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World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
The Power of Collaborative Innovation
Davos, Switzerland 23-27 January
COMMITTED TO
                                                     IMPROVING THE STATE
                                                        OF THE WORLD




The views expressed in this publication do
not necessarily reflect those of the World
Economic Forum.


World Economic Forum
91-93 route de la Capite
CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva
Switzerland
Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212
Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744
E-mail: contact@weforum.org
www.weforum.org

© 2008 World Economic Forum
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, including
photocopying and recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system.

                                      REF: 150208
Contents


Page 3
Preface


Page 4
Executive Summary


Page 10
Economics and Finance: Addressing Economic Insecurity


Page 14
Geopolitics: Aligning Interests Across Divides


Page 18
Business: Competing While Collaborating


Page 22
Science and Technology: Exploring Nature’s New Frontiers


Page 24
Values and Society: Understanding Future Shifts


Page 26
The WorkSpace


Page 28
Acknowledgements

                                                 1 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
2 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Preface

                                                         “The Davos Man and Woman are aware of all
                                                         the challenges and, in a pragmatic way, they do
                                                         what they can to mitigate the risks and address
                                                         the challenges. They also see the opportunities
                                                         in the world. But if we don’t address the
                                                         challenges, even the greatest opportunities will
                                                         not be enough to guarantee the future of
                                                         humankind.”

                                                         Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum




Participants in the World Economic Forum Annual          The power of collaborative innovation was a most
Meeting 2008 convened in Davos at a time of great        apt theme for a second crucial reason. It served to
anxiety in the world. The turmoil in the financial       underline the need for new and imaginative ways to
markets and the continuing conflict in the Middle        mitigate global risks and the importance of
East were naturally of immediate concern.                achieving tangible results or value. While some may
Mounting awareness of the epochal challenge of           criticize us for our continued optimism amidst
climate change and the looming threat of global          gloom, we must never discard our positive attitude
terrorism, two issues that were addressed in the         for irrational pessimism.
opening plenary session, heightened our shared
sense of urgency.                                        We should be neither paralyzed by despair nor
                                                         casual in our concern.
In such times of stress and disquiet, we truly
understand the value of the Davos Spirit of              This is a time for sincere pragmatism and a new
inclusiveness, openness and commitment to                brand of collaborative leadership to address the
improving the state of the world. The Annual             many priorities on the global agenda. We look
Meeting theme – The Power of Collaborative               forward to continuing our collaboration with
Innovation – was a fitting focus for two reasons.        Members and Partners at our regional meetings
First, it highlighted that a multistakeholder approach   and through the many Forum initiatives and
is critical for any authentic and viable solutions to    industry activities this year.
global problems. The World Economic Forum has
underscored that, since the first Davos meeting 38       Klaus Schwab
years ago, government, business and civil society        Founder and Executive Chairman
must engage each other to find effective
approaches to the most pressing issues. This year,
we placed particular emphasis on corporate global
citizenship, the principle that companies must be
involved in addressing the major challenges we
face today, aligning their engagement in society
with their business goals. This commitment is at
the core of what the Forum stands for.




                                                                  3 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
The Power of Collaborative Innovation
Executive Summary




“In spite of the economic crisis, can we                         Collaborative innovation is far from the norm in
                                                                 international affairs, not least because the
look beyond that and view Davos as a
                                                                 structures of global governance have not evolved
collection of minds to address issues                            for nearly three generations. Nation states, even
that can be addressed? My hope is that                           those working closely together, will not be able to
we are here not only with a can-do                               address future global challenges if business and
                                                                 civil society are not engaged at the outset. In the
spirit, but with a must-do spirit.”
                                                                 current context, the World Economic Forum
                                                                 provides a unique platform for multiple stakeholders
                                                                 to address a range of global, regional and industry
Indra K. Nooyi, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo,
                                                                 issues. Fostering collaborative innovation becomes
USA
                                                                 all the more critical in a time of heightened
Participants in the World Economic Forum Annual                  uncertainty.
Meeting 2008 focused on the tools for addressing
the many challenges emerging as a result of the
                                                                 “Globalization is forcing changes in how
shifting power equations in the world. The Power of
                                                                 people collaborate in a fundamental
Collaborative Innovation is arguably the last remedy
to the stresses of intense globalization that have               way. You need stronger and stronger
been evident in financial market volatility, widening
                                                                 collaborative political leadership. If we
income disparities, and in conflict zones around the
                                                                 are interconnected and the world is
world. As former British Prime Minister Tony Blair
                                                                 interconnected, the only way for the
observed in the closing plenary session:
“Globalization is forcing changes in how people                  world to work is to have a set of
collaborate in a fundamental way.” Blair added: “If
                                                                 common values. We have no option but
we are interconnected and the world is
                                                                 to work together.”
interconnected, the only way for the world to work
is to have a set of common values. We have no
option but to work together.”                                    Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997-2007);
                                                                 Member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum




4 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Among the outcomes of the Annual Meeting:

• Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda unveiled
  a five-year, US$ 10 billion fund to support efforts
  in developing countries to combat global
  warming – a move to ensure that top priority is
  given to climate change at this year’s G8 Summit
  in Hokkaido. In addition, Japan aims to create a
  new multilateral fund with the US and the United
  Kingdom to mitigate changes in the earth’s
  climate as a result of global warming.
                                                         “I am optimistic about the future. The
• The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced
                                                         question is if the economic growth of
  a US$ 306 million package of agricultural
                                                         India and China will slow down if the
  development grants “designed to boost the
                                                         global economy slows. I don’t think the
  yields and incomes of millions of small farmers in
  Africa and other parts of the developing world so      impact on China will be very big.”
  they can lift themselves and their families out of
  hunger and poverty”.                                   Wang Jianzhou, Chairman and Chief Executive, China Mobile
                                                         Communications Corporation, People’s Republic of China
• The World Economic Forum, Forum Member
  companies and the United Nations launched
  initiatives to facilitate broader and deeper private
  sector support of humanitarian relief operations.
  Among the programmes established: Agility, TNT
  and UPS, three leading logistics and transport         • The World Economic Forum launched a landmark
  companies, are joining forces to help the                report on the interfaith dialogue between Muslim
  humanitarian sector with emergency response to           and Western societies. Islam and the West:
  large-scale natural disasters.                           Annual Report on the State of Dialogue was the
                                                           result of in-depth research and polling in more
                                                           than 40 countries. The report is intended to be
                                                           an annual global reference on the state of
                                                           dialogue among faiths that will increase interfaith
                                                           communication and strengthen efforts to deepen
                                                           understanding.

                                                         • The World Economic Forum released the first
                                                           part of the most comprehensive investigation into
                                                           private equity: The Globalization of Alternative
                                                           Investments Working Papers Volume 1: The
                                                           Global Economic Impact of Private Equity Report
                                                           2008. The study focuses on the demography of
                                                           global private equity deals, the willingness of
“There is no time to lose in addressing                    private equity-backed firms to make long-term
                                                           investments globally, and the impact of private
climate change. We have a readily
                                                           equity investments on the employment levels of
available means of taking action
                                                           firms in the US and corporate governance in the
without waiting for the agreement on a                     United Kingdom.
post-Kyoto framework. It goes without
                                                         • The Forum’s Global Education Initiative (GEI)
saying that aiming at the most efficient
                                                           designated Rwanda as the launch country for a
use of energy is now an obligation
                                                           pilot programme of the initiative. In partnership
upon humanity.”                                            with the Education For All Fast Track Initiative
                                                           (FTI) under the banner of the Global Education
Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan
                                                           Alliance (GEA), the Forum will provide the
                                                           platform to combine the strengths of the private
                                                           sector and foundations to achieve education for
                                                           all in low-income countries.




                                                                  5 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
• Mayors, regional governors and the private sector       • The Forum conducted an innovative outreach
  launched the World Economic Forum’s SlimCity              exercise with the online video website YouTube,
  Initiative, an exchange programme between cities          asking people from around the world to answer
  and companies to support action on resource               “The Davos Question” – What one thing do you
  efficiency in urban areas, focusing on energy,            think that countries, companies or individuals
  water, waste, mobility, planning, health and              must do to make the world a better place in
  climate change.                                           2008? More than 2 million people took part, and
                                                            business, government and civil society leaders
• British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Microsoft            from the Annual Meeting posted replies. Among
  Chairman Bill Gates, Irish musician Bono, H.M.            those submitting video responses: President
  Queen Rania Al Abdullah of the Hashemite                  Shimon Peres of Israel, President Abdoulaye
  Kingdom of Jordan, United Nations Secretary-              Wade of Senegal, President Hamid Karzai of
  General Ban Ki-moon, World Economic Forum                 Afghanistan, former US Secretary of State Henry
  Founder and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab,              A. Kissinger and Irish musician Bono. The
  Nigerian President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, and               resulting global conversation may be viewed at
  Cisco Chairman and Chief Executive Officer John           www.youtube.com/Davos
  T. Chambers issued a joint statement vowing to
  make 2008 a turning point in the fight against          • Fourteen global CEOs and company chairmen
  poverty. The world is facing a “development               representing a range of industries and regions
  emergency”, they said, pledging to “work                  issued a call to their peers to join collaborative
  together to help the world get back on track to           efforts to strengthen public governance
  meet the Millennium Development Goals.”                   frameworks and institutions as a core element of
                                                            their approach to corporate citizenship.
“This is not a great year in the US for
far-sighted and imaginative economic                      The Annual Meeting agenda was organized under
policies. We need to activate world                       five sub-themes – Economics and Finance:
                                                          Addressing Economic Insecurity; Geopolitics:
trade talks and strengthen the global
                                                          Aligning Interests Across Divides; Business:
international system.”
                                                          Competing While Collaborating; Science and
                                                          Technology: Exploring Nature’s New Frontiers; and
                                                          Values and Society: Understanding Future Shifts.
Henry A. Kissinger, Chairman, Kissinger Associates, USA




6 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Reaches Millions with the Davos Conversation
Ahead of the Annual Meeting, the World Economic Forum               In Davos, the Forum set up a special Davos Conversation
created the first-ever global video conversation between            corner where all participants were encouraged to reply to
the general public and the world leaders who were                   these videos uploaded by the YouTube users, or to simply
participating in Davos. By the last day of the Meeting, the         answer the Davos Question. Over 110 participants, including
Forum reached a worldwide audience of over 7 million with           President Shimon Peres of Israel, President Abdoulaye Wade
the Davos Question on YouTube.                                      of Senegal, President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, musician
                                                                    Bono and actress Emma Thompson along with numerous
In the run-up to the Annual Meeting the Forum had asked             business leaders used the special video corner to record
the Davos Question: “What one thing do you think countries,         their messages. Watch the best responses here:
companies or individuals must do to make the world a better         http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=749732FFD312CA7F.
place in 2008?” Nearly 300 people, including some of the
Forum’s Members, sent in personal video replies. The best           “The Davos Question and the Davos Conversation video
were shown during the opening and other selected plenary            corner were the embodiment of our Annual Meeting theme:
sessions at the Annual Meeting 2008. The topics most often          ‘The Power of Collaborative Innovation’,” said Klaus Schwab,
included development, economics, education, environment,            Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic
climate change, energy, water, governance, human rights,            Forum. The Forum is currently planning to continue the video
values and technology innovations. You can check out the            conversation with YouTube at some of its regional meetings.
best replies on the following website:
http://www.youtube.com/profile_favorites?user=thedavosquestion




