What does the future of automotive market hold? 2016 Presentation Yole Developpement at CAR-ELE Japan Tokyo

January © 2016
From Technologies to Markets
CAR-ELE JAPAN
What does the
future of
automotive
market hold?

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
©2016 | www.yole.fr | Automotive World
Automotive and 21st century challenges 3
A PathToward CO2 emission reduction 10
• LEDs in Automotive 13
• Thermo-Electric Material in Automotive 15
Market andTrends in Electric and Hybrid ElectricVehicles (EV/HEV) 20
• EV/HEV Market Status 22
• TechnologyTrends in EV/HEV 30
• How SiC and GaN gain momentum in EV/HEV? 35
Sensors for AutonomousVehicles: Status andTrends 48

© 2015
Automotive and 21st
century challenges

4
2B people
consuming
internationally-
traded goods
2B mobile
phones sold
each year
1B cars in use
GLOBAL MARKET ROADMAP
World demographics & wealth growth
“Emerging” economies
“Newly industrialized” economies
“Developed” economies
The world is getting richer,
even though 2/3 of Earth’s
population can’t access
consumer goods
<$1 $5 $50 $100+ <$1 $5 $50 $100+
Source Hans Rosling Gap Minder
Consumer
societies
X1.752B/7B
people
3.5B/8B
people
GDP/day
/person
2010 2030
Yole Développement © August 2015
CAGR 2.8%
1 Square =1B people

5
DIFFERENT TYPES OFVEHICLES AND THEIR MARKET
Motorization rate worldwide in 2013
Motorization
rate is very
different
depending on
countries.
Where it is
low, there is a
huge
opportunity
for automotive
market
Amount of vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants
649
167
NAFTA
C&S America
EU 28/EFTA
565
Africa
43
Asia (without
Japan and South
Korea)/Oceania/
Middle East
73
722
91
Japan and South
Korea
544
308
Russia/Other
Europe
253
Worldwide average: 174 vehicles/1,000 inhabitants
Source: OICA

6
Passenger cars: a market still dynamic worldwide
• With 57% of world
population that
cannot imagine
their life without a
car, and considering
the low rate of
motorization in
developing
countries such as
India or China,
passenger cars
market should keep
on increasing in the
coming years
• Growth is
tempered by the
high rate of
motorization in
“developed”
countries
2013 2014 2015 2020
Sales of passenger cars
worldwide
85 millions 88 millions 90 millions 102 millions
…

7
WORLDWIDE CAR MARKET
Passengers and Light commercial vehicles
85.6 million
cars was
produced
worldwide in
2014
• The worldwide car market
featured a growth in 2014:
+2.8% compared to 2013.
• There are large differences in
the market evolution in
different regions.
• With its small amount of
cars per inhabitant and its
perspectives of evolution,
China is pulling the market
(21.8 million vehicles
produced in 2014).
• The total number of cars
produced in 2014 represents
85.6 million units.
• There is a large potential for
car electrification.
85.6
million
cars
Worldwide car production in 2014: Split per region.
Passengers and Light commercial vehicles only

8
MAJOR TRENDS TRANSFORMING THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Two distinctive paths for autonomous vehicles
2020 - 2022
should see the
first
implementations
1900 1980 2012 2022 2028 2040
Technology x Market Penetration
The
Automobile’s
Evolution
12 years6 years10 years32 years80 years
Yole Développement
© September 2015
Low-expectation
“cars” fulfilling a
new plane of
consumption needs
Disruption?
Electronics
invade cars
The electric car
maturesIndustrialization
phase
New use case
Faraday
Future

9
MAJOR TRENDS TRANSFORMING THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Environment / Energy Efficiency
Safety
Shared
Mobility
Digital / Connectivity
Business
Models
New Players
In a not so distant future (10-20
years), one can envision a world
where a shared automated vehicle
could be summoned by a click on a
smartphone!

© 2015
A PathToward CO2
emission reduction

11
CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION DRIVEN BY REGULATION
Reasons for developing electrified vehicles
The
strengthening
CO2
regulation is
the key
driver for the
electrification
of vehicles.
There are three main
reasons that push the
electrified vehicles market
growth:
• Strengthening of CO2
regulation
• Fuel price instability
and dependence on
geopolitical issues
• Incentives for EV/HEV
vehicles and
advantages for EV/HEV
vehicles
• Bus line driving
allowance
• Free parking places
in city centers
• Dedicated parking
places
• Etc.
barriers for thermal
(polluting) vehicles.

