1 survey system design_and_engg

04/07/15 Debasis Ghosh 1
SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND BID
SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS
CONTENTS
1. Parameters for path loss calculations
2. Survey of LOS links:
• Preliminary survey
• Map studies
• Detailed survey
3. Feasibility study and report generation
4. Link budget calculations for OFC links
5. Preparation of bids:
• Survey specific to the country
• Survey for line of sight links
• Survey for OFC links.
• Project estimate and finalization of bids
6. Post-bid survey & finalization of B.O.Q.

LINE OF SIGHT LINKS (LOS)
(PURPOSE AND REQUIREMENT)
1. Purpose
• For the establishment of short / long haul LOS links
• Feasibility studies
• Submission of tenders
• Up gradation of existing links
2. Requirements of LOS links
• Signals follow straight lines
• Signals are affected by free space attenuation and
precipitation
• Use of frequencies greater than 150 MHz
• Use of spread spectrum and time sharing techniques

TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
A simplified transmission system:
Transmitter
Receiver
Transmission Media

Types of Media:
1. Open wire copper cable system
2. Coaxial cable systems
3. High frequency radio communication systems
4. Line of sight communication systems
5. Troposphere scatter systems
6. Satellite communication systems
7. Optical fiber cable systems

Transmission Concepts:
1. Decibel (dB):- The decibel is a unit that describes a ratio.
Number of decibels (dB)=10 log10
P2/P1, P1 is lower and P2 is higher
power.
2. dBm:- Is a power level related to 1 m W power (0 dBm=1 mW)
Power (dBm) = 10 log power (mW)/1 mW
If power of an amplifier is 20 W, What’s it output in dBm?
Power dBm = 10 log 20x103
mW/1 mW = + 43 dBm
(Plus sign indicates that the quantity is above reference of 0 dBm)
If input to a network is 0.0004 W, What’s the input in dBm?
Power dBm = 10 log 4 x 10-1
mW/1 mW = - 4 dBm
(minus sign indicates that the quantity is below reference of 0 dBm)
Network
P1 P2
If P1=1W
P2=2W
Gain dB=10 log 2/1
=3 dB
P1=1000W
P2=1W
Loss dB=10 log 1000/1
=30 dB

3. dBW:- is extensively used in
microwave applications. It is an
absolute decibel unit referred to
1W.
Power level (dBW) = 10 log power
(W) /1 W (+30 dBm=0 dBW)
4. dBmV:- is extensively used in video
transmission. It is voltage level in
decibels above and below 1 mV
across 75 Ω.
Voltage level dBmV
=20 log mV/1 mV
10 V = + 80 dBmV
1V = + 60 dBmV
1mV = 0
1µV = -60 dBmV
dBm dBW Watts
+66 +36 4000
+60 +30 1000
+33 +13 20
+33 +3 2
+30 0 1
mill watts
+30 0 1000
+27 -3 500
+20 -10 100
+10 -20 10
+7 -23 5
0 -30 1
-10 -40 0.1

Signal-to-Noise Ratio: The signal-to-noise ratio expressed in decibels (dB) is
the amount by which a signal level exceeds its corresponding noise.
S/N dB
= Signal Level dBm
– Noise Level dBm
Noise Figure: All networks active or passive contribute noise to a transmission
system. The noise figure is a measure produced by a practical network
compared to an ideal network i.e. one that is noise less. For a linear system
noise figure is expressed by:-
NF (dB) = 10 log 10 Signal-to-Noise in / Signal-to Noise out
0
2
0
30
60
Noise
Signal
Frequency

Effective Isotropic ally Radiated Power (EIRP): This is an antenna
performance expressed in dBm or dBW over an isotropic antenna,
which radiates energy uniformly in all directions and has a gain of 1
or 0 dB and is an imaginary antenna used as a reference.
High Frequency Radio (HF): Radio frequency transmission between 3
and 30 MHz is called HF. HF propagation is characterized by
ground waves and sky wave component.
• Ground waves follow surface of the earth and can provide useful
communication up to about 650 Km.
• Sky waves permits reliable communication (up to 90 % path
reliability) for distances of 6500 Km and even more. The ionosphere
is the key to HF sky wave communication*.

Terminal, Repeater (R/R), Drop Insert, Hop and Link concept for LOS
links:
Terminal-A
Terminal-B
Drop Insert-4 Drop Insert-8
R/R-1
R/R-2
R/R-3
R/R-5
R/R-6
R/R-7
R/R-9
Hop-7
Hop-1
Hop-2
Hop-3
Hop-4
Hop-5
Hop-6
Hop-8
Hop-9
Hop-10
Microwave Vs OFC Route
130 Km
139 Km
65 Km

(LINK ENGINEERING)
1. Selection of sites which are in line-of-sight of each other
2. Selection of an operational frequency
3. Development of path profiles to determine economic tower
heights
4. Path calculations so as to achieve
• Desired reliability for given fade margin and threshold level
5. Making path survey to ensure correctness of steps 1-4
6. Equipment configuration to achieve fade margins
7. Establishment of frequency plan
8. Finalization of bill of quantities
9. Placement of orders for equipments & towers
10. Installation testing and commissioning of links

(LINK ENGINEERING)
GENERAL FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENTS
FREQUENCY (GHz) WAVE LENGTH (CM)
1. P BAND 0.225-0.390 133.3-76.9
2. L BAND 0.390-1.550 76.9-19.3
3. S BAND 1.55-5.20 19.3-5.77
4. X BAND 5.20-10.90 5.77-2.75
5. K BAND 10.90-36.00 2.75-0.834
6. Q BAND 36.00-46.00 0.834-0.652
7. V BAND 46.00-56.00 0.652-0.536
8. W BAND 56.00-100.00 0.536-0.300
EACH BAND IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SUB-BANDS

PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS
(Limitations of Line of Sight Systems)
How far we can go: The range of LOS microwave systems is limited by:-
• Curvature of earth
• Technical radio characteristics (K-factor)
• RF effect of fresnel zone
• Transmitter power
• Antenna gains
• Path loss
• Transmission line losses
• Frequency of operation
• Received power
• Receiver threshold
• Signal to noise ratio
• Fade margin required
• Desired reliability of link

(Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)
Link Design: The design of microwave links, involves three sets of
calculations.
1. Working out antenna heights for the link.
• K-factor is major dominant variable.
• Earth bulge.
• Fresnel zone radius.
• Operating frequency.
• Path profile: it indicates the distance from one of the transmitter
site where obstructions to the line of sight radio link may occur.
The object of this calculation is to arrange tower heights along the
entire route of the link, so that an obstruction in the path does not
enter into the fresnel zone by a specified amount for a specified
K-factor used.

(Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)
2. To determine equipment and other parameters for each hop.
• Transmit power.
• Antenna type and gain.
• Transmission type.
• Other losses. (Absorption, Diffraction, Reflection or Scattering etc.)
• Maximum received power.
• Receiver threshold.
This will decide the thermal fade margin, which we will be able to get for each
hop.
3. To determine the reliability of each hop and overall reliability of the
link.
• Climatic factor.
• Terrain roughness.
• Average annual temperature.
This will decide, what is total expected outage time per annum for each hop as
well as for the entire link.

(Free Space Loss)
PROPAGATION:
1. Free space loss: consider a signal is traveling between transmitter at
“A” to a receiver at “B”. There is for a given frequency and distance, a
characteristic loss. This loss increases with both distance and
frequency. It is known as free space loss.
Free space loss LdB=92.44+20 log10 F+20 log10 D
Where F is in GHz and D is in km's.
If D is 40 Km and F is 6 GHz, then free space in dB
LdB=92.44+20 log 40+20 log 6
=92.44+20*1.6021+20*0.7782
=92.44+32.042+15.564=140.046 dB
(

(Free Space Loss)
Free space loss:
• Example:- Free space loss if F=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km
FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 2.5 + 20 log 30
=92.44 + 20*0.398 + 20*1.478
=92.44 + 7.96 + 29.56 = 129.96 dB
Now, if F=7.5 GHz (changed) and D=30 Km (unchanged)
FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 7.5 + 20 log 30
=92.44 + 20*0.875 + 20*1.478
=92.44 + 17.5 + 29.56 = 139.5 dB
Now, if F=2.5 GHz (unchanged) and D=40 Km (changed)
FSL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log 2.5 + 20 log 40
=92.44 + 20*0.398 + 20*1.602
=92.44 + 7.96 + 32.04 = 132.44 dB
It can be seen, that, free space loss increases both with distance and
frequency

(Fictitious Earth Curvature)
2. Earth bulge and K-factor:
• The propagation of radio beam is affected by atmospheric conditions and the
obstructions on the way. It can be subjected to:
Diffraction
Reflection
Refraction
Most important is refraction, which is caused by changes in the density of
atmospheric layers confronted by the radio beam front.
• The curvature of earth and slight bending of waves as it is refracted downwards by
the earth’s atmosphere are two factors, that, must be considered while making
path profiles.
• The earth’s curvature and microwave beam refraction are combined to form
fictitious earth curvature or earth bulge.
• EARTH CURVATURE (M) = 0.078 x d1 x d2 / K
• WHERE K = EFFECTIVE EARTH RADIUS/TRUE EARTH RADIUS
EARTH BULGE = d1 x d2 / 12.75 x K
EARTH BULGE FOR K=4/3 = d1 x d2 / 17
EARTH BULGE FOR K=2/3 = d1 x d2 / 8.5

( TOWER HEIGHT FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF K)
ACTIVITY UNIT F=6.5
GHz
F=6.5
GHz
F=2.4
GHz
F=2.4
GHz
d1 distance from higher station Km 15 16 21 22.5
d2 distance from lower station Km 15 16 21 22.5
D hop distance Km 30 32 42 45.0
Ea higher HASL M 400 400 400 400
Eb lower HASL M 300 300 300 300
Ep height of obstruction M 330 330 330 330
Earth bulge for K=4/3 (d1 x d2 /17) M 13.23 15.06 25.94 29.78
Earth bulge for K=23 (d1 x d2/8.5) M 26.46 30.12 51.88 59.56
F first fresnel zone radius M 19.76 20.44 40.60 42.18
0.3 F M 5.93 6.13 12.18 12.66
Clearance CL-1=K 4/3 + F M 32.99 35.50. 66.54 71.96
Clearance CL-2=K2/3 + 0.3 F M 32.39 36.25 64.06 72.22

(EARTH BULGE FOR VARIOUS K- FACTORS)
h
d
DEPARTURE FROM A LEVEL TANGENT, h
DISTANCEFROMCENTEROFPATH
d
h=2d
2
/3K
K=4/3
K=1
K=2/3
K=5/12
K=1/2
K=7/6
15
10.58
112 225
h is in feet and d is in miles

(Fresnel Zone)
3.3. Fresnel zone:Fresnel zone:
• The radio beam energy travels in an ellipsoidal wave front, the
different components of which maintains different path lengths.
• The distance from microwave beam’s center is commonly
measured in fresnel zones to take into account both frequency
and distance.
• The first fresnel zone (FFZ) is the surface of the point along which
the distance to the ends of the path is exactly ½ wave length
larger than the direct end to end path.
• FFZ radius in meters=17.32√d1*d2/fD
Where d1 & d2 are in km’s, f is the frequency in GHz and D is the
hop distance in Km’s.
• In order to achieve a free space propagation condition for a radio
beam at least 60 % of FFZ should be cleared under the standard
atmospheric condition of K=4/3.

(Fresnel Zone)
FFZ radius in meters=17.32√d1*d2/fD,
1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M
FFZ radius decreases with increase in frequency.
FFZ radius increases with increase in distance.