Economics and Finance: Addressing                                Geopolitics: Aligning Interests Across Divides
Economic Insecurity
                                                                 Collaborative innovation is the framework to
The unfolding financial crisis should be viewed as a             address major global challenges linked to the
chapter in a much larger, more profound story – the              intensification of globalization.
rebalancing of global wealth away from the West
and toward the emerging economies of Asia and                    • The legacy institutions of global governance are
the Middle East.                                                   not capable of tackling the many interconnected
                                                                   and complex challenges of a multipolar world.
• The shift of economic power from West to East is               • Collaboration among nation states is not
  an epochal transformation that is taking place                   sufficient to address pressing global problems.
  faster than anticipated.                                         The participation of business and civil society is
• The challenge to policy-makers and                               needed.
  businesspeople is how to address the more                      • Climate change is an immediate test of whether a
  dangerous side effects of global growth such as                  new brand of collaborative and pragmatic
  widening income disparities, inflation and                       leadership can lead to real and lasting results.
  environmental degradation.                                     • The world is in transition. The US is too strong to
• The decoupling of global growth from the US                      stand on the sidelines, but too weak to go it
  economy is premature, but there is a new                         alone. The state is no longer the most important
  dynamic with the rapid growth of China and other                 point of reference for many populations.
  emerging economies shortening and softening                    • There are global challenges that simply require
  the US downturn.                                                 greater collaboration such as the Doha Round of
• Charting a more equitable and sustainable                        Trade negotiations and the Middle East peace
  course for global growth will require long-term                  process. And there are those that will require
  investments in human capital, education, health                  greater innovation to solve such as rapidly ageing
  and environmental protection.                                    societies, urbanization and food security. But the
• Greater coordination of macroeconomic policy,                    most pressing challenges for humankind, such as
  beyond just the G8, is needed given the limits of                climate change, terrorism and non-proliferation
  traditional monetary and fiscal policy in a global               will require both collaboration and innovation.
  economy.

                                                                         7 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Business: Competing While Collaborating                 Science and Technology: Exploring Nature’s
                                                        New Frontiers
To survive and prosper in the rapidly evolving global
marketplace, companies must win the war for             Science and technology are progressing so fast
talent and innovate rapidly but also, where             that advances are challenging our assumptions
appropriate, collaborate - even with the                about the human experience. While death remains
competition.                                            inevitable, when and how it happens is now less of
                                                        a mystery.
• As worldwide markets reward swift and agile
  companies, mobile technology has become a             • Deeper understanding of the essence of our
  powerful tool for empowering consumers and              individuality, DNA, may help us to be more in
  connecting customers and clients with product           control of our health and lifespan. Meanwhile, the
  and service providers.                                  finality of paralysis is being challenged by
• In addition to shifts in technology, the global         developments in neurotechnology and
  business climate continues to be profoundly             regenerative medicine. In addition, advances in
  affected by shifts in power from developed              genetics are providing new weapons against
  economies to emerging markets including Brazil,         cancer.
  Russia, India and China, which are spawning           • These developments are changing the rules of
  multinational companies of their own that are           the labour force, the calculus of healthcare and
  effectively competing against established               our concepts of age, equality and privacy.
  corporations from the West.                           • Highly bespoke diagnosis and treatment is
• Globalization is decentralizing power, while            challenging the traditional assumption that each
  demographic differentials are heightening the           person needs, and is entitled to, a common slate
  fight for talent.                                       of medical procedures. However, patients and
• Web collaboration is distributive; open source          doctors fear that people with a genetic
  results in robustness but not innovation. How to        disposition to disease will face discrimination and
  innovate is less complicated than discovering           that employers or insurers might reject them.
  what to innovate.                                     • While science may decrease our mortality, the
• The practice of corporate global citizenship is         total cost of healthcare will rise.
  crucial for a company to succeed in this context.     • Businesses are fundamentally altering the way in
                                                          which they conduct research. They are
                                                          increasingly relying on collaborative research
                                                          rather than large-scale integrated research that
                                                          invents a new technology from top to bottom.


8 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Values and Society: Understanding Future                The Forum would like to thank the distinguished
Shifts                                                  Co-Chairs of the Annual Meeting 2008, who led
                                                        many sessions and provided valuable insights and
Globalization’s impact on cultures, societies and       wisdom. They were:
values must be the subject of deeper, more              Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
qualitative analysis. Increasing interconnectedness     (1997-2007); Member of the Foundation Board of
has not always led to secularization or                 the World Economic Forum
homogenization. Often, in fact, it has exacerbated      James Dimon, Chairman and Chief Executive
divisions.                                              Officer, JPMorgan Chase & Co., USA
                                                        K. V. Kamath, Managing Director and Chief
• The growth of economic opportunity as a result        Executive Officer, ICICI Bank, India
  of globalization must be combined with a sense        Henry A. Kissinger, Chairman, Kissinger
  of values centred on the notions of justice and       Associates, USA
  freedom to ensure its sustainability over the long    Indra K. Nooyi, Chairman and Chief Executive
  run.                                                  Officer, PepsiCo, USA
• Burgeoning urban populations place enormous           David J. O’Reilly, Chairman and Chief Executive
  strains on existing infrastructure, particularly in   Officer, Chevron, USA
  Asia and Latin America. Urbanization must be          Wang Jianzhou, Chairman and Chief Executive,
  made sustainable.                                     China Mobile Communications Corporation,
• While consuming less is a difficult message in        People’s Republic of China
  much of the world, developing market
  consumers have the economic motivation to “get
  more for less” which promotes demand for
  energy-efficient products.
• It is not necessarily faith that brings people into
  conflict but rather politics and the pursuit of
  economic and military power, as well as the
  manipulation of ideology, whether religious or
  secular.
• To foster cross-cultural understanding, public and
  private learning institutions must work to promote
  empathy. The Internet can play a critical role in
  education to bridge divides.



                                                               9 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Economics and Finance:
Addressing Economic Insecurity




“If everyone tries to consume the way
America has consumed, the world is not                            US Mortgage-backed Securities
                                                                                                                                                                          Value erosion
viable.”
                                                                  US sub-prime mortgage-backed securities prices, by rating*




                                                                                                                               100

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      AAA
Joseph E. Stiglitz, University Professor, Columbia University,                                                                                                                                                Banks
                                                                                                                                                                                                            annouce
USA                                                                                                                             80                                                                      write-downs

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Fed Funds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          cut 25 bp


It might be tempting to lay the blame for the                                                                                   60
                                                                                                                                                          Largest
                                                                                                                                                       sub-prime
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         A
unfolding financial crisis at the feet of bankers like                                                                                            lender declares
                                                                                                                                                                     Two bulge-bracket
                                                                                                                                                      bankruptcy
                                                                                                                                                                     hedge funds reach
                                                                                                                                                                     creditor settlement
Jérôme Kerviel, the young trader whose                                                                                          40

                                                                                                                                                                                           Central banks         Bank
misadventures have allegedly cost Société                                                                                                                                                     coordinate        run on
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      BBB-
                                                                                                                                                                                            first liquidity   Northern
                                                                                                                                                                                                 injection
                                                                                                                                20                                                                               Rock
Générale US$ 7.3 billion, to castigate the supposed                                                                                                                                                                            SWF’s begin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   bail out
greed of investment banks or to demonize the                                                                                                                                                              Fed Funds              of banks
                                                                                                                                                                                                           cut 50 bp
                                                                                                                                 0
derivatives at the heart of the turmoil. But what                                                                                     Jan   Feb       Mar      Apr    May       Jun         Jul       Aug        Sep     Oct      Nov         Dec
                                                                                                                                     2007

became clear during discussions at this year’s                    * ABX series 06-2. The ABX are credit default swaps based on sub-prime mortgage securities.
                                                                  Source: Thomson Financial; press accounts

Annual Meeting was that the sub-prime crisis roiling
global financial markets is but a dramatic and
costly chapter in a much larger, more profound                   It may not seem like it to those watching their
story - the rebalancing of global wealth away from               portfolios plummet, but this trend is not all bad
the developed economies of the West towards the                  news. The rising prosperity of the East is lifting
emerging economies of Asia and the Middle East.                  millions out of poverty and is even spreading to the
                                                                 poorest corners of Africa. The challenge to policy-
“When this is over we will wake up and realize that              makers and businesspeople as the crisis subsides
the issue is that the transformation of wealth and               will be how to alleviate the more dangerous side
information and industrial activity is taking place at           effects of global economic growth – rising inequities
a pace none of us has ever experienced,” said                    within nations and a worsening global environment.
Michael S. Klein, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive                Climate change has underscored the limits of
Officer of Markets and Banking at Citi. Or as                    development: without dramatic advances in
Kishore Mahbubani, Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew                      resource efficiency and reductions in emissions,
School of Public Policy, put it: “We are entering a              universal prosperity is environmental suicide. “If
completely new era of world history – the end of                 everyone tries to consume the way America has
Western domination. In the Industrial Revolution                 consumed, the world is not viable,” said Nobel
there was a rapid increase in living standards of                Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz.
50% in one lifetime. In Asia today in one lifetime
you will see an increase of 10,000%.”