12
CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION DRIVEN BY REGULATION
Positioning of car fleet regarding the 2015/2020 EU CO2 emissions targets
Most car
manufacturers
have to electrify
at least some of
the car models
of their fleet to
achieve the EU
emission
reduction
targets. *The circle size
corresponds to the
number of vehicle
registrations per year

14
LEDS: IMPACT ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• Magneti Marelli indicates that lighting
systems based on Xenon technology for
the low beam/high beam functions and
LEDs for all the other front and rear
lighting functions, could save up to 80 Watts
and 2 grams of CO2 emissions per
kilometer. In 2014, the European
Commission included the company’s “E-
Light” LED low beam module among
approved “Eco-innovations” granting a 1g
CO2 /km per vehicle emission credit to
carmakers adopting the system [1].
• Valeo estimate that a passenger using LED
for all functions would save 3g CO2 /km.
• The full LED headlamp of the 2014 Peugeot
308 result in a 50% reduction of CO2
emission compared to halogen headlamps.
• In term of fuel consumption, Mazda
estimates that LED Headlamps in its
Demio car result is fuel consumption
improvement of 1.9%.
Efficient
lighting
systems can
help reducing
vehicles fuel
consumption
and emissions.
[1] As from 2012, if the average CO2 emissions of a carmaker’s fleet exceeds the limit value set by the legislator, the carmaker will be required to pay a fine for the excess
emissions of each registered vehicle. This fine amounts to € 5 for the first g/km over the limit, € 15 for the second g/km over the limit, € 25 for the third g/km over the
limit, up to € 95 for all subsequent g/km over the limit. Starting in 2019, the fine will be increased to € 95 as from the first gram over the limit. But all carmakers can
upon request, benefit from a credit of up to a maximum of 7 g/ CO2 if they adopt approved and certified Eco-Innovations on each vehicle.
Evolution of power consumption for headlamp systems (source: Koito)
Halogen HID Xenon Led
Low Beam 55W x 2 35W x 2 16W x 2
High Beam 60W x 2 35W x 2 + 60W x 2 16W x 2 + 16W x2
Headlamp Power consumption for Mazda’s Demio (source: company)

Thermo-Electric Material in Automotive

16
AUTOMOTIVE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR (ATEG)
An automotive
thermoelectric
generator
(ATEG) is a
device that
converts some
of the waste
heat of an
internal
combustion
engine in car
into electricity
using the
Seebeck effect.
• Different approaches to
reduce fuel
consumption are under
development, including
thermoelectric
generators.
• Automotive
Thermoelectric
Generator (ATEG)
converts directly the
heat energy that escapes
from a vehicle powered
by an internal
combustion engine
(ICE), to electricity.
ICE car
CO2emissions
ICE+ATEG
ATEG helps to reduce the fuel consumption of a
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle
5-7%
decrease

17
AUTOMOTIVE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
Drivers, advantages and challenges
• Drivers
• Targets for CO2 emission reduction in cars
• Growing needs for electricity supply in vehicles
• Advantages:
• Use of energy that would be otherwise wasted
• Relatively small size
• No moving parts
• No circulating fluid (depending on system design)
• Challenges
• High cost of thermoelectric materials
• Existing alternatives for reducing CO2 emissions in vehicles
• Inefficiency to generate high power
• Needs for durable and maintenance-free power sources
• Reliability under high temperature operation and multiple thermal cycling
0 200°C 400°C 600°C 800°C
Human body
Solar heat
Geothermal
heat
Cooling
Automotive
Industrial heat
Industrial heat
Open fire
Durability and maintenance-free operation is one of the
key challenges of using thermoelectricity in cars
Waste heat to Electricity  Thermoelectric generator

18
ATEG system components
TE pellets
TEG module
Example of a TEG system prototype with TE modules, connections to the exhaust
pipe and cold plate (Courtesy: GMZ Energy, Bosch)
Schematic of an ATEG built in a exhaust system and example
of an envisaged TEG application in automotive industry –
electrically heated seats
TEG module schematic
Ceramic plate + metallization
These images are for illustration purposes only.
Ceramic plate
DC/DC
TEG
Catalyst Muffler
Power converter
Liquid
Cooler
Metallized ceramic plates N-type and p-type legs

