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Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Did You Know?
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL9Wu2kWwSY




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   1/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




                   Open Source and Open Content
                                       158.344 – Module 6


                                              Guy K. Kloss

                                           Computer Science
                                        Massey University, Albany


                        Lecture Series – Emerging Issues in IT
                            Auckland, 7 September 2002


Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   2/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Did You Know?



             We need to prepare for the future . . .
             but we don’t know what it’s going to be like
             The current economy (for IT, music, film, press, other
             media) is US oriented, but the US is not going to stay
             our “yard stick” for measurement

     We need to stop following blindly and start to
     think and learn for ourselves.




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   3/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Who has ever . . . ?




             . . . read the (MS) EULA?
             http://2tu.us/mmc
             . . . understood the implications?
             . . . compared them to an OSS license?




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   4/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     A special “public” park
     Steve G. Mann, “Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free
     Standards,” First Monday, Volume 5, Number 1, 3 January 2000
     http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/
     fm/article/view/723/632




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   5/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Reversalism?




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   6/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Outline


     1 Open Source Software

     2 Open Education

     3 Open Content/Open Access

     4 Open Standards

     5 Open Licenses



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   7/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Outline


     1 Open Source Software

     2 Open Education

     3 Open Content/Open Access

     4 Open Standards

     5 Open Licenses



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   8/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     The majority of all web sites worldwide is hosted by the
     Open-Source Apache Web Server.
     – Netcraft, September 2008 Web Server Survey




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   9/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     An estimated 29 million people use Linux, an Open Source
     operating system.
     – Linux Counter (2005)




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   10/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Open Source Software represents a 23 % share of the
     software market in the US and Europe.
     – 2007 Gartner Open Source Summit




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   11/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     There are over hundreds of thousands Open Source Software
     applications available today.




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   12/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Outline


     1 Open Source Software

     2 Open Education

     3 Open Content/Open Access

     4 Open Standards

     5 Open Licenses



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   13/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




             “He who receives an idea from me,
             receives instruction himself without lessening mine;
             as he who lights his taper at mine,
             receives light without darkening me.”
     – Thomas Jefferson




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   14/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




             The Theory of Relativity is on YouTube
             Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is on iTunes
             31 % of MIT freshmen knew about MIT OCW before
             applying . . .
             . . . and it was a significant influence in their decision for
             35 % of them.
             There is a California Open Source Textbook Project
             Albany Senior High School and Open Source
             http://www.edgazette.govt.nz/Articles/
             Articles.aspx?ArticleID=7839



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   15/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Outline


     1 Open Source Software

     2 Open Education

     3 Open Content/Open Access

     4 Open Standards

     5 Open Licenses



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   16/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




             “Imagine a world in which every single person on
             the planet is given free access to the sum of all
             human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.”
     – Jimmy Wales (co-founder and promoter of Wikipedia)




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   17/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




             Wikipedia topped 10 million articles in 2008
             The US National Institute of Health mandated in
             December 2007 that all funded researchers make their
             publications openly accessible on the Web.
             In January 791 universities in 46 European countries
             unanimously voted for Open Access mandates
             Harvard faculty unanimously voted in February 2008 to
             make their scholarly articles openly available to the
             public online.



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   18/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Outline


     1 Open Source Software

     2 Open Education

     3 Open Content/Open Access

     4 Open Standards

     5 Open Licenses



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   19/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Outline


     1 Open Source Software

     2 Open Education

     3 Open Content/Open Access

     4 Open Standards

     5 Open Licenses



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   20/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Build on good foundations:

             “If I have seen further,
             it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”
     – Sir Isaac Newton




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   21/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Copyright


             Intended for public good to encourage creativity
             Now 70 years minimum
             Up to 120 years
             Terms of copyright have been extended 11 times over
             last 40 years
             1998 – Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act
             (CTEA) added 20 years to term
             No new works will enter the public domain until 2018!
             Poems of Emily Dickinson – 2050
             Compositions of George Gershwin – 2019–2030


Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   22/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




             “Just at the time that technology is enabling all
             sorts of new creativity, to build on this material and
             do stuff with it, the law is getting in the way and
             locking it up.”
     – Lawrence Lessig (founder of Creative Commons)




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   23/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  GNU GPL



     General Public License
             The freedom           to use the software for any purpose.
             The freedom           to change the software to suit your needs.
             The freedom           to share the software with your friends and
             neighbours.
             The freedom           to share the changes you make.
     http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   24/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Creative Commons License


     Version 3.0 Licenses:
       Attribution
       Attribution – Noncommercial
       Attribution – Noncommercial – No Derivative Works
       Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike
       Attribution – No Derivative Works
       Attribution – Share Alike

     http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nz



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   25/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Intellectual Property




             Copyright
             License
             Trade Mark
             Patent




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   26/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Patenting




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   27/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     The rights of the user




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   28/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Motivation for openness

     Should you do open source science?

     Three reasons:
             Ideological
             Reproducibility and open communication are supposed
             to be at the heart of good science
             Idealistic
             It’s harder to change the world when you’re trying to do
             good science and keep your methods secret
             Pragmatic
             Maybe having more eyes on your project will help!


Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   29/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Kindle




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   30/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Open Source cannot be destroyed!


             “First they ignore you,
             then they laugh at you,
             then they fight you,
             then you win.”
     – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi,
     describing the stages of a winning strategy of nonviolent
     activism



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   31/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses




     Stephen Fry says “Happy Birthday” to GNU
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfAO0AXMyQU




Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   32/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Questions?




                                                              Image by “walknboston”, CC-BY
                                       http://www.flickr.com/photos/walkn/3526522573/

Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   33/34
Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses

  Thanks to . . .

     Some ideas and content of this talk have been used from:
             Ellyssa Kroski
             Presentation “Open and Libraries,”
             http://www.slideshare.net/ellyssa/
             open-and-libraries-presentation
             Steve G. Mann
             “Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free
             Standards,” First Monday, Volume 5, Number 1,
             3 January 2000
             http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.
             php/fm/article/view/723/632



Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content                                                   34/34

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Lecture "Open Source and Open Content"