10 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Results of the World Economic Brainstorming
                           The Greatest Threat to Global Growth

                      1. Recession in the United States                                                                                                                              15.90%

                         2. Greater Income Inequalities                                            2.20%

              3. Rise in Energy and Commodity Prices                                                                      5.70%

                        4. Severe Global Credit Crunch                                                                                                    11.00%

                   5. Mismanagement of Current Crisis                                                                                                                                        18.10%


                6. Broad-based Collapse of Confidence                                                                                                                                  16.70%

                               7. Rise of Protectionism                                                           4.40%


           8. Overreaction to the Threat of Recession                                                                              7.50%

                                                                                                                                                                                                  18.50%
        9. Lack of Coordinated Response/Leadership




One of the most remarkable features of the current        obligations, or CDOs, that allowed lenders to sell
crisis is how widely it was predicted. “A year ago        their risks on to investors searching for yields, the
we said there was an underpricing of risk,” recalled      quest for which fuelled a boom in lending to home
European Central Bank President Jean-Claude               buyers with poor, or sub-prime, credit.
Trichet. Indeed, participants at last year’s meeting
warned of a bubble in the US housing market and           CDOs were repeatedly repackaged and resold to
of a worrying proliferation of complex credit             investors paying with borrowed funds, creating a
derivatives.                                              mountain of leverage that is now collapsing. What
                                                          was a liquidity bubble has instead become a
Underlying the flood of money into mortgage-              liquidity crunch as holders of CDOs search in vain
backed securities was a tsunami of global capital,        for anyone willing to buy or lend. “It’s not mistrust
fuelled by growing Asian export earnings that has         that other institutions will go bankrupt,” said Walter
helped finance America’s swelling debt and kept           B. Kielholz, Chairman of the Board of Directors at
global interest rates and inflation low.                  Credit Suisse, “It’s mistrust that if I lend to them
                                                          they may not lend to me, so I’ll keep my money.
This so-called liquidity bubble was good for              And that was something that I in my career had
emerging economies, providing them with cheap             never seen before.”
capital to pay off their debts and finance
development and trade. The boom in global growth
                                                          Equity Market Volatility
and investment has surpassed the resource
                                                                                                           Crash of 1987 stands out as the most volatile S&P500 event over the past 55 years
industry’s ability to supply it, sending prices for                                               0.023

commodities soaring. Record prices for oil, metals                                                                                                                            1987 Crash
                                                                                                  0.021
                                                          S&P 500 volatility (12 month std dev)




and food have been a boon to nations that export                                                  0.019
                                                                                                                                                                                                       Gulf war 2
them.                                                                                             0.017
                                                                                                                                                                                                      9/11
                                                                                                                                                                                           Dot-com
                                                                                                                                                        Oil crisis 1
                                                                                                  0.015
                                                                                                                                                                                       Asian crisis
                                                                                                  0.013
Booming markets and easy money also put                                                                                      Cuban                                     Falklands
                                                                                                                             Missile
                                                                                                                                                                                     Gulf war 1
                                                                                                                                                               Oil crisis 2
                                                                                                                              Crisis
                                                                                                  0.011
pressure on financial managers to take greater                                                                                                                                                                 Sub-prime
                                                                                                                  Suez                        Vietnam
                                                                                                  0.009
risks, and borrow more money, in search of higher                                                                                                                                                    Average
                                                                                                  0.007
returns. “If you are in a risk business, one of the                                               0.005
easiest ways to grow is to leverage up,” observed                                                 0.003
                                                                                                          1951


                                                                                                                   1956


                                                                                                                            1961


                                                                                                                                       1966


                                                                                                                                                 1971


                                                                                                                                                              1976


                                                                                                                                                                       1981


                                                                                                                                                                              1986


                                                                                                                                                                                      1991


                                                                                                                                                                                              1996


                                                                                                                                                                                                        2001


                                                                                                                                                                                                                2006




James Dimon, Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co. The industry
                                                           Source: World Economic Forum
responded with innovative collateralized debt



                                                                                                                 11 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
predict a US recession, which could lead to a
                                                         sharp slowdown in demand for raw materials and
                                                         manufactured exports and with it slower global
                                                         growth. If that happens, countries and regions with
                                                         stronger fiscal positions, like China, East Asia and
                                                         Latin America are likely to be able to cushion
                                                         themselves better than those with heavy overseas
                                                         debt, like Eastern Europe.

                                                         But a sharp debate took place between those who
                                                         say the world still depends on US demand and
                                                         those who believe that the emerging markets’
“We are entering a completely new era
                                                         boom has produced enough momentum that,
of world history – the end of Western
                                                         combined with Europe and Japan, the world is less
domination. In the Industrial Revolution                 reliant on the US. “When the US catches a cold,
there was a rapid increase in living                     maybe the rest of the world catches a sniffle, but
                                                         certainly not pneumonia,” noted C. Fred Bergsten,
standards of 50% in one lifetime. In
                                                         Director of the Peterson Institute for International
Asia today in one lifetime you will see
                                                         Economics. On the contrary, Bergsten argued that
an increase of 10,000%.”                                 the world may experience its first episode of
                                                         “reverse coupling” in which reasonably rapid growth
Kishore Mahbubani, Dean, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public
                                                         in China and other economies softens and shortens
Policy, Singapore
                                                         the US downturn.
Predictably, the sub-prime debacle has sparked
calls for regulatory reform, in particular the           Perhaps the best indication of the changing
harmonization of regulations internationally to          balance of economic power, though, is the list of
prevent banks from “regulatory arbitrage”.               who has been bailing out the big banks wounded
“Regulation is fragmented,” said Malcolm Knight,         by the sub-prime fiasco. Swollen with revenues
General Manager and Chief Executive Officer at the       from oil, electronics and public savings, sovereign
Bank for International Settlements. “There has to        wealth funds have become the latest global
be more conformity in the way these regulations          financial force, sparking concern that they may
are implemented across jurisdictions.”                   have more than profits in mind as they buy up
                                                         strategic assets in developed countries.
The US Federal Reserve and other central banks
are also under scrutiny. Some argue that their           Largest Sovereign Wealth Funds
efforts to pump liquidity into money markets and
                                                                                                                                                               Over US$ 2 trillion held by the largest SWFs
lower rates to stave off recession are critical to
                                                                                        $700
keep the global financial system working. Others                                         600

say such moves only reward investors for their
                                                         Assets, 2007 (US$, billions)




                                                                                         500

excesses and encourage continued American                                                400

profligacy. “The Fed’s attitude is that they are here                                    300


to clean up after bubbles burst, not prevent them                                        200


from happening in the first place,” said Stephen S.                                      100

                                                                                           0
Roach, Chairman for Asia at Morgan Stanley. “This
                                                                                               UAE (Abu Dhabi)-ADIA

                                                                                                                      Norway

                                                                                                                               Singapore-GIC

                                                                                                                                               Kuwait

                                                                                                                                                        China-CIC

                                                                                                                                                                    Russia

                                                                                                                                                                             Singapore-Temasek

                                                                                                                                                                                                 Qatar

                                                                                                                                                                                                         US (Alaska)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Brunei

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                S. Korea

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Malaysia

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Venezuela-NDF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Canada (Alberta)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Taiwan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Kazakhstan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Chile

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       UAE (Dubai)-Istithmar

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               UAE (Dubai)-DIC

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Oman




is a dangerous and irresponsible and reckless way
to run the world’s largest economy.”

Now there are concerns that the sub-prime
                                                         Source: Standard Chartered (2007)
mortgage crisis will spread to other credit markets
– areas dependent on cash-strapped US
consumers such as auto loans, as well as markets         Bankers point out that sovereign wealth funds have
for other exotic credit derivatives.                     been ideal investors, taking only small stakes and
                                                         serving as silent, long-term investors. Moreover,
The billions in losses suffered by banks and other       their investments help ensure that some of the
investors could go so far as to reduce credit            money spent on oil and electronics finds its way
available to corporations to invest. The real            back to the US. Nonetheless, scepticism has
question, however, is what impact falling housing        emerged about whether the funds’ owners –
prices will have on US consumers and the global          particularly those that are non-democratic
economy. While policy-makers extolled the                governments – would refrain from interfering if their
resilience of the US economy, many economists            national interests were at stake.




12 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Sovereign Wealth Funds: A New Development
The rising importance of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)       • There is virtually no difference between going to a
                                                               SWF for investment capital and going to a state
received much attention at the World Economic Forum
                                                               pension fund in the US.
Annual Meeting 2008, fuelling concern about their
potential political influence. Many agreed that the          • If high oil prices continue to channel surplus funds
growing financial clout of SWFs – government-                  into the coffers of the major exporting countries,
controlled funds estimated at US$ 2.5 trillion in assets –     sovereign investments could reach US$ 15 trillion
should be welcomed, not opposed, by global policy-             within the next five years. This growth will inevitably
                                                               make SWFs major players in the global capital
makers because:
                                                               markets.
• SWFs represent a valuable pool of stable, long-term
  capital, and have reduced, rather than increased,                    “So far as we can see, these investments
  capital market volatility.
                                                                       have been made on commercial, not
• SWFs not only contribute to domestic economic                        political grounds. We welcome that type
  stability but to the stability of the global economy as
                                                                       of investment, whether it is from an SWF
  well.
                                                                       or anyone else.”

                                                                       Robert M. Kimmitt, US Deputy Secretary of the Treasury.



                                                              of corporate investment and development are not
                                                              adequate. “The world is getting better, but it’s not
                                                              getting better fast enough, and it’s not getting
                                                              better for everyone. We have to find a way to make
                                                              the aspects of capitalism that serve wealthier
                                                              people serve poorer people as well,” said William
                                                              H. Gates III, Chairman of Microsoft Corporation. “If
                                                              we’re going to find a sustainable way to help those
                                                              who can’t pay, we have to use self-interest and
                                                              caring – capitalism and philanthropy – to direct
                                                              attention to people who have been left behind.”
“When this is over we will wake up and
realize that the issue is that the                                 Top Sovereign Wealth Funds
transformation of wealth and                                                                                         Perceived levels of transparency and investment approaches vary
                                                                                     Strategic




information and industrial activity is                                                                                      UAE (Dubai)-DIC
                                                                                                                                                                               Malaysia
taking place at a pace none of us has                                                                                      UAE (Dubai)-Istithmar
                                                                                                                Qatar
                                                               Investment approach




                                                                                                                                                                        Singapore-Temasek
                                                                                                                           China
ever experienced.”
                                                                                                                                               Libya               Singapore-GIC

Michael S. Klein, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer,                                                                                                  S Korea
                                                                                                            UAE (Abu Dhabi)-ADIA
Markets and Banking, Citi, USA                                                                            Brunei
                                                                                                          Oman
                                                                                     Conventional




                                                                                                              Kuwait
                                                                                                                                Algeria                                                               Norway
                                                                                                          Taiwan
                                                                                                                                                                                       US (Alaska)
                                                                                                          Venezuela-NDF
                                                                                                                                               Kazakhstan
Ultimately, however, the wealth of exporters alone                                                                                                                                      Chile
                                                                                                                                                                                   Canada (Alberta)
                                                                                                                                                   Russia

will not solve the enduring problems confronting the                                                Low                                         Level of transparency                                   High
                                                                                                    Assets (2007):      Over US$ 500 billion

global economy. Charting a more equitable and                                                                           US$ 250-500 billion
                                                                                                                                                   Commodity fund
                                                                                                                        US$ 100-250 billion
                                                                                                                                                   Non-commodity fund
                                                                                                                        <US$ 100 billion
sustainable course will require long-term
                                                                   Source: Standard Chartered (2007)
investments in human capital, education, health
and environmental protection. Conventional models




                                                                                                          13 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Geopolitics: Aligning Interests Across Divides