19
Examples of existing systems
• In 2006, scientists in
BSST, now the
Advanced Technology
division of Gentherm
Incorporated and
BMW of North
America announced
their intention to
launch the first
commercial ATEG in
2013… The Gentherm
ATEG positions
semiconductors
between the exhaust
stream and a cooled
outer surface to
produce electricity.[15]
• Not yet available
commercially?
a
Prototypes of vehicles with thermoelectronics
DOE

© 2015
Market andTrends in
Electric and Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (EV/HEV)

21
Different level of electrification and CO2 reduction associated
CO2 reduction compared
to thermal vehicles (in %)
Level of electrificationThermal vehicle
(Taken as reference)
SSV/µHEV
Mild HEV
Full HEV
PHEV/ EREV
EV (BEV or FCV)
5 – 10%
10 – 25%
25 – 40%
50 – 100%
100%
Car example
Tesla Model S
Mitsubishi Outlander
Toyota Prius
Honda Civic
Citroen C2
VW Golf
Yole Développement 2015

23
WHAT MADE THE MARKET GROW IN THE LASTYEARS?
Customer point of view on electric cars is changing
• Electrified cars were seen as a strange technological object for a long time, which contributed to the low sales levels
• With emergence of new players and cars such as the Tesla Model S or the BMW i8, customer point of view on
electrified cars change. Moreover, with Volkswagen scandal (concerning faked CO2 emission rates for the brand’s
vehicles) revealed, consumers are more aware of automotive pollution issues  electric cars are now seen as
modern and fashion
• Implication of a large part of car manufacturers also participate into the growth of electrified vehicles market 
enlargement of the offer  customers can choose between various types of hybridizations (hybrid, plug-in hybrid or
full electric), types of cars (SUV, sedan or smaller vehicles) and brands
What people thought of EV when first
hearing of it
What people thought of EV when first
prototypes were demonstrated What EV really look like now

24
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
0 5 10 15
CO2Reduction
Additional cost (k$)
EV/HEV MARKET DRIVERS & BARRIERS
HEV/EV additional cost vs CO2 reduction benefit
Cost
reduction for
pure EV and
plug-in HEV is
expected to
be significant
in 2020
SSV
Mild HEV
Full HEV
PHEV
EV/HEV today status
Pure EV
Projection to 2020
• Hypothesis for 2020:
• 30% reduction for electronic
components
• 40% reduction for batteries
Source: Yole Développement

25
Range increase reassures customers and boosts the sales
Thanks to
battery cost
decrease and
technical
solutions
developed,
electric cars
range keep on
increasing,
pulling the
market
Tesla Roadster
Kandi EV
Tesla Model S
Mercedes SLS AMG
BDNT Denza
BYD e6
Toyota RAV4
Range depends on the type of vehicle chosen
and the use of it.Thanks to power density
increase, technical improvements and battery
cost decrease, range keeps on increasing
Tesla Motors cars are the first ones to
have a range above 300km
Kandi EV is mainly use for
urban car sharing: its range is
not a crucial parameter

26
WHAT ARE THE REMAINING BRAKES FOR ELECTRIFIED CARS GROWTH?
An expensive electro-mobility also due to high battery cost
Another
financial brake
to electro-
mobility:
battery cost
• As cost is one of
the main criteria
when purchasing a
car, every additional
cost is important
• The difference
between electric
and thermic
vehicles presented
on the previous
slide also comes
from battery cost,
which represents a
big weight in overall
cost
• Even if targets for
2020 are very
ambitious, current
level of battery cost
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Price($/kWh)
Forecasts for battery pack price evolution
Source:“Energy Management for smart grid, cities and buildings: Opportunities
for battery electricity storage solutions” report,Yole Développement, 2015
In 2015, battery
pack was sold
around 370$/kWh
Official target for 2020 is
100$/kWh at cell level,
representing ~260$/kWh
for battery pack

27
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
DC chargers units evolution worldwide
Japan Europe USA Others Total
Charging infrastructure has been growing for a few years
At the end of
November
2015 there
were more
than11,000
DC chargers
worldwide
• Charging
infrastructure is a
key point to
develop to
encourage electric
vehicles growth:
before buying an EV
a customer will
check if he can
charge it easily and
quickly
• We currently
estimate that there
are 1.5 times more
AC chargers than
BEV
• Governments help
developing this
infrastructure
financing fast DC
charging points
Considering CHAdeMO and CCS
chargers
Amount of DC
chargers was multiplied
by 2 in one year