(KNIFE-EDGE LOSS CALCULATIONS)
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0
0
FRESNEL ZONE NUMBERS 1 2 3 4 5 6
R
=1.0
R=0.3
R=0
dB
OBSTRUCTION ZONE INTERFERENCE ZONE
R= REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
CLEARANCE / FIRST FRESNEL
ZONE
R=1.0
R=0

(FIRST FRESNEL ZONE AND EARTH BULGE)
NATURAL EARTH FEATURES
EARTH BULGE
FIRST FRESNEL ZONE RADIUS
“A” “B”
T
BUILDING
d1 d2
D
f

(PROPAGATION CONDITIONS)
PERFECT IDEAL AVERAGE DIFFICULT BAD
STANDARD
ATMOSPHERE
NO SURFACE
LAYER OR FOG
SUB-
STANDARD,
LIGHT FOG
SURFACE
LAYERS,
GROUND FOG
FOG, MOISTURE
OVER WATER
TEMPERATE
ZONE, NO FOG,
NO DUCTING,
GOOD
ATMOSPHERE,
MIX DAY &
NIGHT
DRY,
MOUNTAINOUS,
NO FOG.
FLAT,
TEMPERATE,
SOME FOG
COASTAL COASTAL,
WATER,
TROPICAL
K=1.33 K=1.00-1.33 K=0.66-1.00 K=0.66-0.50 K=0.50-0.40

(REFLECTION POINT)
• The reflection point area lies between a k-factor of grazing (k=1) and
a k-factor of infinity.
• From the profiles, possible reflection points can be obtained.
• The object is to adjust tower heights, such that, the reflection point is
adjusted to fall on land area, where the reflected energy is broken
up and scattered (forest/wooded area).
• Water bodies and other smooth surfaces cause reflection, which is
undesirable.
• Figure will assist in adjusting the reflection point.
• It uses a ratio of tower heights h1/h2, where shorter tower is always
h1 and distance expressed is always from h1.
• By adjusting the ratio h1/h2 the reflection point can be moved.
• For a highly reflective path, we may go in for space diversity.

(REFLECTION POINT)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
.
0
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Ratio of Tower Heights h1 / h2
d1/D
DistancetoReflectionPoint/TotalDistance
K of Grazing
K of Infinity

(DIVERSITY OPERATION)
Diversity Operations is based on the fact, that, radio signals received over different paths
will have different levels i.e. if one is faded, other may not. The separation may be in:
• Frequency
• Space (Including angle of arrival and polarization)
• Time (a time delay of two signals on parallel paths)
• Path (signals arrive on separate paths)
Most common are Frequency (separated by 2-3 %) and Space (separated by 100-200
λ, so that the reflected wave travels ½ wave length further than the normal path). The
space diversity improvement can be calculated by Vagrant's formula applied to fading
margins. The improvement factor on fading margin is:
Le=10 log (1.2 x10-3
x S2
x V2
x fm/d), where:
S= Separation between the antenna’s
V= Power ratio between the two receivers
f = Frequency in GHz
m= Selective margin (Number)
d= Hop distance in Km’s
Improvement is limited to 200.

(RECEIVER SENSITIVITY, FADE MARGIN AND SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO)
Receiver Sensitivity: Sensitivity or Threshold Power of receiver is the level of
signal which would produce a 30 dB signal to noise ratio out of the base
band of an analogue receiver, or a bit error ratio (BER)=10-4
out of the base
band of a digital receiver. Typically it is -80 to -90 dB.
Fade Margin: The fade margin is the power level, that, the unfaded received
signal can fall to until it reaches the receiver threshold. This margin will vary
depending on geographic and climatic conditions of different geographic
areas and desired reliability of the system. Typically it is 20-40 dB.
Fade Margin dB=Prx-Pthresh
Signal to Noise Ratio: It’s the minimum power difference between the wanted
received signal and received noise.
Signal/Noise Ratio (dB)=10 log10 (Signal Power/Noise Power)
Typically it is > 50 dB, logically it should be more than the Fade Margin, so
that it is always below the threshold level.

(System and Link Reliability)
Reliability of the link: Outage time for each hop and for the complete link is to be
worked out, which in turn will give the over all reliability of the link in terms of
percentage. Rayleigh fading chart is given below.
Single hop reliability (%) Fade Margin
99.9 28 dB
99.99 38 dB
99.999 48 dB
CCIR defines its availability objective for radio relay systems over a hypothetical
reference circuit as 99.7 %. Resulting unavailability 0.3 % is of three components.
Outage due to power failure
Outage due to equipment failure
Outage due to propagation
It is reasonable to allot 50 % of the outage time to power and equipment failures and
50 % for propagation. Considering propagation alone, system should have an
availability (reliability) of 99.85 % apportioned across the 2500 Km route. This provide
guide to establish a per hop propagation reliability for a particular system.
Planner rather first set the limit for the reliability and for wide band links it is better
than 99.99 %.

(LOS LINK – GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)
ANTENNA GAIN
LINE LOSSES
FREE SPACE LOSS=140 dB
ANTENNA GAIN
LINE LOSSES
7 GHz
EIRP= + 27.5 dBW
0 dBW
LINE LOSS EACH=2.5 dB
ANTENNA GAIN EACH END=30 dB
32.2 Km
-100 dBW
-85 dBW
RECEIVER
INPUT
TRANS POWER=+30 dbm
ANTENNA GAINS=+60 dB
TOTAL GAIN= 90 dB
FREE SPACE LOSS=140 dB
LINE LOSSES=5 dB
TOTAL LOSSES=145 dB
RECEIVED LEVEL= 90 – 145 = - 55 dbm
dB

(DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
Site from: to:
Link name:
Equipment type:
Frequency:
Transmit power:
Nominal received power:
Receiver threshold:
Desired fade margin:
Desired reliability:
Hot standby / frequency diversity and / or space diversity:
Azimuth A – B:
Azimuth B – A:
Path length:
Path length:

SL.
NO.
DESCRIPTION ADD OR
SUBTRACT
UNIT COMMENTS
1 FREE SPACE LOSS MINUS dB
2 CONNECTOR LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND
RECEIVE
3 CIRCULATOR LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND
RECEIVE
4 POWER SPLIT LOSSES (IF ANY) MINUS dB
5 DIRECTIONAL COUPLER LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND
RECEIVE
6 TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB SUM OF TRANS. AND
RECEIVE
7 OTHER LOSSES (SUM) MINUS dB RECT. TO CIRCULAR
WAVE GUIDE
8 ANY OTHER LOSSES (RADOM) MINUS dB
9 SUM OF LOSSES dB

SL.
NO.
DESCRIPTION ADD OR
SUBTRACT
UNIT COMMENTS
10 TRANSMIT POWER PLUS dbm
11 TRANS ANTENNA GAIN PLUS dB
12 TRANSMIT REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS PLUS OR MINUS dB
13 RECEIVE ANTENNA GAIN PLUS dB
14 RECEIVE REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS PLUS OR MINUS dB
15 SUM OF GAINS dB
16 INPUT LEVEL TO RECEIVER (9-15) dbm
17 RECEIVER THRESHOLD dbm
18 FADE MARGIN dB
19 DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT NO
20 RELIABILITY OF THE HOP %
21 OUTAGE BOTH WAYS - SECONDS SECONDS

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(PRELIMINARY SURVEY)
Topography of an area is to be extensively studied
with the help of detailed survey maps.
• Initial study of the given link
• Aerial/quick survey of terrain/map study
• Selection of media of communication
LOS/OFC/Satellite etc
• Formulation of best route & an alternate route
• Selection of tentative sites & repeaters
• Most techno economical media and route to be
finalized

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(PRELIMINARY SURVEY)
1. Points to ponder for site selection
• Near approach roads for accessibility
• Near power supply lines to avoid solar power
• Small hillocks gives height advantage &
reduced tower heights
• Avoid lakes big water reservoirs
• Dense forests fine
• Study of other routes around the area

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
It will be found, that, a through map study will narrow down the problem
considerably particularly in case of multi-repeater systems with a wide
range of choices. By checking a number of possible routes from map
data alone, it will be usually possible to reduce the choice down to a few
alternatives
1. Survey maps are available for every country & now digitized in most of
the countries
2. Survey of India Topographical maps in different scales of (1:250,000,
1:50,000 and 1:25,000) provides most excusive information
3. India’s co-ordinates are
• Longitude 68 to 96 degrees E
• Latitude 8 to 36 degrees N
4. For preliminary survey i:2,50,000 scale or larger scales to be studied
where as for detailed survey 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 scales are required
5. Tentative sites to be marked on the maps
6. Each hop needs detailed study for working out exact tower heights

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES-INDEX OF MAPS)
43 52 61
39 44 53 62 71 77 82
40 45 54 63 72 78 83
41 46 55 64 73 79 84
47 56 65 74 85
48 57 66 86
49 58 87
8º
12º
16º
20º
24º
28º
32º
36º
68º 72º 76º 80º 84º 88º 92º 96º
Longitude E of Greenwich
LatitudeN

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
Survey of India have divided India
in to blocks and maps
numbered. Each 1:250,000
sheet contains sixteen
1:50,000 sheets, which are
numbered from 1-16 i.e. say
number 84 is divided into 16
segments 84 A to 84 P as
shown opposite. Each such
map is in the scale of 1:
250,000.
A
1:2,50,000
Scale
E I M
B F J N
C G K O
D H L P

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
Each segment is further divided in
to 16 sections say 84 A/1 to 84
A/16, which are 1:50,000
scale. For 1:25,000 scale
maps, each map is further
divided into 4 viz 84 A/2 will
have 84A/2/NW, 84A/2/NE,
84A/2/SW and 84A/2/SE.
Most likely sites will be located on
different maps, which may
have to be joined to study
individual hops
1
1:50,000
Scale
5 9 13
1:25,000
NW NE
SE
SW
6 10 14
3 7 11 15
4 8 12 16

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES)
PATH PROFILING
1. After tentative terminals or repeater sites are selected, draw a straight
line on maps connecting two adjacent sites
2. Carefully trace from one site to another, marking all obstacles or
obstructions and possible points of reflection
3. Mark the mid point, which is point of maximum earth bulge and to be
marked as obstacle
4. Path profiles are plotted on rectangular graph paper or recorded for
feeding in to computer
5. HASL of all obstacles between two sites marked on the map are to be
taken in to account at 1-2 km interval
6. Carefully mark water bodies viz lakes, rivers, ponds etc for evaluation of
reflection points.
7. Contour interval is at 5/10/20 M, bench mark heights can be located in
the maps, heights of most of the hill tops is also given.
8. Study of maps will give an idea, which of the critical points have to be
visited and how to approach them during actual survey.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(MAP STUDIES-RELEVANT POINTS TO BE CHECKED FOR PATH PROFILING )
1. Contour interval: It may be at intervals of 5,10, 20 M or more.
2. Bench Marks and other heights: It is required to ascertain the
HASL of site in question.
3. Roads, cart tracks, foot paths: For approach to site and to look
around for any obstruction on both sides in a hop.
4. Dams, rivers, lakes and other reflecting bodies: For any reflection
points in a hop.
5. Hills, sand dunes, rocky slopes, cliffs: For any critical obstruction
points (OB).
6. Town, villages, towers, chimneys: For calculating OB points.
7. Communication Towers, Broadcasting stations, TV stations,
Airports: For checking interference from other media.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY - LIST OF INSTRUMENTS)
1. Laptop or pocket computer
2. Global positioning system (GPS)
3. Digital or analogue THEODOLITE with compass as an
attachment
4. Barometric altimeter 0.5 m resolution
5. High resolution binoculars
6. Camera
7. WALKI-talkie 1.2 GHz RANGE
8. WALKI-talkie vhf range
9. Prismatic compass
10. Mirrors (tailor made)

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY - LIST OF INSTRUMENTS)
11. Safety belts
12. Measuring tape-50 m
13. Measuring tape-5 m
14. Polarized camera
15. ROTRING scale 1:100, 125, 200, 250, 500, 750
16. Leveling staff
17. Magnifying glass
18. Stationary items
19. Topographical instruments
20. Hammer and pegs