“There is not one challenge in the                        “The United Nations is often a bystander on
                                                          geopolitical issues,” said Nandan M. Nilekani,
world today that will get better if we
                                                          Executive Co-Chairman of Indian IT group Infosys
approach it without confidence in the                     Technologies. “The Security Council is still
appeal and effectiveness of our ideals –                  structured with members from 60 years ago. The
political and economic freedom, open                      G8 is still not ready to expand its membership to
                                                          include the new countries. The World Bank is
markets and free and fair trade, human
                                                          finding that its capital flows are dwarfed by private
dignity and human rights, equal                           capital and it’s time to find a new role in this world.
opportunity and the rule of law.”                         The IMF voting patterns are based on 60-year old
                                                          rules. The Doha Round of trade discussions has
Condoleezza Rice, US Secretary of State
                                                          been going on for the last 10 years. When we look
                                                          at every dimension of global coordination we find
                                                          that there is not enough coordination happening
                                                          and things are just falling apart.”
Collaboration is most certainly the best way to
develop effective approaches to these many global         To prevent such a breakdown requires collaborative
risks. But cooperation among nations will be              innovation. In business, “innovation”, strictly
insufficient if the responses involve obsolete tools of   speaking, is the turning of a concept into
diplomacy and statecraft – commissions that report        commercial value. Applying innovation in
but do not act, resolutions and declarations with no      geopolitics is the turning of an idea – a new policy
bite, international protocols that major powers           or approach – into valuable results, or viable
refuse to sign, or multilateral organizations which       solutions. “The power of collaborative innovation,”
key nations can opt out of or undermine with a            said former British Prime Minister Tony Blair in
veto or refusal of funding. The global governance         advance of the Annual Meeting, “is the answer to
institutions that exist today are legacies of the post-   all the big global challenges we are facing.”
World War age and the cold war era. They are not
equipped to tackle the challenges of a multipolar         The linkages among issues means that any
world, are simply too weak, or are hobbled by the         effective approach to a problem will require action
burden of lowest denominator consensus.                   across several fronts and by many actors including
                                                          business, civil society and citizens. Nobel Peace




14 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
“Water is today’s issue; it is the oil of                      It was in the series of sessions on water,
                                                               particularly the WorkSpace session, that the urgent
this century.”
                                                               need for collaborative and innovative approaches
                                                               was most evident. Ignorance of the many problems
Andrew N. Liveris, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Dow
Chemical Company, USA                                          associated with water supply in the world and
                                                               inaction are already having severe consequences –
                                                               conflict, malnutrition, displacement, disease and
                                                               death. “Water is today’s issue; it is the oil of this
Prize laureate Al Gore and Irish musician Bono                 century,” warned Andrew N. Liveris, Chairman and
made this point as they underscored the                        Chief Executive Officer of Dow Chemical Company.
connection between climate change and poverty.                 Added UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon: “Too
Gore argued that individual actions to conserve                often where we need water we find guns instead.”
energy were not enough to deal with the climate
crisis. “They’re important and making changes of
                                                                Per Capita Water Consumption Worldwide
those sorts can build a political consensus,” he
explained. “But, in addition to changing the light                                                       Per capita water consumption rising in both developed and developing countries

bulbs, it is far more important to change the laws                                                 60

and the treaty obligations that nations have.”
                                                                                                   50
                                                                Cubic metres per person per year




Many government leaders at the Annual Meeting                                                      40

including Blair stressed that the Israeli-Palestinian
                                                                                                   30
conflict and the stability of the Middle East is not
simply a matter for politicians and diplomats. It                                                  20


impinges on the rest of the world because of its                                                   10
motivational link to global terrorism and its impact                                                                    1995     2025                             1995     2025

on energy markets. The international business                                                       0
                                                                                                                    Developed countries                        Deveoping countries
community obviously needs to support the peace
                                                                Source: IFPRI and IWMI, quot;Global Water Outlook to 2025: Averting an Impending Crisisquot; (2002)
process for it to succeed.




                                                                                                        15 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
But is the new brand of leadership – the kind that is      At the Annual Meeting, geopolitical collaborative
focused on finding collaborative and innovative            innovation was very much on display in the ASEAN
solutions – for real? To be sure, we have seen the         session, with three heads of government, six
application of collaborative innovation in the past.       ministers and the organization’s secretary-general
The creation of the UN peacekeeping forces, the            on the Congress Hall stage. It was a bold
establishment of the International Criminal Court,         statement by 10 disparate countries that, while
the conclusion of landmark conventions such as             they may have different cultures, traditions and
the Law of the Sea and the global banning of               histories, and while they may have even fought
landmines were collaborative innovations in their          each other on the battlefield, they share a common
time. Today, it is critical to apply collaborative         future. Indeed, they must – and not just because by
innovation to even bigger geopolitical challenges.         joining forces in an ever-closer union they become
                                                           a more powerful market or a more attractive
Two immediate tests of whether this concept is             destination for foreign direct investment, but
more than a Davos ideal are the challenges of              because only by banding together can they fully
concluding a post-Kyoto international framework            and effectively address the multiple risks that
for mitigating global warming and resolving the            threaten the future of their people.
Israeli-Palestinian conflict by the end of this year. It
is far from clear that these two goals can be              And it is not just nation states that have to sit at the
achieved. What is clear is that nations are                table. In session after session, the message of
beginning to understand that business as usual is          inclusiveness was clear: business and civil society
simply unacceptable. “Globalization is forcing             must join with government. The only way for the
changes in how people collaborate in a                     ideal of collaborative innovation to be a reality – as
fundamental way,” said Blair. “You need stronger           it must be – is for the international community to
and stronger collaborative political leadership.” The      set common values to underpin a globalization that
“good news” is this, he concluded: “If we are              is fair and just.
interconnected and the world is interconnected, the
only way for the world to work is to have a set of         A group photo in Davos said more than any of the
common values. We have no option but to work               statements the assembled public figures gave in
together.”                                                 support of the renewed push by the United Nations




16 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Securing Water for the Future
Water emerged as one of the dominant themes at the World              The resource is often wasted because it has no economic
Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008. No individual, firm or            value, despite being the most precious and scarce resource
nation can escape the consequences of water scarcity.                 of all, said Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman and Chief
                                                                      Executive Officer, Nestlé, Switzerland. “If we allow market
“The challenge of securing safe and plentiful water for all is        forces to play a role in how to define the value of water, we
one of the most daunting challenges faced by the world                could take a big step forward.”
today,” said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. He told
leaders in Davos that water stress poses a risk to economic           Efforts to extract more and alternative energy sources such
growth, human rights, health, safety and national security,           as shale oil or biofuels only speed the depletion through their
and that water shortages can lead to conflict, such as in             own requirements for water. But, it was suggested that
Darfur and other parts of the world.                                  market forces could work well under a cap and trade
                                                                      approach similar to those applied to carbon dioxide.
Many participants, however, agreed that the water challenge
could be solved, using collaborative approaches, political will,
market mechanisms and innovative technology like those
which arose in response to global warming.




to achieve the Millennium Development Goals                        Cynics and devotees of zero sum diplomacy may
(MDGs). Together with UN Secretary-General Ban                     dismiss the idea of collaborative innovation as
Ki-moon stood Nigerian President Umaru Musa                        simplistic or naïve. Certainly, the power of this
Yar’Adua, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown,                     approach will be tested in a world where recidivism
H.M. Queen Rania Al Abdullah of Jordan, Microsoft                  lingers. At the Annual Meeting, formidable voices
Chairman and global philanthropist Bill Gates, Irish               spoke of the residual ills of colonialism and took a
musician Bono and Cisco Systems Chairman and                       hard line on the enmities of a bygone age. History,
CEO John T. Chambers. This creative coalition,                     of course, cannot be denied. But if the state of the
they declared, was necessary to reinvigorate the                   world is to improve, then those truly committed to
international community’s flagging campaign. “The                  improving it cannot waste time eschewing the balm
goals look like they’re not going to happen, and the               of forgiveness for the false satisfaction of revenge
G8 commitments made in 2005 look like they will                    and the easy languor of dwelling on past injustice.
not come off,” Bono complained. “This is a                         Instead, to forge ahead, as South Africa did after
scandal.”                                                          the end of apartheid, they should pursue truth and
                                                                   reconciliation – collaborative innovation at its finest.
This unprecedented gathering to rally the
international community was emblematic of the
new geopolitics that globalization has spawned.
The greater interconnectedness of the world has
begotten a host of interconnected problems that
the old nation-state model was never meant to deal
with. Climate change, terrorism, regional conflict
and the rapid spread of infectious diseases are only
some of the modern global challenges that require
multiple approaches and the attention of multiple
actors. As the problems have expanded in scope,
so too have the number of players needed to
tackle them.




                                                                          17 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
Business: Competing While Collaborating




“We’ve been talking about the mobile                          In short, worldwide markets reward swift and agile
                                                              companies, and those that win the race for talent
Internet and mobile stuff for a very long
                                                              and customers must be responsive to both. To be
time. And it’s obvious that with 3 billion                    truly responsive, corporations must be good as well
people and hundreds of millions of very                       as great.
high-end mobile phones, that there’s
                                                              Mobile technology is changing the way businesses
going to be a huge revolution.”
                                                              interface with customers, and the way customers
                                                              interface with one another. In China, home to the
Eric Schmidt, Chairman of the Executive Committee and Chief
Executive Officer, Google, USA                                world’s largest mobile network, this is particularly
                                                              true. “On New Year’s Day, we had about 5 billion
                                                              SMS New Year’s greetings,” said the man who runs
French poet Paul Valéry might have been                       the network, Wang Jianzhou, Chairman and Chief
forecasting for today’s multinational corporation             Executive, China Mobile Communications
when he said that “the trouble of our times is that           Corporation.
the future isn’t what it used to be.” New mobile
communications technology and Internet                        Worldwide, mobile phone owners total 3 billion and
advertising are revolutionizing the way business is           may reach 4 billion in the next four years. “We’ve
done. Economic power is shifting away from the                been talking about the mobile Internet and mobile
West, and corporations in other parts of the world            stuff for a very long time. And it’s obvious that with
are emerging as new champions. To survive and                 3 billion people and ... hundreds of millions of very
prosper in the rapidly evolving global marketplace,           high-end mobile phones, that there’s going to be a
companies must win the war for talent, innovate               huge revolution,” said Eric Schmidt, Chairman of
rapidly, but also, where appropriate, collaborate             the Executive Committee and Chief Executive
effectively. Good corporate citizenship will also             Officer of Google Inc.
attract customers, especially if such citizenship
underpins business models themselves.                         A parallel technological revolution is taking place in
                                                              advertising, with Internet and mobile ads surging