28
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Thermic Start/Stop Mild HEV Full HEV PHEV EV
Cost(in$)
Average cost of 100km for different types of vehicles
With high price of fuel and low cost of electricity, electric mobility is cheaper
Considering
only the cost
of “refueling”
a car (at home
for electric
car), an EV is
6 times
cheaper than
a thermic
vehicle
• Prices of fuel and
electricity vary very
much depending on
the areas of the
world, but an
average estimation
gives the results
shown on the chart
• Even if this cost
doesn’t take into
account the price of
buying the vehicle,
some customers
can find a cheaper
option in electric
vehicle than in a
thermic vehicle
-10%
-10%
-25%
-50%
-50%
-85%

29
What about electrified cars?
• Even if the first
electric car was
born at the
beginning of 20th
century, the first
representative sales
of electrified cars
started in 2013
• Since that year,
vehicle
electrification is
growing
• Between 2014 and
2015, the amount
of full electric cars
sold was multiplied
by 2, which is very
encouraging for the
future
• By 2020, we expect
electrified cars to
represent more
than 10% of the
sales
2013 2014 2015* 2020*
Sales of passenger cars
worldwide
…
1.8 M HEV (2.1%)
85 millions 88 millions 90 millions 102 millions
0.09 M PHEV (0.11%)
0.11 M EV (0.13%)
2.2 M HEV (2.5%) 2.6 M HEV (2.9%) 8.3 M HEV (8.1%)
0.14 M PHEV (0.16%) 0.3 M PHEV (0.33%) 1.4 M PHEV (1.4%)
0.14 M EV (0.16%) 0.4 M EV (0.43%) 1.8 M EV (1.8%)
* Data/estimation to be confirmed

31
CHALLENGES IN EV/HEV
TechnicalTargets: Power density roadmap for PE used in electric vehicles
• Cost of EV/HEV systems is not yet competitive compared to combustion engines.
• To reach significantly lower cost, a considerable investment in needed in technology, integration with other vehicle systems,
cross platform sharing, etc.
Whole Traction Drive Systems Power Electronics Motors
Year Cost $/kW kW/Kg kW/l Efficiency Cost $/kW kW/Kg kW/l Cost $/kW kW/Kg kW/l
2010 19 1.06 2.6 > 90% 7.9 10.8 8.7 11.1 1.2 3.7
2015 12 1.2 3.5 > 93% 5 12 12 7 1.3 5
2020 8 1.5 3.5 > 94% 3.3 14.1 13.4 4.7 1.6 5.7
2025 5 1.6 5 > 95% 2.1 15.8 17.6 2.9 1.7 7.4
Challenges
Traction Drive System
• Benchmarking technologies
• Innovative systems designs
Power Electronics
• Innovative topologies
• Temperature-tolerant devices
• Packaging
• Capacitors
• Vehicle charging
• New materials
Electric Machines
• Permanent magnet (PM) motors
• Magnetic materials
• High-performance of non-PM motors
• Thermal system integration
• Heat transfer technologies
• Thermal stress and reliability
Specification: 55kW peak for 18 sec, 30kW continuous: 15 years life
Source: US Drive June 2013
Key drivers for
innovations in
power
electronics (PE):
• Weight
reduction
• Volume
reduction
• Cost
reduction

32
CASE STUDY: POWER ASSEMBLY: NISSAN LEAF INVERTER WEIGHT REPARTITION
The biggest
part of Nissan
Leaf inverter
in terms of
weight is the
heat
exchanger
• 6 different elements are composing the
weight within a 2012 Nissan Leaf
Inverter
• Active devices (mainly power module +
gate driver) are only second in terms of
weight part inside the inverter
• Devices devoted to thermal
management (heat exchanger) is the
heaviest part, representing 1/3 of the
overall weight
• Packaging and connection represent a
significant proportion with more than
20% of the overall weight
Source: ORNL
16.3
kg

33
TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
Main targets:
• better
cooling
• higher
integration
• multiple
inverters
Converters co-integration
• DC/DC Boost + Inverter + Generator
• Inverter + LV-HV DC/DC
• On board DC/DC + LV-HV DC/DC
Direct Cooling
Double side cooling
Co-integration motor + inverter:
• Increase power density
• Inverter mechatronic design to fit
with motor aspect ration
In-Wheel MotorDual Motors
Power assembly technology toward higher integration and power density