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – GPS APPLICATIONS)
1. Measurements of exact latitude, longitude and altitude of site or for bench marking.
2. Measurements of areas without triangulation.
3. Oceanic and en route navigation.
4. Precise airfield and landing aid locations.
5. Direct routing of aircraft for fuel saving.
6. Monitoring air craft locations in flight.
7. Search and rescue.
8. Tracking and recovering stolen vehicles.
9. Offshore drilling research.
10. Location of containers in marine terminals.
11. Maintaining security of VIPs.
12. Train control and collision avoidance.
13. Hydrographic surveying.
14. Placing and controlling satellites in orbit.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN)
Path design: the basic purpose in engineering a radio relay path in
microwave range is to achieve a path which will meet the
requirements for long term medium noise and also ensure, that,
outages due to fading, below the predetermined value is minimized.
Regardless of system size, for proper system operation, it is essential
for each hop to have adequate clearances under all atmospheric
conditions.
To determine clearances, the actual topography of the path and also
the height location of obstacles along the path, such as multistoried
buildings, chimneys, trees, water bodies are taken into account.
In a relatively flat country a practical rule of thumb is, that, repeater
spacing are generally limited to 25-40 Km with tower heights up to
100 M. Actually, it depends on the topography of terrain. Can any
one imagine, that, LOS communication to two terminals which are at
a distance of 28 Km is possible with six hops having 2 active and 3
passive repeaters*.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
Determining precise co-ordinates, ground elevation (HASL), pinpointing
potential obstacles on the point-to-point microwave path is a
critical part of the design process. Path survey consists of five
basic steps.
1. Step one-site documentation:
• Site location maps to be studied thoroughly to obtain best access
route to the site
• On the way to site make note of the distances and time taken
from a well known reference point-mettle road- un-mettle road-
cart road-foot path right up to the site. Description of accessibility
to site is very important for the visit by future teams.
• Re-location of site if required
• If it is existing site detailed information may have to be collected
from the concerned agency viz existing tower, equipment room,
power plant lay outs and their details etc
• All collected data to be re-confirmed

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
2. Step two-site location verification: if site is new it is to verified from maps,
THEODOLITE, electronic distance/height meter, known bench mark
position.
After proper verification of the site following data is to be collected.
• Site co-ordinates: six digit co-ordinates to be marked. Cross checked by
GPS, maps.
• HASL: cross checked from near by bench mark, barometric altimeter of
0.5 m resolution, maps and GPS.
• Marking of tower center from minimum three reference points with
bearing angle from north and distance- near by hill top, chimneys,
buildings, transmission tower or any permanent structure. This is again
important for the visit by future teams.
• Marking of preferably true north/otherwise magnetic north*.
• Marking of azimuth (Map) of each antenna and checking of near end
obstructions: use THEODOLITE, prismatic compass and distance height
meter.
• Tower height, antenna heights and AZIMUTHAL angles.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
• Types and sizes of antenna’s.
• Type and length of transmission lines.
• Transmitter output power.
• Receiver input level, receiver threshold level and requirement of
fade margin.
• Check on space diversity requirements.
• Number of main and stand by transmitters and receivers.
• Laptop/small computer can be very handy at site.
• Operating frequencies for future equipments.
• Take photographs of site, which may be useful for identification in
future.
• Take note of the type of soil and soil samples can be taken for
laboratory testing. This will be useful for economical design of the
tower.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
If site is existing, complete lay-out of site is to be made.
• Existing tower:
1. Type and height of towers, guyed, mast. Take photos.
2. Type, heights, AZIMUTHAL angles of each antenna and availability of
space for the type and at proposed height for new antenna’s.
3. Availability of space for proposed transmission lines on the run way and at
wave guide entry point to equipment room.
4. If there is some problem for items at Para 2 & 3, proposal to be submitted
in report.
• Existing equipment, power plant rooms:
1. Type of existing equipments, their operating frequencies & power etc. Lay
out to be drawn.
2. Type of power plant, capacity, existing loads and spare capacity also in
case solar power is used.
3. Take photos for various equipments.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
3. Step three-identification of critical points along the path.
• On the maps two sites are joined by a thin straight line.
• Determine the height, width of all obstructions along the path and
HASL at each point for all potential obstructions. Record the man
made obstructions, trees, chimneys etc. all above HASL at 1-2
km Intervals, specially record center point obstruction.
• Allow for future growth of trees and other vegetations for minimum
10 years.
• Visit every likely critical point to ascertain its height and check
other parameters.
• Determine the width of water bodies, other reflecting points falling
along the route.
• Take mirror tests if after calculations, it is found, that, it is
feasible*.
• Some clients insist on propagation tests, which is neither a
practical nor viable approach*.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
(DETAILED SURVEY – SYSTEM DESIGN – MIRROR TEST)
Mirrors required for mirror tests: A perfect way of cross checking LOS.
1. Two mirrors are scratched in the shape of a red cross as shown.
2. Scratched portions are joined back to back, faces are out side.
Size of the mirror should
be such, that, it can be held
In the hand. Mirror is held in
hand and light of Sun is allowed
to fall on the mirror. Sun light will
be seen on the Palm and its
reflection in the mirror. Now,
the mirror is so adjusted, that,
it is directed towards the
direction of other station whose
Azimuth is known and mirror is
tilted such, that, parallax is
Removed Between rays falling
on the palm and its reflection in the
Mirror. The person at other site
Can see reflected signal, if LOS
Is there.
This test is very useful
1. For cross checking of LOS.
2. Useful in Metros having high
rise buildings and map study
has no relevance.
3. Between two hill tops, where
detailed maps are not available
and many critical obstructions
are seen.
4. If LOS is there, one can see
mirror up to hundreds of Km’s.
Reflection side of Mirror - 1
Reflection side of Mirror - 2
Scratched side of Mirror 1 & 2

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
4. Step four-path profile: path profiles are drawn based on the detailed
survey report. It can be manually or by computerized software. Hop wise
data required is given below.
• Site names.
• Co-ordinates of each hop.
• HASL of each site
• Hop distance (If co-ordinates are fed to computer software, you get hop
distance and azimuthal angles)
• HASL of each obstruction and its height including near-end obstructions.
• Clearance criteria being adopted.
Say Cl=k 4/3 + 100% ffz
AND OR Cl=k 2/3 + 30% FFZ
• Frequency band of operation.
With the above parameters antenna heights in each direction of operation can
be worked out and hence the tower height at each sight.

SURVEY OF LOS LINKS
5. Step five-detailed survey report: the report apart from antenna and tower
heights already worked out will need reliability calculations for each hop
and for the complete link. Determine following parameters.
• Transmitter power
• Size and gain of antenna’s for main and diversity operations (if
applicable)
• Type and transmission line losses for main and diversity operations (if
applicable)
• Other losses
• Receiver threshold
• Received power of receiver
• Signal to noise ratio
We get Fade Margin and reliability/availability for each hop.
The complete exercise can be worked out manually with the help of a
calculator. But now a days different Software's are available for Path Loss
Calculations, which has made the job simple for the Engineers.

FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND
REPORT GENERATION
CASE STUDY: Feasibility study was carried out for
one of the clients for a route length of 2294 Km
and report submitted in 2 months. The detailed
survey was carried out by three teams in a
month’s time. Because of the limitations of the
client, we had to visit at least two to three times
the number of sites for microwave repeaters
than we would have visited in normal case*.
Client gave repeat order for another 2000 Km
after going through this report and analyzing the
recommendations.

REPORT GENERATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
LINE DIAGRAM
SURVEY AT A GLANCE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ORGANIZATION OF THE SURVEY
3. METHODOLOGY USED IN SURVEY
4. ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
5. RESULTS AND PRESENTATION
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
7. SITE DETAILS

REPORT GENERATION
CONTENTS
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION
8. HOP DETAILS
8.1 PATH PROFILES
8.2 REFLECTION POINT PROFILES
8.3 TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET
8.4 RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET
9. LINK DETAILS
9.1 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
9.2 TOWERS AND AERIALS
9.3 REFLECTION POINTS
9.4 INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS
9.5 FREQUENCY PLAN
9.6 OUTAGE TABLE
9.7 SYNOPTIC OF THE LINK
10. TECHNO ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION

FEASIBILITY STUDIES
(Line Diagram)
LONG= LONG= LONG= LONG=
LAT = LAT = LAT = LAT =
+
+
+
+
73M/6
73M/7 73M/11
73M/14
73M/15
79A/2 79A/6
79A/11 79A/15
A
B
C
D
Km Km
Km
GIVE BEARING ANGLES A-B & B-A
AS PER ACTUAL DATA RESULTS
GIVE HOP DISTANCES AS PER DATA RESULTS
NOT TO SCALE TYPICAL EXAMPLE

FEASIBILITY STUDIES
(SURVEY AT A GLANCE)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION CAN BE GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM:
• SL.NO. 1.
• STATION NAME BELMURI
• OWNER CLIENT NAME
• HASL (M) 11
• LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E
• LATITUDE 22 56 12 N
• ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) TOWARDS 80.2 AND 70.2 HOWRAH
83.4 AND 73.4 BURDWAN
• AZIMUTH (DEGREES) 159.32 AND 323.24
• HOP DISTANCE (Km) 43.75 AND 46.61
• TOWER HEIGHT (M) 90
• MAP NO’S 79B/1
• REMARKS IF ANY, SAY AIR STRIP NEAR BY

REPORT GENERATION
1. Introduction: Brief is given about the clients floating of an enquiry,
submission of the bid by the consultant and subsequent letter of award to
carry out feasibility study etc.
Details of officers involved in technical discussions and feasibility survey
works.
• From clients side
a) Corporate Office
b) Regional Office
c) Field coordinators
d) Survey coordinators
• From Consultants side
Feasibility study was carried out for 2294 Km route length in the states of
Orissa, West Bengal and Assam.
Details of links are given say,
A-B=169 Km
B-C=176 Km and so on

REPORT GENERATION
Clients Requirements:
• Technical specifications and B.O.Q given by the client specified, that, wide
band communication systems needs to be established between various
control centers/substations of eastern region.
• Media of communication to be through Microwave System, wherever
feasible.
• End terminals to be located at the stations given in the BOQ and Repeaters
to be located in any of the manned 33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations on the
route.
• In case the Microwave either becomes non-feasible or becomes much
costlier due to large number of repeaters, fiber optics is to be considered.
• Optical Fiber Cable to run over 400/220 KV transmission lines between end
terminals. Repeater if any has to be considered in any of the manned
33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations to the extent possible, failing which
repeaters have to be located on the 400/220 KV transmission lines with
Solar Power.

REPORT GENERATION
Constraints:
• Since repeater (R/R) sites became non-negotiable, it became necessary to
carry out the field survey first by making a visit to terminal stations and
proposed R/R’s on any 33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations.
• In the process no of R/R sites to be visited became much more (2-3 times),
than, if R/R’s could be negotiable.
2. Organization of the Survey: The survey for this feasibility study was
carried out for one month by three different teams simultaneously to meet
time schedule of the client.
• Each site (terminals and proposed R/R’s) was visited and map study carried
out on the Survey of India Maps of scale 1:50,000. Six digit coordinates
were marked by Global Positioning System (GPS) and cross checked on
maps.
• Survey related data was collected for the sites and capacity of system data
collected from representatives of the client.
• After elimination of non-feasible/extra sites, the selected sites were marked
on the site plans and brought forward in the feasibility report.

REPORT GENERATION
• The survey of sites was carried out bearing in mind, that, existing
towers shall be shared wherever available and feasible for the best
usage of available national resources. However, if permission to
share the tower is not agreed upon, nearest sites may be chosen for
the erection of tower as per minimum height given in the report.
• An integrated communication system of 8 Mbps in the frequency
band of 2.3 2.5 GHz was considered for Microwave Systems to
cater for Voice and Data Communication for the entire network,
whereas 34 Mbps OPGW/ADSS cable was considered, where
Microwave was either non-feasible or it becomes costly due to more
repeaters were coming in the section or tower height was more than
100 M.

REPORT GENERATION
3. METHODOLOGY USED IN SURVEY: Each team used
following instruments.
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Theodolite
• Prismatic Compass
• Altimeters
• Binoculars
• Camera
• Topographical Instruments
• Rodometer
• Set of maps 1:2,50,000 and 1:50,000 scale
• ROTRING scale and necessary stationary items
Apart from client’s representative, It was necessary to take a local
person to act as a guide to show us different sites.