18 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
and traditional television ads waning. The future is      adequate skills training for the future. It must also
particularly bleak for old print advertising, but viral   address the needs of the half of the Indian
marketing continues to grow as a cost-effective           population that survives on less than a dollar a day.
alternative. Research is needed to determine what
types of Internet advertising work best.                  Globalization is decentralizing power, a trend visible
                                                          not just in the shift away from the West, but also in
In addition to shifts in technology, the global           the shift of influence away from CEOs and towards
business climate continues to be profoundly               customers and employees. To survive and prosper,
affected by shifts in the location of power. The          successful multinationals must be ready to
emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India and China       collaborate effectively.
are drawing huge capital investments, and have
spawned innovative multinational corporations that        The world is currently undergoing a demographic
compete on an even footing with established               shift that amounts to an earthquake for business.
companies from the developed world. “We were              With much of the planet experiencing a youth
bold, we were passionate in what we believed, we          bulge, rates of mortality and fertility are falling in the
persevered, we were committed, and underpinning           developed world, with average life expectancy
all of that was a sound business strategy,” said one      projected to reach 100 by the end of the century. In
such new champion, Aditya Mittal, Chief Financial         Europe, talent is increasingly mobile and thus tough
Officer of ArcelorMittal Limited and Young Global         to retain: employees between the ages of 25 and
Leader.                                                   34 spend an average of just 2.9 years in a job. In
                                                          Africa, a surplus of workers is driving immigration to
India in particular holds the potential for               the north.
tremendous growth. Since reorienting from a
command economy to one driven by                          To retain talent, management must demonstrate
entrepreneurship, India has given birth to countless      empathy for its needs and create attractive
innovations, and Indian corporations have scaled          workplaces. Corporate boards must be diverse,
up their research and development budgets                 and CEOs must be able to manage across political
exponentially. However, for India to sustain its          and cultural boundaries. Increasingly this means
growth over the long term, it must make sure that         recruiting leadership from countries outside of
the 550 million of its citizens under age 24 have         Europe and North America.




                                                                 19 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
“There has been a massive shift in
Foreign-born CEOs
                                                                                                                          power to the consumer.”
                                              One-third of FTSE 100 CEOs were born outside of the UK

                                                                                                                          Mark G. Parker, President and Chief Executive Officer, Nike,
                                  35%
                                                                                                                          USA
                                   30
foreign-born, as of 12 Dec 2007
 Percentage of CEOs who are




                                   25


                                   20


                                                                                                                          networks are islands,” said Schmidt, while “an
                                   15


                                                                                                                          open Internet produces more content, more users,
                                   10

                                                                                                                          more revenue, more competition, more choices,
                                    5

                                                                                                                          more growth.”
                                    0
                                        FTSE 100 (UK)      CAC 40 (France)     Xetra Dax (Germany)     Fortune 100 (US)

                                                                                                                          The world’s top 1,250 companies spent 10% more
Source: New York Times; London Chamber of Commerce and Industry; press reports; company websites
                                                                                                                          on research and development in 2006 than they
                                                                                                                          did in 2005; but most innovation now comes
Customers are also enjoying more clout than ever,                                                                         through collaboration with employees, customers
as businesses vie to learn from, and respond to                                                                           and business partners. Still, the growing open
their needs. “There has been a massive shift in                                                                           source community must not mean a total erosion of
power to the consumer,” said Mark G. Parker,                                                                              intellectual property rights. Excessive IP regulation
President and Chief Executive Officer of Nike. “And                                                                       will stifle growth; but forehanded policies that
the other thing that’s changed is the relationship                                                                        nurture future innovation rather than protect past
isn’t just a company like Nike just communicating                                                                         methods will make happy shareholders.
out to a consumer; it’s a dialogue.”
                                                                                                                          Finally, shareholders also respond to prudential
In an economy where a knowledge base is                                                                                   corporate global citizenship, and companies that
increasingly replacing a manufacturing base, and                                                                          succeed must be good as well as great. By
where the Internet is breaking down corporate                                                                             partnering with governments and civil societies and
walls, collaboration also means sharing information.                                                                      working within core competencies, companies can
“We have to fundamentally decide whether you                                                                              greatly benefit societies and improve their bottom
want closed networks or open networks: closed                                                                             lines. One Edelman study of 5,000 consumers in




20 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008

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World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008