  • 1. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Did You Know? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL9Wu2kWwSY Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 1/34
  • 2. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Open Source and Open Content 158.344 – Module 6 Guy K. Kloss Computer Science Massey University, Albany Lecture Series – Emerging Issues in IT Auckland, 7 September 2002 Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 2/34
  • 3. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Did You Know? We need to prepare for the future . . . but we don’t know what it’s going to be like The current economy (for IT, music, film, press, other media) is US oriented, but the US is not going to stay our “yard stick” for measurement We need to stop following blindly and start to think and learn for ourselves. Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 3/34
  • 4. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Who has ever . . . ? . . . read the (MS) EULA? http://2tu.us/mmc . . . understood the implications? . . . compared them to an OSS license? Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 4/34
  • 5. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses A special “public” park Steve G. Mann, “Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free Standards,” First Monday, Volume 5, Number 1, 3 January 2000 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/ fm/article/view/723/632 Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 5/34
  • 6. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Reversalism? Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 6/34
  • 7. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Outline 1 Open Source Software 2 Open Education 3 Open Content/Open Access 4 Open Standards 5 Open Licenses Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 7/34
  • 8. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Outline 1 Open Source Software 2 Open Education 3 Open Content/Open Access 4 Open Standards 5 Open Licenses Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 8/34
  • 9. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses The majority of all web sites worldwide is hosted by the Open-Source Apache Web Server. – Netcraft, September 2008 Web Server Survey Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 9/34
  • 10. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses An estimated 29 million people use Linux, an Open Source operating system. – Linux Counter (2005) Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 10/34
  • 11. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Open Source Software represents a 23 % share of the software market in the US and Europe. – 2007 Gartner Open Source Summit Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 11/34
  • 12. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses There are over hundreds of thousands Open Source Software applications available today. Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 12/34
  • 13. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Outline 1 Open Source Software 2 Open Education 3 Open Content/Open Access 4 Open Standards 5 Open Licenses Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 13/34
  • 14. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses “He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me.” – Thomas Jefferson Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 14/34
  • 15. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses The Theory of Relativity is on YouTube Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is on iTunes 31 % of MIT freshmen knew about MIT OCW before applying . . . . . . and it was a significant influence in their decision for 35 % of them. There is a California Open Source Textbook Project Albany Senior High School and Open Source http://www.edgazette.govt.nz/Articles/ Articles.aspx?ArticleID=7839 Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 15/34
  • 16. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Outline 1 Open Source Software 2 Open Education 3 Open Content/Open Access 4 Open Standards 5 Open Licenses Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 16/34
  • 17. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses “Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we’re doing.” – Jimmy Wales (co-founder and promoter of Wikipedia) Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 17/34
  • 18. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Wikipedia topped 10 million articles in 2008 The US National Institute of Health mandated in December 2007 that all funded researchers make their publications openly accessible on the Web. In January 791 universities in 46 European countries unanimously voted for Open Access mandates Harvard faculty unanimously voted in February 2008 to make their scholarly articles openly available to the public online. Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 18/34
  • 19. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Outline 1 Open Source Software 2 Open Education 3 Open Content/Open Access 4 Open Standards 5 Open Licenses Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 19/34
  • 20. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Outline 1 Open Source Software 2 Open Education 3 Open Content/Open Access 4 Open Standards 5 Open Licenses Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 20/34
  • 21. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Build on good foundations: “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” – Sir Isaac Newton Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 21/34
  • 22. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Copyright Intended for public good to encourage creativity Now 70 years minimum Up to 120 years Terms of copyright have been extended 11 times over last 40 years 1998 – Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) added 20 years to term No new works will enter the public domain until 2018! Poems of Emily Dickinson – 2050 Compositions of George Gershwin – 2019–2030 Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 22/34
  • 23. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses “Just at the time that technology is enabling all sorts of new creativity, to build on this material and do stuff with it, the law is getting in the way and locking it up.” – Lawrence Lessig (founder of Creative Commons) Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 23/34
  • 24. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses GNU GPL General Public License The freedom to use the software for any purpose. The freedom to change the software to suit your needs. The freedom to share the software with your friends and neighbours. The freedom to share the changes you make. http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 24/34
  • 25. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Creative Commons License Version 3.0 Licenses: Attribution Attribution – Noncommercial Attribution – Noncommercial – No Derivative Works Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike Attribution – No Derivative Works Attribution – Share Alike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nz Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 25/34
  • 26. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Intellectual Property Copyright License Trade Mark Patent Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 26/34
  • 27. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Patenting Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 27/34
  • 28. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses The rights of the user Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 28/34
  • 29. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Motivation for openness Should you do open source science? Three reasons: Ideological Reproducibility and open communication are supposed to be at the heart of good science Idealistic It’s harder to change the world when you’re trying to do good science and keep your methods secret Pragmatic Maybe having more eyes on your project will help! Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 29/34
  • 30. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Kindle Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 30/34
  • 31. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Open Source cannot be destroyed! “First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.” – Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, describing the stages of a winning strategy of nonviolent activism Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 31/34
  • 32. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Stephen Fry says “Happy Birthday” to GNU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfAO0AXMyQU Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 32/34
  • 33. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Questions? Image by “walknboston”, CC-BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/walkn/3526522573/ Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 33/34
  • 34. Open Source Software Open Education Open Content/Open Access Open Standards Open Licenses Thanks to . . . Some ideas and content of this talk have been used from: Ellyssa Kroski Presentation “Open and Libraries,” http://www.slideshare.net/ellyssa/ open-and-libraries-presentation Steve G. Mann “Free Source as Free Thought: Architecting Free Standards,” First Monday, Volume 5, Number 1, 3 January 2000 http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index. php/fm/article/view/723/632 Guy K. Kloss | Open Source and Open Content 34/34