REPORT GENERATION
Following information was collected and points kept in mind during survey.
Determination of site’s
• Six digit coordinates by GPS and cross checking on maps
• HASL i.e. Altitude was checked by Altimeter, GPS and cross
checked on maps
• Exact location of plot, lay out of the station, orientation and collection of site data
• Accessibility to site, by taking references from known points
• Location, altitude and height of obstacles in each hop.
• Antenna heights and in turn Tower heights. Towers were kept as low as possible but
up to a limit of 100 M.
For this clearance criteria given by the client was kept in mind
0.3 FFZ for K=2/3
1.0 FFZ for K=4/3, whichever was more stringent (Up to 44 Km)
• Space Diversity was proposed on some of the hops either due to reflection point
falling on surface of water or length of hop (not meeting desired reliability)
• Space diversity antenna's proposed at a spacing of 150 λ, which comes to 20 M.

REPORT GENERATION
4. ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS:
• Client’s requirement of varied telecommunication facilities amongst various
dedicated service stations located on existing sites operating in 2.3 to 2.5 GHz
band.
• The scheme falls under the category of light capacity routes, still its engineering
and design demands careful consideration to ensure high quality, stability and
reliability of the entire route.
• Objective is to achieve a path, which will meet requirements for long term noise
and ensure, that, outage due to fading is below predetermined values.
• Radio Engineer has to work with many different factors, some of which interact
with each other, but he has to come up with solutions which are feasible both
technically and economically.
• It is essential for each hop to have adequate clearance under all atmospheric
conditions. For this, the actual topography of the path and also obstacles along the
path such as multistoried buildings, chimneys, trees, water bodies and other tall
structures will have to be taken into account. In relatively flat country R/R spacing
is 25-30 Km and Tower height up to 100 M, economy plays a major role for this
height limitation. (In HBJ gas pipe line project this limit was crossed with the result
weight of 100 M tower was around 85 MT, where as that of 127 M tower was
around 185 MT, increasing enormously cost of foundation and tower material)

REPORT GENERATION
Map engineering and site selection:
• Usually topography of an area is extensively studied before going to the
field.
• In this case, since R/R sites were non-negotiable, there was no choice but
to visit the sites first and mark them on the maps.
• All the sites visited were marked on the maps, traveling along each path,
collecting information about the type, size, location and characteristics of
obstacles, such as, buildings, trees, chimneys, water bodies, low lying
areas, river beds, lakes, hills and anticipated critical points. Preliminary
profiles were made.
• Map engineering was carried out on Survey of India maps 1:50,000 scale
with contour intervals at 10-20 M.
• Work out all the alternatives in the night, eliminate non-feasible and extra
sites, take decisions before proceeding further.
• Terminals were fixed by the client, repeaters were to be selected from a
number sub-station choices.
• Engineer had to exercise a great deal in selection of repeater sites for the
proposed study to meet the path design requirements with regard to:

REPORT GENERATION
Clearance criteria: Following criteria was adopted for this scheme.
• 1.0 F at K=4/3 ( more stringent up to 44 Km)
• 0.3 F at K=2/3 (more stringent beyond 44 Km)
Free Space Loss=92.44 + 20 log10 F + 20 log10 D
where F is in GHz and D is in Km.
Space Diversity: Vertical antenna space diversity was proposed in few
links, wherever it was found necessary for improving the link
reliability. Clearance criteria adopted for space diversity antenna
was K4/3+0.6F.
Reflection point: Due care was taken to avoid reflection, but in one
case link was across a dam, in which case space diversity was
proposed. This was the only case where, space diversity was
proposed due to reflection and not because hop was long.

(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATIONS)
COMPARISON FOR CLEARANCE CRITERIA BETWEEN (K4/3+1.0F) AND (K2/3+0.3F) WHICHEVER IS CRITICAL
ACTIVITY UNIT F=6.5 GHz F=6.5 GHz F=2.4 GHz F=2.4 GHz
d1 distance from higher station Km 15 16 21 22.5
d2 distance from lower station Km 15 16 21 22.5
D hop distance Km 30 32 42 45.0
Ea higher HASL M 400 400 400 400
Eb lower HASL M 300 300 300 300
Ep height of obstruction M 330 330 330 330
Earth bulge for K=4/3 (d1 x d2 /17) M 13.23 15.06 25.94 29.78
Earth bulge for K=23 (d1 x d2/8.5) M 26.46 30.12 51.88 59.56
F first fresnel zone radius M 19.76 20.44 40.60 42.18
0.3 F M 5.93 6.13 12.18 12.66
Clearance CL-1=K 4/3 + F M 32.99 35.50. 66.54 71.96
Clearance CL-2=K2/3 + 0.3 F M 32.47 36.25 64.06 72.22
Slope=(Ea-Eb) d1/D M 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
OH (over head clearance) M 15 15 15 15
Tc=(Ep-Ea)+ clearance Max
+ Slope + OH M 27.99 31.25 61.54 67.22

REPORT GENERATION
5. RESULTS AND PRESENTATION: Results of survey were
displayed in three parts.
I) Site Details:
a) A data sheet giving:-
• Geographic coordinates and altitude
• Station to be served
• Reference of map on which station is located
• Access sketch with reference to surrounding cities and villages
• Details if site is existing
• Information about energy
• Information about vegetation and soil
• Information about towers, aerials, azimuth and more precisely type
of tower and its height
• Diameter and height of antenna

REPORT GENERATION
b) Orient Sheet Giving:-
• A part of the map with indication on site location and direction to
last, next and other sites (if any)
• Orientation of the site with reference to some permanent marking
i.e. hill tops, buildings, chimneys, transmission lines or any
permanent structure, with approximate distances and azimuthal
angle from north. Since all the sites were existing, orientation was
not given in the report.
c) Site lay out:-
Site lay-out at different scales, giving by drawing all the information
about the site as found from either, site lay out or information
collected from client’s representatives. Proposed location of Tower
with respect to control Room was given.

REPORT GENERATION
II) Hop Details:
• Path profiles:- Path profiles have been drawn on flat earth by
computer for clearance criteria already specified. In case of space
diversity links lower antenna height is mentioned. Clearance criteria
adopted for space diversity antenna was 4/3+0.6 F.
• Reflection point profiles:- Due care was taken to ensure, that, the
reflection points do not fall on water surface/reflecting surfaces by
adjusting antenna heights by using PATH LOSS software program
Version 3.0.
• Tower height calculation sheet:- The desired information already
collected from the field during survey was fed to the computer
software to arrive at the tower heights for each hop.
• Reliability calculation sheet:- Going through the clients
specifications, equipment is selected which are fed to the computer
along with antenna gains and transmission line losses figures.
Reliability figures were checked and in case, desired results were
not achieved, changes were made to meet the targets.

REPORT GENERATION
III) Link Details:
I) Geographical information
II) Towers and aerials
III) Reflection points
IV) Interference calculations
V) Frequency plan
VI) Outage table
VII) Synoptic of the link
• The above information in the tabular forms was given for the
entire route length.
• Wherever, microwave links were not feasible, Fiber Optics was
suggested.

REPORT GENERATION
6. Recommendations:
• Selection Criteria:- Considering the present and future requirements of client for
voice and data, feasibility study was carried out for 8 Mbps Microwave System in
2.3 to 2.5 GHz frequency band on all feasible links.
Optical Fiber System was recommended where Microwave was not either feasible
or it was becoming more costly due to more repeaters.
Considering the overall requirements of the client, as specified in the tender and
discussion with their representatives from time to time, following parameters were
kept in mind for preparing this report.
MICROWAVE:
Overall reliability was kept better than CCIR limits.
Network to provide 120 digital channels of 64 Kbps.
Fade margin has been kept 30- 40 dB.
Reliability has been worked out for 8 Mbps at 2.4 GHz.
OPTICAL FIBER:
Optical Fiber repeater spacing was limited to 100 Km.
Optical Fiber Repeaters to be located at 33/66/132/220 KV sub-stations as for
as possible, in the absence of which it was to be kept on tower near road
crossings with provision of solar power.

REPORT GENERATION
MICROWAVE SYSTEMS:
Merits:-
• Optimum use of the capacity by the user. 2.3 to 2.5 GHz are low capacity systems.
• Project can be completed quickly on available sub-stations. Delay in acquiring land is
avoidable.
• Microwave is slightly cheaper as long as repeater spacing is between 25-40 Km.
Demerits:-
• Site clearance from SACFA takes time.
• WPC is conserving frequencies and sparing minimum slots.
• There is tendency of Microwave becoming costlier than Fiber Optics.
• In spite of best design of Microwave System, there could be chances of interference
from other users.
• Land acquisition, Tower foundation and erection are time consuming and could cause
delay if sub-soil is rocky or have high water table.
• In close proximity of EHT lines, tower erection could hazard and need extra care.
• Since repeater stations shall be erected in the campus of other agencies, there could
be coordination problems during execution. Operation and maintenance of the
system.

REPORT GENERATION
OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM:
Merits:-
• Can be installed on existing or future power lines easily.
• In case no dropping of channels is required it can be installed end to end
between two terminals.
• Optical fiber is safe, since it is over the EHT lines.
• Number of repeaters are far and few, lesser the equipment lesser the
maintenance problems.
• Optical fiber cable maintenance can be done along with the EHT lines.
• The system provides unlimited capacity and is easily expandable. Extra
capacity can be leased out and generate extra revenue.
Demerits:-
• Optical fiber repeaters are to be located in any of the sub-stations failing
which they were to be located on 220/440 KV transmission lines with solar
power, which could be a vulnerable point in remote areas.
• Failure of transmission towers is likely to disrupt the communication for a
longer period.

REPORT GENERATION
RECOMMENDATIONS:
Feasibility study was carried out for 2294 Km route length to see, if Microwave
Systems were feasible on these routes. Though microwave links were feasible on
1334 km as indicated in the report. It was recommended, that, optical fiber cable
could be the best communication media for the entire region for the following
reasons.
• Single media of communication is the best from execution, operating and
maintainability point of view. Microwave cannot be single media, since it is non-
feasible on many routes.
• Separate clearances for Frequency and SACFA not be taken.
• Co-ordination, operational and maintenance problems with other agencies, where
microwave repeaters shall be falling could be avoided.
• Interface problems amongst different media can be avoided.
• Microwave system will be used only by nodal agency, whereas if optical fiber is used,
spare fiber can be leased out to other agencies, thereby generating extra revenue.
• For microwave systems Royalty and License fee to be paid to DOT is a recurring
expenditure.
• OFC system has unlimited channel bandwidth. Future expansion is easy and
relatively less expensive, unlike Microwave Systems.

FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION
(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS CALCUTTA)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form.
1. Site Name: Calcutta
2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur
3. Longitude: 88 21 03 E
4. Latitude: 22 29 49 N
5. Altitude: 6 M
6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz
7. Map Number: 79/B-6 Scale: 1:50,000
8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given.
9. Room for Equipment: Available in existing building.
10. Type of soil: Normal soil with sand at top.
11. Vegetation: Grassy
12. Energy: AC and -48 V available
13. Tower: Type SS Height 100 M (Existing)
14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards
DAX-6 1.8 M 50 M 325.33 Howrah
15. Remarks: Permission for using existing 100 M tower of DOT to be taken by client.