  • 1. World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008 The Power of Collaborative Innovation Davos, Switzerland 23-27 January
  • 2. COMMITTED TO IMPROVING THE STATE OF THE WORLD The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org © 2008 World Economic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. REF: 150208
  • 3. Contents Page 3 Preface Page 4 Executive Summary Page 10 Economics and Finance: Addressing Economic Insecurity Page 14 Geopolitics: Aligning Interests Across Divides Page 18 Business: Competing While Collaborating Page 22 Science and Technology: Exploring Nature’s New Frontiers Page 24 Values and Society: Understanding Future Shifts Page 26 The WorkSpace Page 28 Acknowledgements 1 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 4. 2 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 5. Preface “The Davos Man and Woman are aware of all the challenges and, in a pragmatic way, they do what they can to mitigate the risks and address the challenges. They also see the opportunities in the world. But if we don’t address the challenges, even the greatest opportunities will not be enough to guarantee the future of humankind.” Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum Participants in the World Economic Forum Annual The power of collaborative innovation was a most Meeting 2008 convened in Davos at a time of great apt theme for a second crucial reason. It served to anxiety in the world. The turmoil in the financial underline the need for new and imaginative ways to markets and the continuing conflict in the Middle mitigate global risks and the importance of East were naturally of immediate concern. achieving tangible results or value. While some may Mounting awareness of the epochal challenge of criticize us for our continued optimism amidst climate change and the looming threat of global gloom, we must never discard our positive attitude terrorism, two issues that were addressed in the for irrational pessimism. opening plenary session, heightened our shared sense of urgency. We should be neither paralyzed by despair nor casual in our concern. In such times of stress and disquiet, we truly understand the value of the Davos Spirit of This is a time for sincere pragmatism and a new inclusiveness, openness and commitment to brand of collaborative leadership to address the improving the state of the world. The Annual many priorities on the global agenda. We look Meeting theme – The Power of Collaborative forward to continuing our collaboration with Innovation – was a fitting focus for two reasons. Members and Partners at our regional meetings First, it highlighted that a multistakeholder approach and through the many Forum initiatives and is critical for any authentic and viable solutions to industry activities this year. global problems. The World Economic Forum has underscored that, since the first Davos meeting 38 Klaus Schwab years ago, government, business and civil society Founder and Executive Chairman must engage each other to find effective approaches to the most pressing issues. This year, we placed particular emphasis on corporate global citizenship, the principle that companies must be involved in addressing the major challenges we face today, aligning their engagement in society with their business goals. This commitment is at the core of what the Forum stands for. 3 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 6. The Power of Collaborative Innovation Executive Summary “In spite of the economic crisis, can we Collaborative innovation is far from the norm in international affairs, not least because the look beyond that and view Davos as a structures of global governance have not evolved collection of minds to address issues for nearly three generations. Nation states, even that can be addressed? My hope is that those working closely together, will not be able to we are here not only with a can-do address future global challenges if business and civil society are not engaged at the outset. In the spirit, but with a must-do spirit.” current context, the World Economic Forum provides a unique platform for multiple stakeholders to address a range of global, regional and industry Indra K. Nooyi, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo, issues. Fostering collaborative innovation becomes USA all the more critical in a time of heightened Participants in the World Economic Forum Annual uncertainty. Meeting 2008 focused on the tools for addressing the many challenges emerging as a result of the “Globalization is forcing changes in how shifting power equations in the world. The Power of people collaborate in a fundamental Collaborative Innovation is arguably the last remedy to the stresses of intense globalization that have way. You need stronger and stronger been evident in financial market volatility, widening collaborative political leadership. If we income disparities, and in conflict zones around the are interconnected and the world is world. As former British Prime Minister Tony Blair interconnected, the only way for the observed in the closing plenary session: “Globalization is forcing changes in how people world to work is to have a set of collaborate in a fundamental way.” Blair added: “If common values. We have no option but we are interconnected and the world is to work together.” interconnected, the only way for the world to work is to have a set of common values. We have no option but to work together.” Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997-2007); Member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum 4 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 7. Among the outcomes of the Annual Meeting: • Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda unveiled a five-year, US$ 10 billion fund to support efforts in developing countries to combat global warming – a move to ensure that top priority is given to climate change at this year’s G8 Summit in Hokkaido. In addition, Japan aims to create a new multilateral fund with the US and the United Kingdom to mitigate changes in the earth’s climate as a result of global warming. “I am optimistic about the future. The • The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced question is if the economic growth of a US$ 306 million package of agricultural India and China will slow down if the development grants “designed to boost the global economy slows. I don’t think the yields and incomes of millions of small farmers in Africa and other parts of the developing world so impact on China will be very big.” they can lift themselves and their families out of hunger and poverty”. Wang Jianzhou, Chairman and Chief Executive, China Mobile Communications Corporation, People’s Republic of China • The World Economic Forum, Forum Member companies and the United Nations launched initiatives to facilitate broader and deeper private sector support of humanitarian relief operations. Among the programmes established: Agility, TNT and UPS, three leading logistics and transport • The World Economic Forum launched a landmark companies, are joining forces to help the report on the interfaith dialogue between Muslim humanitarian sector with emergency response to and Western societies. Islam and the West: large-scale natural disasters. Annual Report on the State of Dialogue was the result of in-depth research and polling in more than 40 countries. The report is intended to be an annual global reference on the state of dialogue among faiths that will increase interfaith communication and strengthen efforts to deepen understanding. • The World Economic Forum released the first part of the most comprehensive investigation into private equity: The Globalization of Alternative Investments Working Papers Volume 1: The Global Economic Impact of Private Equity Report 2008. The study focuses on the demography of global private equity deals, the willingness of “There is no time to lose in addressing private equity-backed firms to make long-term investments globally, and the impact of private climate change. We have a readily equity investments on the employment levels of available means of taking action firms in the US and corporate governance in the without waiting for the agreement on a United Kingdom. post-Kyoto framework. It goes without • The Forum’s Global Education Initiative (GEI) saying that aiming at the most efficient designated Rwanda as the launch country for a use of energy is now an obligation pilot programme of the initiative. In partnership upon humanity.” with the Education For All Fast Track Initiative (FTI) under the banner of the Global Education Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan Alliance (GEA), the Forum will provide the platform to combine the strengths of the private sector and foundations to achieve education for all in low-income countries. 5 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 8. • Mayors, regional governors and the private sector • The Forum conducted an innovative outreach launched the World Economic Forum’s SlimCity exercise with the online video website YouTube, Initiative, an exchange programme between cities asking people from around the world to answer and companies to support action on resource “The Davos Question” – What one thing do you efficiency in urban areas, focusing on energy, think that countries, companies or individuals water, waste, mobility, planning, health and must do to make the world a better place in climate change. 2008? More than 2 million people took part, and business, government and civil society leaders • British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, Microsoft from the Annual Meeting posted replies. Among Chairman Bill Gates, Irish musician Bono, H.M. those submitting video responses: President Queen Rania Al Abdullah of the Hashemite Shimon Peres of Israel, President Abdoulaye Kingdom of Jordan, United Nations Secretary- Wade of Senegal, President Hamid Karzai of General Ban Ki-moon, World Economic Forum Afghanistan, former US Secretary of State Henry Founder and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab, A. Kissinger and Irish musician Bono. The Nigerian President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, and resulting global conversation may be viewed at Cisco Chairman and Chief Executive Officer John www.youtube.com/Davos T. Chambers issued a joint statement vowing to make 2008 a turning point in the fight against • Fourteen global CEOs and company chairmen poverty. The world is facing a “development representing a range of industries and regions emergency”, they said, pledging to “work issued a call to their peers to join collaborative together to help the world get back on track to efforts to strengthen public governance meet the Millennium Development Goals.” frameworks and institutions as a core element of their approach to corporate citizenship. “This is not a great year in the US for far-sighted and imaginative economic The Annual Meeting agenda was organized under policies. We need to activate world five sub-themes – Economics and Finance: Addressing Economic Insecurity; Geopolitics: trade talks and strengthen the global Aligning Interests Across Divides; Business: international system.” Competing While Collaborating; Science and Technology: Exploring Nature’s New Frontiers; and Values and Society: Understanding Future Shifts. Henry A. Kissinger, Chairman, Kissinger Associates, USA 6 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 9. World Economic Forum Reaches Millions with the Davos Conversation Ahead of the Annual Meeting, the World Economic Forum In Davos, the Forum set up a special Davos Conversation created the first-ever global video conversation between corner where all participants were encouraged to reply to the general public and the world leaders who were these videos uploaded by the YouTube users, or to simply participating in Davos. By the last day of the Meeting, the answer the Davos Question. Over 110 participants, including Forum reached a worldwide audience of over 7 million with President Shimon Peres of Israel, President Abdoulaye Wade the Davos Question on YouTube. of Senegal, President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, musician Bono and actress Emma Thompson along with numerous In the run-up to the Annual Meeting the Forum had asked business leaders used the special video corner to record the Davos Question: “What one thing do you think countries, their messages. Watch the best responses here: companies or individuals must do to make the world a better http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=749732FFD312CA7F. place in 2008?” Nearly 300 people, including some of the Forum’s Members, sent in personal video replies. The best “The Davos Question and the Davos Conversation video were shown during the opening and other selected plenary corner were the embodiment of our Annual Meeting theme: sessions at the Annual Meeting 2008. The topics most often ‘The Power of Collaborative Innovation’,” said Klaus Schwab, included development, economics, education, environment, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic climate change, energy, water, governance, human rights, Forum. The Forum is currently planning to continue the video values and technology innovations. You can check out the conversation with YouTube at some of its regional meetings. best replies on the following website: http://www.youtube.com/profile_favorites?user=thedavosquestion Economics and Finance: Addressing Geopolitics: Aligning Interests Across Divides Economic Insecurity Collaborative innovation is the framework to The unfolding financial crisis should be viewed as a address major global challenges linked to the chapter in a much larger, more profound story – the intensification of globalization. rebalancing of global wealth away from the West and toward the emerging economies of Asia and • The legacy institutions of global governance are the Middle East. not capable of tackling the many interconnected and complex challenges of a multipolar world. • The shift of economic power from West to East is • Collaboration among nation states is not an epochal transformation that is taking place sufficient to address pressing global problems. faster than anticipated. The participation of business and civil society is • The challenge to policy-makers and needed. businesspeople is how to address the more • Climate change is an immediate test of whether a dangerous side effects of global growth such as new brand of collaborative and pragmatic widening income disparities, inflation and leadership can lead to real and lasting results. environmental degradation. • The world is in transition. The US is too strong to • The decoupling of global growth from the US stand on the sidelines, but too weak to go it economy is premature, but there is a new alone. The state is no longer the most important dynamic with the rapid growth of China and other point of reference for many populations. emerging economies shortening and softening • There are global challenges that simply require the US downturn. greater collaboration such as the Doha Round of • Charting a more equitable and sustainable Trade negotiations and the Middle East peace course for global growth will require long-term process. And there are those that will require investments in human capital, education, health greater innovation to solve such as rapidly ageing and environmental protection. societies, urbanization and food security. But the • Greater coordination of macroeconomic policy, most pressing challenges for humankind, such as beyond just the G8, is needed given the limits of climate change, terrorism and non-proliferation traditional monetary and fiscal policy in a global will require both collaboration and innovation. economy. 7 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 10. Business: Competing While Collaborating Science and Technology: Exploring Nature’s New Frontiers To survive and prosper in the rapidly evolving global marketplace, companies must win the war for Science and technology are progressing so fast talent and innovate rapidly but also, where that advances are challenging our assumptions appropriate, collaborate - even with the about the human experience. While death remains competition. inevitable, when and how it happens is now less of a mystery. • As worldwide markets reward swift and agile companies, mobile technology has become a • Deeper understanding of the essence of our powerful tool for empowering consumers and individuality, DNA, may help us to be more in connecting customers and clients with product control of our health and lifespan. Meanwhile, the and service providers. finality of paralysis is being challenged by • In addition to shifts in technology, the global developments in neurotechnology and business climate continues to be profoundly regenerative medicine. In addition, advances in affected by shifts in power from developed genetics are providing new weapons against economies to emerging markets including Brazil, cancer. Russia, India and China, which are spawning • These developments are changing the rules of multinational companies of their own that are the labour force, the calculus of healthcare and effectively competing against established our concepts of age, equality and privacy. corporations from the West. • Highly bespoke diagnosis and treatment is • Globalization is decentralizing power, while challenging the traditional assumption that each demographic differentials are heightening the person needs, and is entitled to, a common slate fight for talent. of medical procedures. However, patients and • Web collaboration is distributive; open source doctors fear that people with a genetic results in robustness but not innovation. How to disposition to disease will face discrimination and innovate is less complicated than discovering that employers or insurers might reject them. what to innovate. • While science may decrease our mortality, the • The practice of corporate global citizenship is total cost of healthcare will rise. crucial for a company to succeed in this context. • Businesses are fundamentally altering the way in which they conduct research. They are increasingly relying on collaborative research rather than large-scale integrated research that invents a new technology from top to bottom. 