34
TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
Main targets:
• better
cooling
• higher
integration
• higher
frequency
Toyota 2010
• Standard packaging
• Ribbon bonding
• Direct substrate cooling
Honda 2010
• Epoxy packaging
• Cu lead bonding
Delphi 2010
• Single IGBT/diode packaging
• Flip-chip soldering
Denso 2008/Lexus LS
• Single IGBT/diode packaging
• Flip-chip soldering
• Double side cooling
• Too expensive
3.0 mm
Bosch 2013
• Molded package
• Die on Leadframe
• Thick Copper layer for thermal
spreading
Mitsubishi 2014
• Six Pack IGBT/Diode Package
• Cooling fin
• Thick Copper layer for thermal
spreading
Power module technology toward higher integration and power density

How SiC and GaN gain momentum in
EV/HEV?

36
SiC ADDEDVALUE
SiC
devices
allow to
reduce
system
size and
weight.
High electron mobilityHigh JunctionT°
No recovery time
during switching
Low losses
less energy to dissipate
Fewer cooling
needs
System size and
weight
reduction
High switching
frequency
Smaller filters
and passives
Intrinsic
properties
Impact on
operation
Impact on
power module
Impact on
power system
©2015 | www.yole.fr | Toyota Industries Corporation: SiC Market Analysis and Relationship Setup©2016 | www.yole.fr | Automotive World

37
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES: PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR WIDE BANDGAP
Power device technology positioning
WBG devices
are primarily
positioned in
high-end
applications
1200V or
more
600V or less
Productrange
Voltage
IGBT
Thyristor
IGCT
…
SiC
MOSFET
Triacs
Bipolar
…
3.3kV and more200
V
GaN GaN
• Historically, silicon had the complete monopoly of the semiconductors industry in Integrated Circuits (IC), in
Microchips and in Power Electronics.
• New raw materials for semiconductors such asWide Bandgap materials Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN)
have been developed since some decades now.

38
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIFIEDVEHICLES
Definition
WBG could
be used for
full HEV
PHEV and
pure EV
applications.
Functions SSV Mild HEV Full HEV
PHEV (with
EREV)
EV (BEV or
FCV)
Start/stop: stop engine idle when
a vehicle slows down and comes
to a stop
X X X X X
Regenerate braking X X X X
Additional power for a few
seconds (electric motor)
X X X X
Additional power for mid distance
(city traffic)
X X X
Power for long distance (10 to 40
miles)
X X X
recharge battery on the grid or
with a generator
X X
Energy savings 5-10%
(up to 25% in city
traffic)
10- 25% 25 – 50% 50 – 100% 100%
Electric power 3-8 kW 4 - 20 kW 30 - 75 kW 70 – 100 kW 70 – 100 kW
Car example PSA C2 Honda Civic Toyota Prius GMVolt Nissan Leaf
PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle, EREV: Energy
Range Extender Vehicle,
BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle, FCV: Fuel Cell Vehicle
Possible if LV-HV
DC/DC Converter
SiC or GaN Target

39
Converters SSV
Mild
HEV
Full
HEV
PHEV (with
EREV)
EV (BEV
or FCV)
1. Start/stop module
MOSFET
1.5 to 10 kW
Av: 3.5 kW
2. DC/DC converter 14V (to
MOSFET – 1.5 / 3 kW – Av: 2.25 kW
3. DC/AC inverter ( + DC/DC
booster option )
MOSFET or
IGBT
5 /20 kW
Av: 15 kW
IGBT – 20 / 150 kW
Av: 70 kW
4. Generator
IGBT – 20 / 40 kW
Av: 30 kW
5. Battery charger
MOSFET - 3/6 kW – Av: 4.5 kW
and then
IGBT - 10 / 20 kW – Av: 15 kW
Total average
power / car
3.5 kW 17.25 kW 52.25 kW 56.75 to 102.5 kW
(for a single motor setup)
Here are the applications that are specific to HEV/EV. Standard ICE power device applications are not considered (oil pump, steering, braking, HVAC….).
Auxiliary inverters have not been considered due to the small amount of power devices.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIFIEDVEHICLES
Device types and power levels
WBG
devices could
replace Si
based IGBT
and MOSFET
in EV/HEV
applications.
Could be replaced by WBG

40
YOLE’SVISION OF WBG PENETRATION IN EV/HEV BEFORE 2020
GaN vs SiC *
GaN and SiC
have
opportunities
in different
applications.
On-board charger topology (3 or 7kW)
The topology of on-board fast charger is similar to that of inverter: SiC possible
400V
Standard InverterTopology (generator)
400V
230V
Already SiC
SiC Possible
SiC Possible
GaN or SiCTransistor + SiC diode
GaN or SiCTransistor
LV-HV DC/DC converter topology
GaN or SiCTransistor + SiC diode
GaN Possible
DC/DC booster
SiC Possible
on-board
Wireless charger
* Our vision is based on the current status, the situation could evolve with further development.