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE MAP AND SITE ORIENTATION)
Map No: 79/ B
Azimuth Angle Distance
A= 55º 750 M
B= 120º 1.2 Km
C= 300º 7.9 Km
• 325.33
• HOWRAH
• 1:50,000 SCALE MAP
• CALCUTTA
Building
• Hill
• ╬╬
Road crossing
A
B
C
Proposed Tower center
North

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS BELMURI)
1. Site Name: BELMURI
4. Latitude: 22 56 12 N
5. Altitude: 11 M
7. Map Number: 79/B-1 Scale: 1:50,000
9. Room for Equipment: Available in existing building.
10. Type of soil: Normal.
12. Energy: AC available, DC not available
13. Tower: Type SS Height 90 M
DAX-10 3 M 80.2 M 159.32 HOWRAH
DAX-10 3 M 70.2 M 159.32 HOWRAH
DAX-12 4 M 83.4 M 323.24 BURDWAN
DAX-8 2.4 M 73.4 M 323.24 BURDWAN

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE LAYOUT PLAN BELMURI)
BELMURI SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)
CONTROL ROOM
SHED
RAMP
20 M
20 M
PROPOSED LOCATION FOR 90 M TOWER
SWITCH YARD
ROAD
RAILWAY TRACK 50 M
N

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS BURDWAN)
1. Site Name: BURDWAN
4. Latitude: 23 16 25 N
5. Altitude: 28 M
7. Map Number: 73/M-15 Scale: 1:50,000
9. Room for Equipment: New.
12. Energy: AC available, DC not available
DAX-12 4 M 96.5 M 143.13 BELMURI
DAX-8 2.4 M 86.5 M 143.13 BELMURI
DAX-12 4 M 97.0 M 299.00 MANKAR
DAX-10 3 M 44.2 M 291.41 Galsi (alternative to MANKAR)
15. Remarks: 100 M cable required from new equipment room to control room.

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE LAYOUT PLAN BURDWAN)
BURDWAN SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)
ROAD
• KATWA BURDWAN
PROPOSED
100 M TOWER
(OPTION-I)
PROPOSED
100 M TOWER
(OPTION-II)
SWITCH YARD
CONTROL
ROOM
(SINGLE
STORY)
OH
CABLE
70 M
N

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE PARTICULARS MANKAR)
1. Site Name: MANKAR
4. Latitude: 23 25 49 N
5. Altitude: 60 M
7. Map Number: 73/M-11 Scale: 1:50,000
8. Access to sit: Kacha road (Motor able).
9. Room for Equipment: New.
12. Energy: Not available
DAX-12 4 M 48 M 116.42 BURDWAN
DAX-10 3 M 42 M 313.76 PARULIA
15. Remarks: Since this is new site, suitable space be kept for Eqpt. room and Tower.

(SITE DETAILS)
(SITE LAYOUT PLAN MANKAR)
MANKAR SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)
DVC WATER SUPPLY
FOR IRRIGATION MANKAR RURAL HOSPITAL
PROPOSED 50 M TOWER PROPOSED TELECOM BUILDING
PROPOSED LAND FOR 132 KV SUB STATION
N
MOTOR ABLE ROAD

(HOP DETAILS)
(PATH PROFILE BELMURI - BURDWAN)
BELMURI
LATITUDE 22 56 12 N
LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E
AZIMUTH 323.24 DEG.
ELEVATION 11 M AMSL
ANTENNA CL 83.4, 73.4 M AGL
BURDWAN
LATITUDE 23 16 25 N
AZIMUTH 143.13 DEG.
ELEVATION 28 M AMSL
ANTENNA CL 96.5, 86.5 M AGL
PATH LENGTH 46.61 Km
FREQUENCY=2400 MHz
K=0.66, 0.66
% F=30.00, 20.00
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
96.5
28 M
11 M
83.4

(HOP DETAILS)
(REFLECTION POINT PROFILE BELMURI - BURDWAN)
BELMURI – BURDWAN HOP:
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
REFLECTION PLANE DEFINED BETWEEN 0.00 AND 46.61 Km
REFLECTION POINT LOCATION AT 22.3 Km
FREQUENCY 2400 MHz
FRESNEL ZONE 30.0 %F1

(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI-BURDWAN)
BELMURI BURDWAN
LATITUDE 22 56 12 N 23 16 25 N
LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E 87 52 32 E
AZIMUTH 323.24 143.13
DISTANCE (Km) 46.61 46.61
DATUM NAD27 – CLARKE 1866 NAD27 – CLARKE 1866
UTM ZONE 45 45
EASTING (Km) 617.716 589.538
NORTHING (Km) 2536.830 2573.936
ELEVATION (M) 11.0 28
MAIN ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 83.4 96.5
DIVERSITY ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 73.4 86.5
FREQUENCY (MHz) 2400 2400
POLARIZATION VERTICAL VERTICAL

(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI-BURDWAN)
DISTANCE (Km) ELEVATION (M) OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT (M) AG
0.00 11.2
5.00 10.0 15 T
10.00 12.0 15 T
15.00 12.0 15 T
20.00 15.0 15 T
25.00 20.0 15 T
30.00 24.0 15 T
35.00 25.0 15 T
40.00 26.0 15 T
45.00 20.0 15 T
46.61 28.0

(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)
bel-bur.p13 - 1 BELMURI BURDWAN
ELEVATION (M) 11.00 28.00
LATITUDE 22 56 12 N 23 16 25 N
LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E 87 52 32 E
AZIMUTH 323.24 143.13
ANTENNA TYPE (MAIN) DAX-12 DAX-12
ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) 83.38 96.46
ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 38 38
RANDOM LOSS (dB) 0.25 0.25
TX LINE TYPE (MAIN) FOAM 1-1/4” FOAM 1-1/4”
TX LINE LENGTH (M) 105 116
TX LINE UNIT LOSS (dB/100 M) 5.2 5.2
TX LINE LOSS (dB) 5.46 6.03
CONNECTOR LOSS (dB) 1.00 1.00

(HOP DETAILS)
ANTENNA TYPE (DIVERSITY) DAX-8 DAX-8
ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 33.5 33.5
TX LINE TYPE (DIVERSITY) FOAM 1-1/4” FOAM 1-1/4”
TX LINE LENGTH (M) 94 107
CIRCULATOR BRANCHING LOSS (dB) 0.5 0.5
TX SWITCH LOSS (dB) 1.20 1.20
TX FILTER LOSS (dB) 2.0 2.0
RX HYBRID LOSS (dB) 2.5 2.5
DIV. RX CIRCULATOR LOSS (dB) 2.5 2.5
OTHER RX LOSS (dB) 3.0 3.0

(HOP DETAILS)
POLARIZATION VERTICAL VERTICAL
PATH LENGTH (Km) 46.61 46.61
FREE SPACE LOSS (Db) 133.44 133.44
ATMOS. ABSORPTION LOSS (dB) 0.29 0.29
MAIN NET PATH LOSS (dB) 83.42 83.42
DIVERSITY NET PATH LOSS (dB) 81.85 81.96
TX FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT (MHz) 2400 2400
TX POWER (WATTS) 0.89 0.89
TX POWER (dBm) 29.49 29.49
EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (dBm) 57.08 56.5
RX THRESHOLD CRITERIA 10-3
10-3
RX THRESHOLD LEVEL (dBm) -91.00 -91.00
MAXIMUM RECEIVED SIGNAL (dBm) -30 -30

(HOP DETAILS)
MAIN RX SIGNAL (dBm) -53.93 -53.93
DIVERSITY RX SIGNAL (dBm) -52.36 -52.47
THERMAL FADE MARGIN (dB) 38.64 38.53
CLIMATIC FACTOR 0.5 0.5
TERRAIN ROUGHNESS (M) 6.10 6.10
C FACTOR 1.65 1.65
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMP. (DEG. C) 28 28
DIVERSITY TYPE SPACE DIVERSITY BB SPACE DIVERSITY BB
SD IMPROVEMENT FACTOR 31.79 31.66
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 2.72 2.80
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.999896 99.999894
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 12.24 12.59
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.999961 99.999960
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 2 WAY (%-SEC) 99.999921-24.83 99.999921-24.83

(HOP DETAILS)
(PATH PROFILE BURDWAN - MANKAR)
BURDWAN
LATITUDE 23 16 25 N
AZIMUTH 296.56 DEG.
ELEVATION 28 M HASL
ANTENNA CL 93.2 M AGL
MANKAR
LATITUDE 23 25 49 N
AZIMUTH 116.42 DEG.
ELEVATION 60 M HASL
ANTENNA CL 48 M AGL
PATH LENGTH 38.87 Km
FREQUENCY 2400 MHz
K = 1.33
% F = 100.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
20
40
60
80
100
120
35
60 ASL
48 AGL
93.2 AGL
28 ASL
M

(HOP DETAILS)
(REFLECTION POINT PROFILE BURDWAN - MANKAR)
REFLECTION PLANE DEFINED BETWEEN 0.00 AND 38.87 Km
REFLECTION POINT LOCATION AT 24.2 Km
FREQUENCY 2400 MHz
FRESNEL ZONE 100 %F1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38.87
20
40
60
80
100
120

(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
BURDWAN MANKAR
LATITUDE 23 16 25 N 23 25 49 N
LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E 87 32 07 E
AZIMUTH 296.56 116.42
DISTANCE (Km) 38.87 38.87
DATUM NAD27 – CLARKE 1866 NAD27 – CLARKE 1866
UTM ZONE 45 45
EASTING (Km) 589.550 554.688
NORTHING (Km) 2573.930 2591.092
POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL

(HOP DETAILS)
(TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
DISTANCE (Km) ELEVATION (M) OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT (M) AG
0.00 28.0
11.00 35.0 15 T
13.50 37.0 15 T
20.00 40.0 15 T
21.75 42.3 15 T
37.50 60.0 15 T
38.87 60.0

(HOP DETAILS)
(RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
bur-man 1 .pl3-page 1 BURDWAN MANKAR
LATITUDE 23 16 25 N 23 25 49 N
LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E 87 32 07 E
AZIMUTH 296.56 116.42
ANTENNA TYPE (MAIN) DAX-12 DAX-12
ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) 38.00 38.00
TX LINE TYPE (MAIN) FOAM 1-1/4” FOAM 1-1/4”
TX LINE LENGTH (M) 116.00 68.00

(HOP DETAILS)
CIRCULATOR BRANCHING LOSS (dB) 0.50 0.50
TX SWITCH LOSS (dB) 1.20 1.20
TX FILTER LOSS (dB) 2.00 2.00
RX HYBRID LOSS (dB) 2.50 2.50
RX FILTER LOSS (dB) 2.00 2.00
OTHER RX LOSS (dB) 3.00 3.00
POLARIZATION HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL
PATH LENGTH (Km) 38.87 38.87
FREE SPACE LOSS (Db) 131.86 131.86
ATMOS. ABSORPTION LOSS (dB) 0.24 0.24
NET PATH LOSS (dB) 79.88 79.88
TX FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT (MHz) 2400 2400
TX POWER (WATTS) 0.89 0.89

(HOP DETAILS)
TX POWER (dBm) 29.49 29.49
EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (dBm) 56.51 59.00
RX THRESHOLD CRITERIA 10 E -3
10 E -3
RX THRESHOLD LEVEL (dBm) -91 -91
MAXIMUM RECEIVED SIGNAL (dBm) -30 -30
RX SIGNAL (dBm) -50.39 -50.39
THERMAL FADE MARGIN (dB) 40.61 40.61
CLIMATIC FACTOR 0.50 0.50
TERRAIN ROUGHNESS (M) 6.10 6.10
C FACTOR 1.65 1.65
AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMP. (DEG. C) 28.00 28.00
DIVERSITY TYPE NON DIVERSITY NON DIVERSITY

(HOP DETAILS)
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 31.83 31.83
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.998789 99.998789
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) 143.22 143.22
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) 99.999546 99.999546
ANNUAL MULTIPATH 2 WAY (%-SEC) 99.999092 – 286.44 99.999092 – 286.44

(LINK DETAILS)
(GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION CAN BE GIVEN IN A TABULAR
FORM:
• SL.NO. 1.
• STATION NAME BELMURI
• OWNER CLIENT NAME
• HASL (M) 11
• LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E
• LATITUDE 22 56 12 N
• AZIMUTH (DEGREES) 159.32 TOWARDS HOWRAH
323.24 TOWARDS BURDWAN
• TOWER HEIGHT (M) 90
• HOP DISTANCE (Km) 43.75 TOWARDS HOWRAH
46.61 TOWARDS BURDWAN
• REMARKS IF ANY SAY AIR STRIP NEAR BY