8 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 11. Values and Society: Understanding Future The Forum would like to thank the distinguished Shifts Co-Chairs of the Annual Meeting 2008, who led many sessions and provided valuable insights and Globalization’s impact on cultures, societies and wisdom. They were: values must be the subject of deeper, more Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom qualitative analysis. Increasing interconnectedness (1997-2007); Member of the Foundation Board of has not always led to secularization or the World Economic Forum homogenization. Often, in fact, it has exacerbated James Dimon, Chairman and Chief Executive divisions. Officer, JPMorgan Chase & Co., USA K. V. Kamath, Managing Director and Chief • The growth of economic opportunity as a result Executive Officer, ICICI Bank, India of globalization must be combined with a sense Henry A. Kissinger, Chairman, Kissinger of values centred on the notions of justice and Associates, USA freedom to ensure its sustainability over the long Indra K. Nooyi, Chairman and Chief Executive run. Officer, PepsiCo, USA • Burgeoning urban populations place enormous David J. O’Reilly, Chairman and Chief Executive strains on existing infrastructure, particularly in Officer, Chevron, USA Asia and Latin America. Urbanization must be Wang Jianzhou, Chairman and Chief Executive, made sustainable. China Mobile Communications Corporation, • While consuming less is a difficult message in People’s Republic of China much of the world, developing market consumers have the economic motivation to “get more for less” which promotes demand for energy-efficient products. • It is not necessarily faith that brings people into conflict but rather politics and the pursuit of economic and military power, as well as the manipulation of ideology, whether religious or secular. • To foster cross-cultural understanding, public and private learning institutions must work to promote empathy. The Internet can play a critical role in education to bridge divides. 9 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 12. Economics and Finance: Addressing Economic Insecurity “If everyone tries to consume the way America has consumed, the world is not US Mortgage-backed Securities Value erosion viable.” US sub-prime mortgage-backed securities prices, by rating* 100 AAA Joseph E. Stiglitz, University Professor, Columbia University, Banks annouce USA 80 write-downs Fed Funds cut 25 bp It might be tempting to lay the blame for the 60 Largest sub-prime A unfolding financial crisis at the feet of bankers like lender declares Two bulge-bracket bankruptcy hedge funds reach creditor settlement Jérôme Kerviel, the young trader whose 40 Central banks Bank misadventures have allegedly cost Société coordinate run on BBB- first liquidity Northern injection 20 Rock Générale US$ 7.3 billion, to castigate the supposed SWF’s begin bail out greed of investment banks or to demonize the Fed Funds of banks cut 50 bp 0 derivatives at the heart of the turmoil. But what Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2007 became clear during discussions at this year’s * ABX series 06-2. The ABX are credit default swaps based on sub-prime mortgage securities. Source: Thomson Financial; press accounts Annual Meeting was that the sub-prime crisis roiling global financial markets is but a dramatic and costly chapter in a much larger, more profound It may not seem like it to those watching their story - the rebalancing of global wealth away from portfolios plummet, but this trend is not all bad the developed economies of the West towards the news. The rising prosperity of the East is lifting emerging economies of Asia and the Middle East. millions out of poverty and is even spreading to the poorest corners of Africa. The challenge to policy- “When this is over we will wake up and realize that makers and businesspeople as the crisis subsides the issue is that the transformation of wealth and will be how to alleviate the more dangerous side information and industrial activity is taking place at effects of global economic growth – rising inequities a pace none of us has ever experienced,” said within nations and a worsening global environment. Michael S. Klein, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Climate change has underscored the limits of Officer of Markets and Banking at Citi. Or as development: without dramatic advances in Kishore Mahbubani, Dean of the Lee Kuan Yew resource efficiency and reductions in emissions, School of Public Policy, put it: “We are entering a universal prosperity is environmental suicide. “If completely new era of world history – the end of everyone tries to consume the way America has Western domination. In the Industrial Revolution consumed, the world is not viable,” said Nobel there was a rapid increase in living standards of Prize-winning economist Joseph E. Stiglitz. 50% in one lifetime. In Asia today in one lifetime you will see an increase of 10,000%.” 10 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 13. Results of the World Economic Brainstorming The Greatest Threat to Global Growth 1. Recession in the United States 15.90% 2. Greater Income Inequalities 2.20% 3. Rise in Energy and Commodity Prices 5.70% 4. Severe Global Credit Crunch 11.00% 5. Mismanagement of Current Crisis 18.10% 6. Broad-based Collapse of Confidence 16.70% 7. Rise of Protectionism 4.40% 8. Overreaction to the Threat of Recession 7.50% 18.50% 9. Lack of Coordinated Response/Leadership One of the most remarkable features of the current obligations, or CDOs, that allowed lenders to sell crisis is how widely it was predicted. “A year ago their risks on to investors searching for yields, the we said there was an underpricing of risk,” recalled quest for which fuelled a boom in lending to home European Central Bank President Jean-Claude buyers with poor, or sub-prime, credit. Trichet. Indeed, participants at last year’s meeting warned of a bubble in the US housing market and CDOs were repeatedly repackaged and resold to of a worrying proliferation of complex credit investors paying with borrowed funds, creating a derivatives. mountain of leverage that is now collapsing. What was a liquidity bubble has instead become a Underlying the flood of money into mortgage- liquidity crunch as holders of CDOs search in vain backed securities was a tsunami of global capital, for anyone willing to buy or lend. “It’s not mistrust fuelled by growing Asian export earnings that has that other institutions will go bankrupt,” said Walter helped finance America’s swelling debt and kept B. Kielholz, Chairman of the Board of Directors at global interest rates and inflation low. Credit Suisse, “It’s mistrust that if I lend to them they may not lend to me, so I’ll keep my money. This so-called liquidity bubble was good for And that was something that I in my career had emerging economies, providing them with cheap never seen before.” capital to pay off their debts and finance development and trade. The boom in global growth Equity Market Volatility and investment has surpassed the resource Crash of 1987 stands out as the most volatile S&P500 event over the past 55 years industry’s ability to supply it, sending prices for 0.023 commodities soaring. Record prices for oil, metals 1987 Crash 0.021 S&P 500 volatility (12 month std dev) and food have been a boon to nations that export 0.019 Gulf war 2 them. 0.017 9/11 Dot-com Oil crisis 1 0.015 Asian crisis 0.013 Booming markets and easy money also put Cuban Falklands Missile Gulf war 1 Oil crisis 2 Crisis 0.011 pressure on financial managers to take greater Sub-prime Suez Vietnam 0.009 risks, and borrow more money, in search of higher Average 0.007 returns. “If you are in a risk business, one of the 0.005 easiest ways to grow is to leverage up,” observed 0.003 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 James Dimon, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of JPMorgan Chase & Co. The industry Source: World Economic Forum responded with innovative collateralized debt 11 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 14. predict a US recession, which could lead to a sharp slowdown in demand for raw materials and manufactured exports and with it slower global growth. If that happens, countries and regions with stronger fiscal positions, like China, East Asia and Latin America are likely to be able to cushion themselves better than those with heavy overseas debt, like Eastern Europe. But a sharp debate took place between those who say the world still depends on US demand and those who believe that the emerging markets’ “We are entering a completely new era boom has produced enough momentum that, of world history – the end of Western combined with Europe and Japan, the world is less domination. In the Industrial Revolution reliant on the US. “When the US catches a cold, there was a rapid increase in living maybe the rest of the world catches a sniffle, but certainly not pneumonia,” noted C. Fred Bergsten, standards of 50% in one lifetime. In Director of the Peterson Institute for International Asia today in one lifetime you will see Economics. On the contrary, Bergsten argued that an increase of 10,000%.” the world may experience its first episode of “reverse coupling” in which reasonably rapid growth Kishore Mahbubani, Dean, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public in China and other economies softens and shortens Policy, Singapore the US downturn. Predictably, the sub-prime debacle has sparked calls for regulatory reform, in particular the Perhaps the best indication of the changing harmonization of regulations internationally to balance of economic power, though, is the list of prevent banks from “regulatory arbitrage”. who has been bailing out the big banks wounded “Regulation is fragmented,” said Malcolm Knight, by the sub-prime fiasco. Swollen with revenues General Manager and Chief Executive Officer at the from oil, electronics and public savings, sovereign Bank for International Settlements. “There has to wealth funds have become the latest global be more conformity in the way these regulations financial force, sparking concern that they may are implemented across jurisdictions.” have more than profits in mind as they buy up strategic assets in developed countries. The US Federal Reserve and other central banks are also under scrutiny. Some argue that their Largest Sovereign Wealth Funds efforts to pump liquidity into money markets and Over US$ 2 trillion held by the largest SWFs lower rates to stave off recession are critical to $700 keep the global financial system working. Others 600 say such moves only reward investors for their Assets, 2007 (US$, billions) 500 excesses and encourage continued American 400 profligacy. “The Fed’s attitude is that they are here 300 to clean up after bubbles burst, not prevent them 200 from happening in the first place,” said Stephen S. 100 0 Roach, Chairman for Asia at Morgan Stanley. “This UAE (Abu Dhabi)-ADIA Norway Singapore-GIC Kuwait China-CIC Russia Singapore-Temasek Qatar US (Alaska) Brunei S. Korea Malaysia Venezuela-NDF Canada (Alberta) Taiwan Kazakhstan Chile UAE (Dubai)-Istithmar UAE (Dubai)-DIC Oman is a dangerous and irresponsible and reckless way to run the world’s largest economy.” Now there are concerns that the sub-prime Source: Standard Chartered (2007) mortgage crisis will spread to other credit markets – areas dependent on cash-strapped US consumers such as auto loans, as well as markets Bankers point out that sovereign wealth funds have for other exotic credit derivatives. been ideal investors, taking only small stakes and serving as silent, long-term investors. Moreover, The billions in losses suffered by banks and other their investments help ensure that some of the investors could go so far as to reduce credit money spent on oil and electronics finds its way available to corporations to invest. The real back to the US. Nonetheless, scepticism has question, however, is what impact falling housing emerged about whether the funds’ owners – prices will have on US consumers and the global particularly those that are non-democratic economy. While policy-makers extolled the governments – would refrain from interfering if their resilience of the US economy, many economists national interests were at stake. 12 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 15. Sovereign Wealth Funds: A New Development The rising importance of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) • There is virtually no difference between going to a SWF for investment capital and going to a state received much attention at the World Economic Forum pension fund in the US. Annual Meeting 2008, fuelling concern about their potential political influence. Many agreed that the • If high oil prices continue to channel surplus funds growing financial clout of SWFs – government- into the coffers of the major exporting countries, controlled funds estimated at US$ 2.5 trillion in assets – sovereign investments could reach US$ 15 trillion should be welcomed, not opposed, by global policy- within the next five years. This growth will inevitably make SWFs major players in the global capital makers because: markets. • SWFs represent a valuable pool of stable, long-term capital, and have reduced, rather than increased, “So far as we can see, these investments capital market volatility. have been made on commercial, not • SWFs not only contribute to domestic economic political grounds. We welcome that type stability but to the stability of the global economy as of investment, whether it is from an SWF well. or anyone else.” Robert M. Kimmitt, US Deputy Secretary of the Treasury. of corporate investment and development are not adequate. “The world is getting better, but it’s not getting better fast enough, and it’s not getting better for everyone. We have to find a way to make the aspects of capitalism that serve wealthier people serve poorer people as well,” said William H. Gates III, Chairman of Microsoft Corporation. “If we’re going to find a sustainable way to help those who can’t pay, we have to use self-interest and caring – capitalism and philanthropy – to direct attention to people who have been left behind.” “When this is over we will wake up and realize that the issue is that the Top Sovereign Wealth Funds transformation of wealth and Perceived levels of transparency and investment approaches vary Strategic information and industrial activity is UAE (Dubai)-DIC Malaysia taking place at a pace none of us has UAE (Dubai)-Istithmar Qatar Investment approach Singapore-Temasek China ever experienced.” Libya Singapore-GIC Michael S. Klein, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer, S Korea UAE (Abu Dhabi)-ADIA Markets and Banking, Citi, USA Brunei Oman Conventional Kuwait Algeria Norway Taiwan US (Alaska) Venezuela-NDF Kazakhstan Ultimately, however, the wealth of exporters alone Chile Canada (Alberta) Russia will not solve the enduring problems confronting the Low Level of transparency High Assets (2007): Over US$ 500 billion global economy. Charting a more equitable and US$ 250-500 billion Commodity fund US$ 100-250 billion Non-commodity fund <US$ 100 billion sustainable course will require long-term Source: Standard Chartered (2007) investments in human capital, education, health and environmental protection. Conventional models 13 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 16. Geopolitics: Aligning Interests Across Divides “There is not one challenge in the “The United Nations is often a bystander on geopolitical issues,” said Nandan M. Nilekani, world today that will get better if we Executive Co-Chairman of Indian IT group Infosys approach it without confidence in the Technologies. “The Security Council is still appeal and effectiveness of our ideals – structured with members from 60 years ago. The political and economic freedom, open G8 is still not ready to expand its membership to include the new countries. The World Bank is markets and