) Ways to increase/decrease Free Powerpoint Templates Page 131
  • 132. 7.4 Application of Work a) Definition of work done b) Identify work done c) SI unit of work done d) Calculation of work done Free Powerpoint Templates Page 132
  • 133. 7.5 Application of Power a) Definition of power b) SI unit of power c) Calculation of power Free Powerpoint Templates Page 133
  • 134. 7.6 Importance of Force in Life Free Powerpoint Templates Page 134
  • 135. Form 2 Chapter 8 Support and Movement Free Powerpoint Templates Page 135
  • 136. 8.1 Support Systems in Animals a) Characteristics of 3 types of support systems b) Classification of  Endoskeleton  Exoskeleton  Hydrostatic skeleton c) Recognize various parts of the Human Skeletal System d) Compare and contrast support system of terrestial and aquatic animals e) Compare and contrast exoskeleton and hydrostatic skeleton of invertebrates Free Powerpoint Templates Page 136
  • 139. 8.2 Support Systems in Plants a) Characteristics of support system of terrestrial plants b) Classification of support system of terrestrial plants  Woody  Herbaceous c) Compare and contrast support system of woody and herbaceous plants d) Characteristics of support system of aquatic plants e) Compare and contrast support system of terrestrial and aquatic plants Free Powerpoint Templates f) Special adaptations Page 139
  • 141. 8.3 Appreciating the Support System in Living Organisms Free Powerpoint Templates Page 141
  • 142. Form 2 Chapter 9 Stability Free Powerpoint Templates Page 142
  • 143. 9.1 Stability a) Determine the centre of gravity/point of equilibrium of an object b) Factors affecting the stability of an object  Base area  Level of centre of gravity  Mass Free Powerpoint Templates Page 143
  • 146. 9.2 Importance of Stability a) Ways to improve stability of certain objects/design  Increasing base area  Lowering centre of gravity Free Powerpoint Templates Page 146
  • 147. Form 2 Chapter 10 Simple Machines Free Powerpoint Templates Page 147
  • 148. 10.1 Levers a) Identify  Fulcrum  Load  Effort b) Identify 3 types of levers c) Compare and contrast 3 types of levers d) Ways to overcome larger loads using the principle of levers e) Solving problems related to levers using the principles of moments Free Powerpoint Templates Page 148
  • 152. 10.2 Appreciating the Innovative Efforts in the Design of Machines to Simplify Work Free Powerpoint Templates Page 152