(LINK DETAILS)
(TOWERS AND AERIALS)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM:
S.N. STATION
FROM
STATION
TO
ANT.
DIA.(M)
ANT.
HT. (M)
AZIMUTH
DEGREE
TX LINE
(M)
1 CALCUTTA HOWRAH 1.8 50 325.33 70
2 HOWRAH CALCUTTA
BELMURI
1.8
3.3
52.6
84.2,74.2
145.31
339.38
73
105, 95
3 BELMURI HOWRAH
BURDWAN
3.3
4.0,2.4
80.2,74.2
83.4,73.4
159.32
323.24
101, 91
104, 94
4 BURDWAN BELMURI
MANKAR
4.0, 2.4
4.0
96.5, 86.5
93.2
143.13
296.56
117, 107
116
5 MANKAR BURDWAN
PARULIA
4.0
3.0
48.0
41.9
116.42
313.76
68
62
6 PARULIA MANKAR 3.0 55.0 133.69 75

(LINK DETAILS)
(REFLECTION POINTS)
S. NO. HOP FREQUENC
Y
(MHz)
HOP
DISTANCE
(Km)
REFLECTION
POINT LOCATION
(Km)
REMARKS
1 CALCUTTA-HOWRAH 2400 9.75 4.6 NO REF.
ANTICIPATED
2 HOWRAH-BELMURI 2400 43.75 22.3 NO REF.
ANTICIPATED
3 BELMURI-BURDWAN 2400 46.61 22.3 NO REF.
ANTICIPATED
4 BURDWAN-MANKAR 2400 35.33 24.2 NO REF.
ANTICIPATED
5 MANKAR-PARULIA 2400 29.96 12.0 NO REF.
ANTICIPATED

(LINK DETAILS)
(FREQUENCY PLAN)
26.96 Km
35.33 Km
46.61 Km
43.75 Km
9.75 Km
PARULIA MANKUR
BURDWAN
BELMURI
HOWRAH CALCUTTA
f1’
f1
f1 f1’
f1’
f1
f1
f1’
f1’ f1
V
H
V
H
V
A
B
C
D
E
F
5085
85
100
5055

(LINK DETAILS)
(INTERFERENCE CALCULATIONS)
RE
C.
ST.
W.
S.
F.
W.
S.
F.
XP
D
FB
D
DD AD OL TO
TA
L
XP
D
FB
D
DD AD OL TO
TA
L
XP
D
FB
D
DD AD OL TO
TA
L
A B 20 25 20 65
B A C 25 45 70 25 45 70 8.8
2
40 20 69
C B D 25 45 70 25 45 70 7.4
5
30 20 57
D C E 25 45 70 6.5
3
28 20 54 25 45 70
E D F 25 45 70 10.
86
20 20 50.
86
25 45 70
F E 11.
3
20 20 51

(LINK DETAILS)
(OUTAGE TABLE)
S.NO. HOP ANNUAL-2
WAY (%)
RELIABILITY
OUTAGE-2
WAY (SEC)
REMARKS
1 CALCUTTA-HOWRAH 99.999987 4.20 NON DIVERSITY
2 HOWRAH-BELMURI 99.999878 38.52 DIVERSITY
3 BELMURI-BURDWAN 99.999921 24.83 DIVERSITY
4 BURDWAN-MANKAR 99.999092 286.44 NON DIVERSITY
5 MANKAR-PARULIA 99.999745 80.40 NON DIVERSITY

(LINK DETAILS)
(SYNOPTIC OF THE LINK)
29.96 Km 35.33 Km 46.61 Km 43.75 Km 9.75 Km
PARULIA MANKAR BURDWAN
BELMURI HOWRAH CALCUTTA
55 M 50 M 100 M 85 M 85 M 50 M
55M
41.9M
48M
93.2M
96.5M
86.5M
83.4M
73.4M8
0
.
2
80.2M
70.2M
84.2M
74.2M
52.6M 50.0M

(TECHNO - ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION)
{(CALCUTTA – PARULIA (DURGAPUR)}
FIBER OPTICS MICROWAVE
SL.
NO.
DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT
PRICE
(US$)
TOTAL
(US$)
SL.
NO.
DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT
PRICE
(US$)
TOTAL
(US$)
1 OFC (12 F) 200 2500 500000 1 RADIO EQPT. S/D 4 24539 98156
2 LAYING OF OFC 200 1250 250000 2 RADIO R/R EQPT. 6 49078 294468
3 LINE TML. (FO) EQ. 4 7500 30000 3 MULTIPLEXERS 4 2500 10000
4 FIBER OPTIC R/R 1 15000 15000 4 SERVICE CH. UNIT 10 1035 10350
5 SERVICE CH. UNIT 4 1035 4140 5 ALARM CON. UNIT 10 2528 25280
6 ALARM CON. UNIT 4 2500 10000 6 NMS 1 26500 26500
7 NMS 1 26500 26500 7 ANT.& TX. LINE SYS. 14 6669 93366
8 MULTIPLEXERS 4 2500 10000 8 TOWERS (80m) 3 70000 210000
9 POWER PLANT 4 8750 35000 9 POWER PLANT 10 8000 80000
10 INST. & COMM. LS 176128 176128 10 INST. & COMM. LS 124836 124836
1056768 972956

LINK BUDGET CALCULATIONS FOR OFC
(ADVANTAGES OF FIBER COMMUNICATIONS)
1. High band width: Can carry very large information over long distances.
2. Immunity to radio frequency interference:
3. Immunity to electromagnetic interference:
4. No cross-talk:
5. Highly secure and can maintain privacy:
6. Small size and light weight:
7. Low cost: Cost is coming down day by day.
8. Plenty of resources are available: Glass fiber (silicon dioxide) or
transparent plastic are readily available materials.
9. Low attenuation: Typical OFC attenuate 0.3 dB/Km.
10. OFC is safe: Glass or plastics are insulators, no electric current.
11. Corrosion by water and chemicals is less severe than copper.
12. Can withstand high temperatures: Range from -25 to 65 degree.
13. Very flexible: Easy to lay, where there are many curves.

(APPLICATIONS OF FIBER COMMUNICATIONS)
1. Long Distance Communication: Land line and under water.
2. Junction Network: Very useful for Inter-Exchange Junctions.
3. Video Transmission: TV broadcast, Cable TV, remote monitoring
and surveillance.
4. Large Data Transfers: Over very large distances or LAN.
5. Defense Applications: Communication, command & control links
on ships and aircraft, data links for satellite earth stations.
6. Non-communication Applications: Fiber sensors are used to
measure temperature, pressure, rotary and linear positions and
liquid levels.
7. Fiber in Local Loop: As an alternative to conventional copper
cables in subscriber loop.
8. Use on high Electromagnetic Interference areas: Along the
railway tracks, high tension transmission lines.

(SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)
System Design Engineer’s job is to design most efficient and cost-effective
system. Following points may be considered.
• Transmission requirements: Audio, Data, Video, or combination of these
signals?
• One way or bidirectional?
• What is distance?
• What is the optical loss budget being considered?
Transmission losses: Optical loss is the sum of the losses of individual
component between transmitter and receiver, which are:-
• Fiber loss/Km
• Coupling loss
• Connector loss
• Splice loss
• Patch panel loss

(SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS)
Power Budget: It is the maximum
amount of signal loss a system
can tolerate and still function
satisfactorily. In Fiber optic
system, the combined
components losses must be low
enough to ensure, that, sufficient
power reaches the receiver. In
addition to this, some power is
kept reserve as margin for future
cable maintenance and aging of
different components. After
calculation of total losses from the
transmitted power, the net
received power should be above
the receiver sensitivity. Typical
optical losses are shown:-
ITEM LOSSES
CONNECTOR ST TYPE 1.0 dB
CONNECTOR FC/PC 0.75 dB
FIBER MULTIMODE @ 850 nm 3.5 dB/Km
FIBER MULTIMODE @ 1300 nm 1.5 dB/Km
FIBER SINGLE-MODE @1310 nm 0.6 dB/Km
FIBER SINGLE-MODE @ 1550
nm
0.4 dB/Km
SPLICE BUTT 2.0 dB
SPLICE MECHANICAL 0.5 dB
SPLICE FUSION 0.2 dB
PATCH PANEL 2.0 dB

(SYSTEM ENGINEERING SPECIFICATIONS)
SL.N
O.
PARAMETERS CHARACTERISTICS
1 TYPE OF FIBER MONOMODE
2 WAVE LENGTH 1300 nm
3 ATTENUATION 0.5 dB/Km
4 SPLICING LOSS 0.1 dB/splice
5 CONSTRUCTION METAL FREE JELLY FILLED 12 F OFC
6 SHRINKAGE 1 % of OF CABLE
7 JOINTS 1 JOINT PER 2 Km
8 EXTRA LENGTH FOR JOINTING 10 M PER JOINT
9 EXTRA LENGTH FOR LEADING IN 100+100=200 M OR ACTUAL
10 FIBER LENGTH 102 % of OF CABLE LENGTH
11 OPTICAL TRANS POWER -3.5 dbm
12 RECEIVER THRESHOLD -39.5 dbm
13 CABLE/EQUIPMENT OPERATION MARGIN 3 dB
14 FDF LOSS 2.5 dB
15 NOMINAL RECEIVED LEVEL -17 dbm TO -36.5 dbm

(FOR PDH 140 MB/S ROUTES)
SL.
NO.
PARAMETERS VALUES VALUES VALUES
1 TOTAL FIBER LENGTH 31.361 27.302 37.339
2 TOTAL CABLE LOSS (dB) 15.68 13.651 18.669
3 TOTAL SPLICING LOSS (dB) 1.6 1.4 1.8
4 FDF CONNECTION LOSS (dB) 2.5 2.5 2.5
5 TOTAL LOSSES (dB) 19.780 17.551 22.969
6 TRANS POWER (dbm) -3.5 -3.5 -3.5
7 RECEIVED LEVEL (dbm) -23.280 -21.051 -26.469
8 RECEIVE THRESHOLD (dbm) -39.5 -39.5 -39.5
9 MARGIN (dB) 3 3 3
10 NOMINAL RECEIVE LEVEL (dbm) -17 TO -36.5 -17 TO -36.5 -17 TO -36.5
11 ATTENUATOR REQUIRED NIL NIL NIL

(SDH SYSTEMS FOR STM-1, 4, AND 16)
AT 1310 AND 1550 nm
S.N. PARAMETERS NOTATION L 4.2 L 4.1 L 1.1 L16.2
1 TRANS POWER (WORST) Tw -3 -3 -5 -1
2 TRANS POWER (BEST) Tb 0 0 0 2
3 RECEIVER SENSITIVITY R -36 -32.5 -34 -28
4 TOTAL GAIN (WORST) Tw-R 33 29.5 29 27
5 CONNECTOR LOSS C 2 2 2 2
6 SPLICE LOSS/Km S 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
7 FIBER ATTEN./ Km A 0.25 0.4 0.4 0.25
8 SYSTEM MARGIN M 3 3 3 3
9 OPTICAL PATH PENALTY O 1 1 1 1
10 IF COVERED DISTANCE D 80 47 46 63
11 SPLICE JOINT AT Km OF J 3 3 3 3
12 TOTAL LOSSES C+S(1+D/J)+A*D+M+O 28.77 26.47 26.03 23.95
13 FOR MAX. COVERAGE GAIN=LOSSES (4=12)
14 MAX. DISTANCE (WORST) Km 94.94 54.00 52.85 73.76
15 MAX. DISTANCE (BEST) Km 105.53 60.92 64.38 84.35
16 MARGIN LEFT STILL AVAILABLE GAIN-LOSS (4-12) 4.23 3.03 2.97 3.05
L 4.2 IS STM-4 AT 1550 nm L 4.1 IS STM-4 AT 1310 nm
L 16.2 IS STM-16 AT 1550 nm L 1.1 IS STM-1 AT 1310 nm