free and fair trade, human finding that its capital flows are dwarfed by private dignity and human rights, equal capital and it’s time to find a new role in this world. opportunity and the rule of law.” The IMF voting patterns are based on 60-year old rules. The Doha Round of trade discussions has Condoleezza Rice, US Secretary of State been going on for the last 10 years. When we look at every dimension of global coordination we find that there is not enough coordination happening and things are just falling apart.” Collaboration is most certainly the best way to develop effective approaches to these many global To prevent such a breakdown requires collaborative risks. But cooperation among nations will be innovation. In business, “innovation”, strictly insufficient if the responses involve obsolete tools of speaking, is the turning of a concept into diplomacy and statecraft – commissions that report commercial value. Applying innovation in but do not act, resolutions and declarations with no geopolitics is the turning of an idea – a new policy bite, international protocols that major powers or approach – into valuable results, or viable refuse to sign, or multilateral organizations which solutions. “The power of collaborative innovation,” key nations can opt out of or undermine with a said former British Prime Minister Tony Blair in veto or refusal of funding. The global governance advance of the Annual Meeting, “is the answer to institutions that exist today are legacies of the post- all the big global challenges we are facing.” World War age and the cold war era. They are not equipped to tackle the challenges of a multipolar The linkages among issues means that any world, are simply too weak, or are hobbled by the effective approach to a problem will require action burden of lowest denominator consensus. across several fronts and by many actors including business, civil society and citizens. Nobel Peace 14 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 17. “Water is today’s issue; it is the oil of It was in the series of sessions on water, particularly the WorkSpace session, that the urgent this century.” need for collaborative and innovative approaches was most evident. Ignorance of the many problems Andrew N. Liveris, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Dow Chemical Company, USA associated with water supply in the world and inaction are already having severe consequences – conflict, malnutrition, displacement, disease and death. “Water is today’s issue; it is the oil of this Prize laureate Al Gore and Irish musician Bono century,” warned Andrew N. Liveris, Chairman and made this point as they underscored the Chief Executive Officer of Dow Chemical Company. connection between climate change and poverty. Added UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon: “Too Gore argued that individual actions to conserve often where we need water we find guns instead.” energy were not enough to deal with the climate crisis. “They’re important and making changes of Per Capita Water Consumption Worldwide those sorts can build a political consensus,” he explained. “But, in addition to changing the light Per capita water consumption rising in both developed and developing countries bulbs, it is far more important to change the laws 60 and the treaty obligations that nations have.” 50 Cubic metres per person per year Many government leaders at the Annual Meeting 40 including Blair stressed that the Israeli-Palestinian 30 conflict and the stability of the Middle East is not simply a matter for politicians and diplomats. It 20 impinges on the rest of the world because of its 10 motivational link to global terrorism and its impact 1995 2025 1995 2025 on energy markets. The international business 0 Developed countries Deveoping countries community obviously needs to support the peace Source: IFPRI and IWMI, quot;Global Water Outlook to 2025: Averting an Impending Crisisquot; (2002) process for it to succeed. 15 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 18. But is the new brand of leadership – the kind that is At the Annual Meeting, geopolitical collaborative focused on finding collaborative and innovative innovation was very much on display in the ASEAN solutions – for real? To be sure, we have seen the session, with three heads of government, six application of collaborative innovation in the past. ministers and the organization’s secretary-general The creation of the UN peacekeeping forces, the on the Congress Hall stage. It was a bold establishment of the International Criminal Court, statement by 10 disparate countries that, while the conclusion of landmark conventions such as they may have different cultures, traditions and the Law of the Sea and the global banning of histories, and while they may have even fought landmines were collaborative innovations in their each other on the battlefield, they share a common time. Today, it is critical to apply collaborative future. Indeed, they must – and not just because by innovation to even bigger geopolitical challenges. joining forces in an ever-closer union they become a more powerful market or a more attractive Two immediate tests of whether this concept is destination for foreign direct investment, but more than a Davos ideal are the challenges of because only by banding together can they fully concluding a post-Kyoto international framework and effectively address the multiple risks that for mitigating global warming and resolving the threaten the future of their people. Israeli-Palestinian conflict by the end of this year. It is far from clear that these two goals can be And it is not just nation states that have to sit at the achieved. What is clear is that nations are table. In session after session, the message of beginning to understand that business as usual is inclusiveness was clear: business and civil society simply unacceptable. “Globalization is forcing must join with government. The only way for the changes in how people collaborate in a ideal of collaborative innovation to be a reality – as fundamental way,” said Blair. “You need stronger it must be – is for the international community to and stronger collaborative political leadership.” The set common values to underpin a globalization that “good news” is this, he concluded: “If we are is fair and just. interconnected and the world is interconnected, the only way for the world to work is to have a set of A group photo in Davos said more than any of the common values. We have no option but to work statements the assembled public figures gave in together.” support of the renewed push by the United Nations 16 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 19. Securing Water for the Future Water emerged as one of the dominant themes at the World The resource is often wasted because it has no economic Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008. No individual, firm or value, despite being the most precious and scarce resource nation can escape the consequences of water scarcity. of all, said Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Nestlé, Switzerland. “If we allow market “The challenge of securing safe and plentiful water for all is forces to play a role in how to define the value of water, we one of the most daunting challenges faced by the world could take a big step forward.” today,” said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. He told leaders in Davos that water stress poses a risk to economic Efforts to extract more and alternative energy sources such growth, human rights, health, safety and national security, as shale oil or biofuels only speed the depletion through their and that water shortages can lead to conflict, such as in own requirements for water. But, it was suggested that Darfur and other parts of the world. market forces could work well under a cap and trade approach similar to those applied to carbon dioxide. Many participants, however, agreed that the water challenge could be solved, using collaborative approaches, political will, market mechanisms and innovative technology like those which arose in response to global warming. to achieve the Millennium Development Goals Cynics and devotees of zero sum diplomacy may (MDGs). Together with UN Secretary-General Ban dismiss the idea of collaborative innovation as Ki-moon stood Nigerian President Umaru Musa simplistic or naïve. Certainly, the power of this Yar’Adua, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, approach will be tested in a world where recidivism H.M. Queen Rania Al Abdullah of Jordan, Microsoft lingers. At the Annual Meeting, formidable voices Chairman and global philanthropist Bill Gates, Irish spoke of the residual ills of colonialism and took a musician Bono and Cisco Systems Chairman and hard line on the enmities of a bygone age. History, CEO John T. Chambers. This creative coalition, of course, cannot be denied. But if the state of the they declared, was necessary to reinvigorate the world is to improve, then those truly committed to international community’s flagging campaign. “The improving it cannot waste time eschewing the balm goals look like they’re not going to happen, and the of forgiveness for the false satisfaction of revenge G8 commitments made in 2005 look like they will and the easy languor of dwelling on past injustice. not come off,” Bono complained. “This is a Instead, to forge ahead, as South Africa did after scandal.” the end of apartheid, they should pursue truth and reconciliation – collaborative innovation at its finest. This unprecedented gathering to rally the international community was emblematic of the new geopolitics that globalization has spawned. The greater interconnectedness of the world has begotten a host of interconnected problems that the old nation-state model was never meant to deal with. Climate change, terrorism, regional conflict and the rapid spread of infectious diseases are only some of the modern global challenges that require multiple approaches and the attention of multiple actors. As the problems have expanded in scope, so too have the number of players needed to tackle them. 17 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 20. Business: Competing While Collaborating “We’ve been talking about the mobile In short, worldwide markets reward swift and agile companies, and those that win the race for talent Internet and mobile stuff for a very long and customers must be responsive to both. To be time. And it’s obvious that with 3 billion truly responsive, corporations must be good as well people and hundreds of millions of very as great. high-end mobile phones, that there’s Mobile technology is changing the way businesses going to be a huge revolution.” interface with customers, and the way customers interface with one another. In China, home to the Eric Schmidt, Chairman of the Executive Committee and Chief Executive Officer, Google, USA world’s largest mobile network, this is particularly true. “On New Year’s Day, we had about 5 billion SMS New Year’s greetings,” said the man who runs French poet Paul Valéry might have been the network, Wang Jianzhou, Chairman and Chief forecasting for today’s multinational corporation Executive, China Mobile Communications when he said that “the trouble of our times is that Corporation. the future isn’t what it used to be.” New mobile communications technology and Internet Worldwide, mobile phone owners total 3 billion and advertising are revolutionizing the way business is may reach 4 billion in the next four years. “We’ve done. Economic power is shifting away from the been talking about the mobile Internet and mobile West, and corporations in other parts of the world stuff for a very long time. And it’s obvious that with are emerging as new champions. To survive and 3 billion people and ... hundreds of millions of very prosper in the rapidly evolving global marketplace, high-end mobile phones, that there’s going to be a companies must win the war for talent, innovate huge revolution,” said Eric Schmidt, Chairman of rapidly, but also, where appropriate, collaborate the Executive Committee and Chief Executive effectively. Good corporate citizenship will also Officer of Google Inc. attract customers, especially if such citizenship underpins business models themselves. A parallel technological revolution is taking place in advertising, with Internet and mobile ads surging 18 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 21. and traditional television ads waning. The future is adequate skills training for the future. It must also particularly bleak for old print advertising, but viral address the needs of the half of the Indian marketing continues to grow as a cost-effective population that survives on less than a dollar a day. alternative. Research is needed to determine what types of Internet advertising work best. Globalization is decentralizing power, a trend visible not just in the shift away from the West, but also in In addition to shifts in technology, the global the shift of influence away from CEOs and towards business climate continues to be profoundly customers and employees. To survive and prosper, affected by shifts in the location of power. The successful multinationals must be ready to emerging markets of Brazil, Russia, India and China collaborate effectively. are drawing huge capital investments, and have spawned innovative multinational corporations that The world is currently undergoing a demographic compete on an even footing with established shift that amounts to an earthquake for business. companies from the developed world. “We were With much of the planet experiencing a youth bold, we were passionate in what we believed, we bulge, rates of mortality and fertility are falling in the persevered, we were committed, and underpinning developed world, with average life expectancy all of that was a sound business strategy,” said one projected to reach 100 by the end of the century. In such new champion, Aditya Mittal, Chief Financial Europe, talent is increasingly mobile and thus tough Officer of ArcelorMittal Limited and Young Global to retain: employees between the ages of 25 and Leader. 34 spend an average of just 2.9 years in a job. In Africa, a surplus of workers is driving immigration to India in particular holds the potential for the north. tremendous growth. Since reorienting from a command economy to one driven by To retain talent, management must demonstrate entrepreneurship, India has given birth to countless empathy for its needs and create attractive innovations, and Indian corporations have scaled workplaces. Corporate boards must be diverse, up their research and development budgets and CEOs must be able to manage across political exponentially. However, for India to sustain its and cultural boundaries. Increasingly this means growth over the long term, it must make sure that recruiting leadership from countries outside of the 550 million of its citizens under age 24 have Europe and North America. 19 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008
  • 22. “There has been a massive shift in Foreign-born CEOs power to the consumer.” One-third of FTSE 100 CEOs were born outside of the UK Mark G. Parker, President and Chief Executive Officer, Nike, 35% USA 30 foreign-born, as of 12 Dec 2007 Percentage of CEOs who are 25 20 networks are islands,” said Schmidt, while “an 15 open Internet produces more content, more users, 10 more revenue, more competition, more choices, 5 more growth.” 0 FTSE 100 (UK) CAC 40 (France) Xetra Dax (Germany) Fortune 100 (US) The world’s top 1,250 companies spent 10% more Source: New York Times; London Chamber of Commerce and Industry; press reports; company websites on research and development in 2006 than they did in 2005; but most innovation now comes Customers are also enjoying more clout than ever, through collaboration with employees, customers as businesses vie to learn from, and respond to and business partners. Still, the growing open their needs. “There has been a massive shift in source community must not mean a total erosion of power to the consumer,” said Mark G. Parker, intellectual property rights. Excessive IP regulation President and Chief Executive Officer of Nike. “And will stifle growth; but forehanded policies that the other thing that’s changed is the relationship nurture future innovation rather than protect past isn’t just a company like Nike just communicating methods will make happy shareholders. out to a consumer; it’s a dialogue.” Finally, shareholders also respond to prudential In an economy where a knowledge base is corporate global citizenship, and companies that increasingly replacing a manufacturing base, and succeed must be good as well as great. By where the Internet is breaking down corporate partnering with governments and civil societies and walls, collaboration also means sharing information. working within core competencies, companies can “We have to fundamentally decide whether you greatly benefit societies and improve their bottom want closed networks or open networks: closed lines. One Edelman study of 5,000 consumers in 20 | World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2008