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(Basic Steps)
1. Timely Purchase of Tender: Cash/Embassy/Agent/Any other source.
2. Making no. of copies and distribution to relevant sections.
3. Thorough study of commercial conditions and take necessary action.
• Bidder’s qualification criteria
• Bid bond
• Power of attorney
• All other points relevant to this specific tender, since there can be very wide
variation of commercial conditions.
4. Study of technical specifications, preparation and shooting of letters to different
suppliers after going through vendor’s list from Data Bank. Copies of relevant Bill
of Quantities (BOQ), technical specifications, commercial conditions and
compliance statement required to be enclosed. Keep 7-10 day's margin for
receiving the quotes.
5. In case there is Pre-bid conference, venders to be requested to send queries if any
before schedule time as specified in the tender document.
6. Pre- bid survey is normally carried out jut after the Pre-bid conference.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(GENERAL SURVEY SPECIFIC TO COUNTRY)
1. GENERAL
2. CLIENT
3. AGENTS
4. GENERAL COUNTRY DETAIL
5. SITE CONDITIONS
6. MATERIALS
7. EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLES
8. ACCOMMODATION
9. OFFICE AND HOUSE HOLD FURNISHING
10. PREVALENT SUB-CONTRACT RATES
11. MAN POWER
12. IMMIGRATION
13. COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS
14. IMPORTS
15. TAXES AND DUTIES
16. OTHER REGULATIONS

PREPARATION OF BIDS
General: Date:
1. Name of work:
2. Country and area of work:
3. Bid submission date:
4. Survey period
5. Survey man power
Client:
1. Organization
2. Head
3. Structure of organization
4. Delegated powers
5. Supervisory system
6. Financial status of client (Balance sheet)
7. Clients shares: Their last quote
8. Bank references: Liquidity/Solvency/Over dues
9. High commission/Embassy’s assessment of the client

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Agents:
1. Particulars of Agents: Names, addresses, contact no’s, business
in hand.
2. Areas of specialization: Telecom, Govt. business, MNC’s etc.
3. Bank references: Balance sheet/Audited report
4. Indian Embassy’s/High commissions assessment
5. Details of Agents performance
6. Negotiated scope/Terms of Agent/Draft MOU
7. Scope: Marketing, Work permit, Sponsorship in Tender,
Custom/Tax Clearances, LC/BG/OD and or sub-contractor ship
8. Fee payable with break-up of components (proportionate to
collection) in local/foreign currencies into designated local/foreign
A/c etc.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Country Details:
1. Area, Population, Capital, Local Time Summer/Winter etc.
2. Climate: Average rainfall, snow, Min-Max. temp., wind speeds, humidity,
dust/sand storm etc.
3. Monetary unit: Lending bank rates of banks, L/C and BG commission
rates etc.
4. Exchange Rate: Official and Banks. Variation trends US$, convertibility
and repatriation laws.
5. Constitution, Government System and Justice/Legal System.
6. Religion
7. Electric current, Weights and Measures, Holidays/Working Days/Hours
8. Main Cities, means of transport, language.
9. Telecom Infrastructure: Along the route and in the work area.
10. Local Infrastructure:
11. Gross and Per Capita GNP/GDP and growth in last 3 years. Budgetary
surplus/deficit etc.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Site Conditions:
1. Type of Soil: Ordinary, hard, rocky, hard rock etc.
2. Water Table: Salinity/Alkalinity/Chemical Composition/Hard/Soft.
Variation of water table season-wise.
3. Existing Services along the route or in the work area: Right of way/Type
of Ducts/H.Holes/M.Holes/Exchanges/RSU/Repeater/Cabinets/Towers.
4. New Routes: Distance Volume Obst./Problems
• On Road
• On Foot Path (Paved)
• Unpaved Area
5. Topographical map of site and route: Altitude/Depth
6. Map of Telecom Network
7. Health, Forest, Environmental, and Wildlife Laws/Provisions affecting site
work, cost to be incurred etc.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Materials: Enquiry is to be made for the Availability, sources, lead time, rates etc. for the
following materials.
1. Cement, Course Aggregate and Sand.
2. Reinforcing Steel
3. Shuttering material
4. PVC Pipes
5. Manhole Covers/Frames
6. Manhole Hardware's
7. Ready Mixed Concrete
8. Bitumen, Asphalt Concrete, Sub-Base for Roads
9. Other procurement items as per BOQ of tender document.
10. Normal Payment Terms with/without LC.
11. Availability of Guarantees for Advance/Retention Release/Performance from
Banks etc.
12. Acceptable banks for opening of LC’s
13. Acceptability/Prequalification of Venders for Clients.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Equipment and Vehicles: Enquiries to be made for the availability, make, hiring charges,
Capital cost (CIF) for following items.
1. Excavator
2. Rock breaker
3. Loader
4. Dump trucks
5. Crane truck
6. Water tanker
7. Roller
8. Compactor
9. Compressor
10. Asphalt cutter
11. Generator
12. Concrete vibrator
13. Concrete mixer
14. Cable winch
15. Cars, Pick ups and 4-wheel drive and other vehicles.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Accommodation:
S.N. Type Rent Lease period Normal Advance Remarks
1. Office
2. 3-Bed room Flat/House
3. 2-Bed room Flat
4. Store
5. Dormitory
6. General particulars
• If rent is inclusive of maintenance
• If accommodation is furnished or unfurnished
• If unfurnished, what is extra cost to furnish
• For how many months advance is to be paid
• Is advance against BG/Cash down payment

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Office and house hold furnishings etc.:
S.N. Capital cost Hire charges Imported/Locally available
1. Office table/chairs (E)
2. Office table/chairs (G)
3. Air-Conditioners
4. Telephone/Telex/Fax
5. Sofa set /Dinning table set/Beds
6. Refrigerator/ Washing machine/Cooking range
7. Personal computer
8. Photocopying machine
9. UPS/Inverter
10. Petrol/Diesel/Water
11. Car for office use
12. Van for site use
13. postage
14. D.G. Set

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Prevalent Sub-contractor’s Rates: List of prequalified/client approved
contractors to be attached with contact numbers.
S.N. Item Rate Contractor Client Year
• Civil
• Tower works
• Telecom Equipment Installation and Commissioning
• OFC Laying
Immigration:
• Work permit for different categories-with permit period
• Expenses
• Residence permit for families-permit period
• Normal period for completing formalities
• Local laws regarding Social Welfare/Security Costs/Benefits

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Commercial Conditions:
1. Repatriation of money by individuals
2. Repatriation of money by Foreign Co.
3. Insurance
• Vehicles
• Project
• Workman compensation
• Marine / In transit
4. Banking facilities
5. Formalities of opening bank A/c by Foreign Co. for:- (Type of Tender)
• Execution of Internationally funded projects;
• Execution of locally funded schemes;
• Execution as consortium partners with local fellow partners;
• Execution through local Joint Venture (JV)
• Execution through a local agent
6. Currency convertibility for purposes of Para 1 & 2.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Imports:
1. Main ports
2. Clearing agents (Rates from 3-4 reputed agents)
3. Clearing period at Ports / Airports
4. Transit insurance charges
5. Inland transport: Modes and tarrif
Taxes and Duties:
1. Import Duty:-General, Major items in BOQ.
2. Income tax:- Individuals and foreign Companies.
3. Other taxes on items in BOQ.
4. Sales Tax/Service Tax/Work Tax/Turnover Tax.
5. Excise/VAT
6. Octroi/Entry Tax within country/local/provincial level.
7. Custom duties/Addle. Duties etc.
8. Duty/Tax/Waiver-Exemptions under special conditions.
9. General Trends in Duties/Taxes.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Business/Telecom/Municipality/Police Regulations:
1. Road specifications
2. Footpath specifications
3. Specific Requirement for Reinstatements
• If reinstatement by Telecom Bodies as per prescribed specifications
allowed?
• If reinstatement by Municipal Authorities or their approved contractors
mandatory & if so at what rates?
4. Road cutting permissions
5. Barricading along the routes
6. Safety conditions
7. Security conditions
8. Laws for doing business as a Foreign company:- Service with expatriate
manpower/Labour Laws/Registration/etc.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
1. Formation of team for survey
2. Collection of:
• Relevant survey instruments/tools etc.
• Topographical maps 1:25,000/50,000 scale with contour at 10 M.
• Site Profiles/Drawings
• Data on existing towers and availability of space Antenna’s/Equipment.
• Customers specifications and requirements.
• Information about location of Radar Sites and Airports.
• Information about existing Terrestrial systems in the area.
3. Map Study as per tender requirements for Co-ordinates, altitude, terrain conditions
and LOS conditions.
4. Site survey:- Is carried out for each site to determine:
• Access road and approach to site
• Longitude, latitude, altitude and availability & stability of power supply.
• Soil bearing capacity, weather conditions, availability of Infrastructure etc.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
6. Hop Survey: Map study and terrain between two site of each hop is
thoroughly trekked to determine:
• Altitude and heights of Near end obstructions, 1-2 Km points along the
LOS route for each hop.
• Water logging and other reflecting areas.
• Likely interference from nearby Radar and Airport sites.
7. Preparation of Drawings:
• Site lay out plan
• Path profiles: Clearance criteria (as tender document) , heights of critical
points (as per survey) to be taken into account.
8. Finalization of:
• Tower Heights:- After Hop wise or due to reflection points equalization.
• Received level and reliability calculations as specified in the Tender.
9. Finalization of System Design: Transmitter Power, location of Terminals,
Repeaters, NMS, Antenna Size/Type/Gain, TX line-Type/Loss.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(SURVEY FOR OFC LINKS)
Items Required for Route Survey of OFC Links:
1. Rodometer
2. Compass
3. Survey /Geographical/Tourist maps
4. Camera
5. Level with staff
6. Digital Multi meter
7. Calculator
8. Measuring Tape 30 M
9. Measuring Tape 3 or 5 M
10. Safety shoes
11. Torch
12. Hat/cap
13. Umbrella/raincoat
14. Floor marking tape/Permanent Marker pen

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Route Index Diagram: Route is invariably fixed by the client is part of the tender
document. Survey team has to carry out detailed measurements of the cable route
and prepare Route Index Diagram (RID). Following points are to be
decided/recorded in the RID and also brought out in tabular formatting.
1. Width with Km readings of rail/road crossings (road cutting), bridges, culverts,
streams/rivers (dry/flowing), water logging areas etc.
2. Probable location of joint boxes, terminations and repeaters.
3. Bending of roads, location of manholes/hand holes. This is to decide max. lengths
of fiber which can be pulled in one stretch. Normally it is 200-250 m and at bends.
4. Width of high way, boundary of road with high way description.
5. Surroundings, land scape, pits, slopes etc.
6. Type of soil to be excavated for trenching.
7. Km marks, important buildings enroute e.g. school, hospitals, petrol pumps,
workshops, branching out of roads etc.
8. City area and area jurisdiction of different concerned authorities.
9. In case site is existing, site details and site lay out plan to be prepared.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
Site Survey: This is for the existing sites available on the proposed route.
1. Precise location of the site with approach road sketch.
2. Contact details of the site in charge.
3. Existing lay out plan to be obtained (if available).
4. Lay out plan of equipment room, power plant rooms and checking the
availability of space for new equipment and power plant.
5. Marking of the proposed equipment.
6. Study of the existing power plant which is likely to drive the proposed
equipment.
7. Earthing arrangement.
8. Cable entry and routing within the building.
9. Study of exchange interface.
10. Ready For Installations (RFI) action points to be noted for advance action
of the client in case work is awarded to your company and will be useful
during post-bid survey.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(PROJECT ESTIMATE AND FINALIZATION OF BIDS)
Preparation of technical offer and finalization of Bill of Quantities (BOQ):
There are tenders in which BOQ are fixed, so after survey it is to be
ascertained if it tally's. But most of the cases, many items will be vague
e.g. System design and engineering is to be given by the bidder. This is
where, survey engineer earns his salary. If your design is technically
sound and economical, chances of winning the tender are bright.
1. Negotiation with venders for getting the lowest cost on all the items to be
supplied under the bid.
2. May be for major items, even go in for exclusive offers, for which signing
of MOU and/or consortium partnership may be required.
3. Ensure, that, all the commercial conditions, technical specifications have
been met. All the venders have given compliance statements and bid
meets all the requirement of the tender document.
4. Bid bond is ready and requisite RBI permission is there.
5. Venders are complying to the time schedule for supply of different items.
6. Prepare an execution plan and work out number of teams required to
complete the project in time after material is available at ports/airports of
clients country.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(PROJECT ESTIMATE AND FINALIZATION OF BIDS)
Preparation of Cost Estimate for the Bid: An example of a very
comprehensive tender having WLL, SDH OFC systems and Digital
Microwave system with so many other items has been worked out except
the actual pricing.
1. Work out actual cost of all the supply materials on CIF basis.
2. Work out actual cost of services for complete execution of the project
including warranty maintenance.
3. Make assessment of other expenses which are anticipated, which will be
different for supplies and services.
4. Mark up your offer with margin of profit after going through the market
survey, your chances of winning the tender etc. This mark up again will
be different for supplies and services.
5. Following slides will give an idea how pricing of any tender is done. This
is only an example and not a set procedure. The procedure for
preparation of tender differ from person to person and company to
company but goal is same to be lowest and win the tender.

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(PROJECT ESTIMATE – (A) COST OF SUPPLIES)
SL.NO. ITEM UNIT QTY TOTAL PRICE (US$)
1 SDH SYSTEMS OPTICAL STM - 4 SYSTEMS 22
2 WLL SYSTEMS SYSTEMS 89
3 DIGITAL MICROWAVE SYSTEMS SYSTEMS 20
4 MAIN POWER SUPPLY NO’S 30
5 SOLAR POWER SUPPLY NO’S 53
6 TOWER SUPPLY NO’S 89
7 ANTENNA/ WAVE GUIDE SYSTEMS SETS 89
8 SHELTERS NO’S 89
9 FENCING OF SITES NO’S 54
10 POTS NO’S 4313
11 PAY PHONE NO’S 534
12 DATA NO’S 467

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(PROJECT ESTIMATE – (A) COST OF SUPPLIES)
SL.NO. ITEM UNIT QTY TOTAL PRICE (US$)
13 POLES 8/9 M NO’S 4983
14 DUCT NO - 54 M 78140
15 TRIPLE DUCT M 49050
16 SUB DUCT M 79084
17 STEEL DUCT M 494
18 CONCRETE MARKER POSTS NO’S 838
19 STAYS FOR POLES NO’S 1224
20 FIBER OPTIC CABLE 48 F M 51531
23 FIBER OPTIC INTERNAL CABLE M 965
24 AERIAL CABLE M 319143

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(PROJECT ESTIMATE – (B) COST OF SERVICES)
SL.NO. ITEM UNIT QTY EXECUTION PLAN
1 SDH SYSTEMS OPTICAL STM - 4 SYSTEMS 22 DEPARTMENTALLY
2 WLL SYSTEMS SYSTEMS 89 DEPARTMENTALLY
3 DIGITAL MICROWAVE SYSTEMS SYSTEMS 20 DEPARTMENTALLY
4 MAIN POWER SUPPLY NO’S 30 DEPARTMENTALLY
5 SOLAR POWER SUPPLY NO’S 53 DEPARTMENTALLY
6 TOWER FOUNDATION AND ERECTION WORKS NO’S 89 SUB-CONTRACTOR
7 ANTENNA/ WAVE GUIDE HOISTING SETS 89 SUB-CONTRACTOR
8 SHELTERS ERECTION NO’S 89 SUB-CONTRACTOR
9 FENCING OF SITES WORKS NO’S 54 SUB-CONTRACTOR
10 POTS INSTALLATION NO’S 4313 SUB-CONTRACTOR
11 PAY PHONE BOOTHS INSTALLATION NO’S 534 SUB-CONTRACTOR
12 DATA BOOTHS INSTALLATION NO’S 467 SUB-CONTRACTOR

PREPARATION OF BIDS
13 ERECTION OF POLES 8/9 M NO’S 4983 SUB-CONTRACTOR
14 LAYING OF DUCT NO - 54 M 78140 SUB-CONTRACTOR
15 LAYING OF TRIPLE DUCT M 49050 SUB-CONTRACTOR
16 INSTALLATION SUB DUCT M 79084 SUB-CONTRACTOR
17 LAYING OF STEEL DUCT M 494 SUB-CONTRACTOR
18 ERECTION OF CONCRETE MARKER POSTS NO’S 838 SUB-CONTRACTOR
19 FIXING OF STAYS FOR POLES NO’S 1224 SUB-CONTRACTOR
20 LAYING OF FIBER OPTIC CABLE 48 F M 51531 SUB-CONTRACTOR
23 LAYING OF FIBER OPTIC INTERNAL CABLE M 965 SUB-CONTRACTOR
24 ERECTION OF AERIAL CABLE M 319143 SUB-CONTRACTOR

PREPARATION OF BIDS
25 TRENCHING 1.5 M IN NORMAL SOIL M 21199 SUB-CONTRACTOR
26 TRENCHING 1.5 M IN ROCKY SOIL M 5328 SUB-CONTRACTOR
27 CONSTRUCTION OF MAN HOLE MRT 8 B NO 1 SUB-CONTRACTOR
28 CONSTRUCTION OF JOINTING CHAMBER JRC 12 R NO 35 SUB-CONTRACTOR
29 CONSTRUCTION OF JOINTING CHAMBER JRC 12 N NO 117 SUB-CONTRACTOR
30 CONSTRUCTION OF JOINTING CHAMBER JRC 14 R NO 27 SUB-CONTRACTOR
31 CONSTRUCTION OF JOINTING CHAMBER JRC 14 N NO 67 SUB-CONTRACTOR
32 TESTING OF SPARE DUCT M 36181 SUB-CONTRACTOR
33 SPLICING OF 48 F NO’S 16 SUB-CONTRACTOR

PREPARATION OF BIDS
MAN POWER ESTIMATION
1. WLL Sites 89 sites x 3 team days =267 Team days
2. SDH Sites 22 sites x 2 team days =44 Team days
3. M/W Sites 20 sites x 2 team days =40 Team days
4. Main P.S. sites 30 sites x 2 team days = 60 Team days
5. Solar P.S. sites 53 sites x 3 team days =159 Team days
Total Team days = 570
Total working days =570 x 7/6=665
Team of 1 Engineer and 1 Technician may be required for a period of two years.
But taking into account the following factors from Effective Date of contract (EDC):
Post-bid survey and finalization of BOQ = 2 month
Finalization of suppliers and placing of orders =2 months
Lead time of suppliers = 4 months
Inland transportation to sites = 2 month
we may require 2 teams if project is to be completed in 24 months time and 4
teams if it is to be completed in 18 months, including testing and commissioning.
Based on the above parameters Implementation Schedule is prepared, keeping in mind
completion period of project from the Effective Date Of Contract (EDC).

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE)
COMPLETION TIME ESTIMATION
SL.NO ACTIVITY 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24-----36
1. SURVEY & FINAL BOQ
2. APPROVALS
3. PLACING OF ORDERS
4. SUPPLY OF OFC
5. SUPPLY OF SDH EQUIPMENT
6. SUPPLY OF TOWERS
7. SUPPLY OF WLL EQUIPMENT
8. SUPPLY OF POWER PLANT
9. LAYING OFC & CIVIL WORKS
10. TOWER FOUNDATION WORKS
11. ERECTION OF SHELTERS
12. ERECTION OF FENCE & GATE
13. TOWER ERECTION
14. ANTENNA W/G HOISTING
15. INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT
16. TESTING & COMMISSIONING
17. HANDING OVER
18. WARRANTY

PREPARATION OF BIDS
MANAGEMENT COST
S.NO. ACTIVITY UNIT QTY. M.MONTH T.M.MONTH U.R. (US$) AMOUNT (US$)
AA STAFF SALARY (SAY) P.D. NO. 1 12 12 1600 19,200.00
BB LOCAL TRAVELING (SAY) NO. 1 2 2 600 1,200.00
CC AIR FARE (TO/FRO) NO. 1 2 2 1500 3,000.00
DD PROJECT OFFICES PD (RENT) NO. 1 12 12 1000 12,000.00
EE PROJECT OFFICES STAFF (RENT) NO. 5 6 30 400 12,000.00
FF FURNISHING OF OFFICE PD NO 1 1 1 5000 5,000.00
GG FURNISHING OF OFFICE STAFF NO. 5 1 5 2000 10,000.00
HH VEHICLES (RUNNING AND MTCE) NO. 1 12 12 800 9,600.00
II TELEPHONE/FAX NO. 1 12 12 500 6,000.00
JJ TOOLS AND TACKLES NO 2 1 2 5000 10,000.00
KK HIRING OF STORES NO 5 6 30 200 6,000.00
LL FOREIGN TRAINING NO. 2 0.5 1 3000 3,000.00
MM ON THE JOB TRAINING NO. 1 1 1 2000 2,000.00
NN AS BUILT DRAWINGS SETS 12 1 12 200 2,400.00
GRAND TOTAL (US $)

PREPARATION OF BIDS
(PROJECT ESTIMATE – BIDDING COST)
AN EXAMPLE - BUT FACTORS VARY
ACTUAL EXPENSES (A) SUPPLIES (US $) (B) SERVICES (US $) REMARKS
SUPPLY OF MATERIALS (CIF) SAY 15,000,000
COST OF WORKS BY SUB-
CONTRACTOR WITH LOCAL ITEMS
50,000 2,000,000
MANAGEMENT COST SAY 1,000.000
TOTAL COST (US $) 15,050,000 3,000,000
ADD ON CONTINGENCIES 1.0 % 5.0 % UNFORESEEN
INTEREST 1.5 % 0.5 % PAYMENT TERMS
BANKING CHARGES 0.5 % 0.5 % L/C & OTHERS
ECGC 0.5 % 0.5 % TO BE ANTICIPATED
INSURANCE 1.0 % 1.0 % TO BE ANTICIPATED
GIFT/ENTERTAINMENTS 0.25 % 0.5 % TO BE ANTICIPATED
NEGOTIATION MARGIN 1.0 % 5.0 % TO BE ANTICIPATED
MARGIN 5.0 % 15 % TO BE ANTICIPATED
TOTAL % / MULTIPLYING FACTOR 11.75 % / 1.133 28.00 % / 1.39
TOTAL (US $) 17,051,650 4,170,000 GRAND TOTAL (US $)
21,221,650

POST-BID SURVEY & FINALIZATION OF B.O.Q.
(CONTRACT NEGOTIATION AND SIGNING OF AN AGREEMENT)
1. In one stage bidding, client first goes through technical evaluation of all
the received bids. Price bid is opened only, who qualify technically.
Normally, work is awarded to the L-1.
2. In two stage bidding, first technical bids are only called, and technically
evaluated. Commercial bids are called for from parties, who technically
qualifies.
3. Letter of intent is given to the contractor and called for negotiation.
4. During negotiations, the tender is reviewed and all clauses discussed.
Negotiation is very tough time for the contractor, where he has to see on
what clauses he can agree to the terms of client.
5. Just after completion of negotiation, Contract Agreement is signed by
both the parties.
6. Effective Date of Contract (EDC) comes into force as per terms of
Contract Agreement.
7. Performance Bank Guarantees, Opening of L/C and Post-Bid Survey
actions starts by both the parties.
8. Post-Bid survey is jointly done to confirm the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) of
the Tender Document. Normally variation of ± 10 % of amount is O.K.

POST-BID SURVEY & FINALIZATION OF B.O.Q.
(TECHNICAL SURVEY FOR LOS LINKS-SURVEY INSTRUMENTS)
1. Laptop or pocket computer
2. Global positioning system (GPS)
3. Digital or analogue THEODOLITE with compass as an
attachment
4. Barometric altimeter 0.5 m resolution
5. High resolution binoculars
6. Camera
7. WALKI-talkie 1.2 GHz RANGE
8. WALKI-talkie vhf range
9. Prismatic compass
10. Mirrors (tailor made)

1 survey system design_and_engg

1 survey system design_and_engg

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

En vedette

En vedette (17)

Similaire à 1 survey system design_and_engg

Similaire à 1 survey system design_and_engg (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

1 survey system design_and_engg