41
CONVERTERS & INVERTERS IN EV/HEV
Where SiC & GaN?
DC/DC
boost
converter
DC/AC
Inverter
Electric
motor
DC/AC
inverter
AC/DC
converter
200-
450VDC
DC/AC
Inverter
Air conditioner
Torque to
drive wheels /
breaking
energy
recuperation
DC/DC
converter
Engine
generator
12V
battery
AC electric
accessory load
Toyota only
High voltage
battery
• Two wide-band gap materials
(GaN and SiC) are candidates
for new devices for inverters
and converters in EV/HEV.
• Technologically speaking, SiC
for high-power DC/AC
inverters (and in the Toyota’s
case also for the boost DC/DC
converter) and GaN is more
adapted for low-power DC/DC
and AC/DC converters.
• However, the choice of SiC or
GaN is more complex and
depends on numerous criteria.
• SiC technology might be
implemented also in low-power
converters due to lack of
technology maturity of GaN
(compared to more mature
SiC).
Power devices positioning within an EV/HEV
Yole Développement
On-board
battery
charger
DC electric
accessory load

42
ROADMAP OF IMPLEMENTATION OF SiC DEVICES IN EV/HEV
AC/DC
on-
board
charger
DC/DC
Diode
Switch
AC/DC
DC/AC
Year
Power
2kW
3kW
7kW
55kW+
2015 2018 2023
Augmentation of
current capacity
900V/30A from CREE
is well-positioned for
this segment
Introduction of SiC components into
devices in EV/HEV (axes not in scale)
Yole Développement
powertrain

43
SiC – EV/HEV PARTNERSHIPS
Case study: Mitsubishi
Mechatronic
integration is
a promising
approach to
further
reduce the
system
volume.
• Mechatronic integration (inverter within the motor)
is one of the optimization trends for the future
EV/HEV cars.
• Mitsubishi has developed a SiC-based inverter
integrated with the motor.
• Thanks to SiC capabilities, the overall volume is
reduced by 44% (from 25L to 14.1L) for a 60 kW
inverter.
• A cylindrically-shaped power module accommodates
parallel cooling ducts for improved cooling of the
motor and the inverter.This design is said to ensure
stable cooling and to allow the use of low-power
pumps.
• According to Mitsubishi, the price of SiC devices must
be lowered for mass production.
Mitsubishi
integrated
SiC liquid
cooled
inverter
Inverter
mechatronic
integration with
the motor

44
SiC – EV/HEV PARTNERSHIPS
SiC components evaluation byToyota
Test of SiC
components
in hybrid
vehicle and
fuel cell bus.
• Project lead by:Toyota (JP)
• Evaluation of the performance of SiC power semiconductors,
which could lead to significant efficiency improvements in
hybrids and other vehicles with electric powertrains.
• Goal: to assess the improvement to efficiency achieved by the
new SiC power semiconductors.
• Two types of testing vehicles:
• Toyota Camry hybrid prototype
• Fuel cell bus
• Toyota Camry hybrid prototype:
• SiC power semiconductors (transistors and diodes) installed in the
PCU’s internal voltage step-up converter and the inverter that
controls the motor.
• Fuel cell bus:
• SiC diodes installed in the fuel cell voltage step-up converter, which
is used to control the voltage of electricity from the fuel cell stack.
• The bus is currently in regular commercial operation inToyota City.
• The technologies behind these SiC power semiconductors were
developed in Japan jointly by:
• Toyota
• Denso Corporation
• Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc.
• The SiC transistor is a trenched MOSFET manufactured with a
4-inch SiC wafer.
Toyota Camry hybrid prototype with
SiC components
SiC diode chips
SiC transistor chips
Toyota fuel cell bus with
SiC diodes

45
SiC AT TOYOTA: CASE STUDY
Toyota’s vision
Toyota’s goal is
to have 10%
improvement
in fuel
efficiency and
PCU
downsizing of
80%.
Over 5% fuel
efficiency
improvement
was confirmed.
• According to Toyota, approximatively 20% of HEV total electrical power loss is associated with power
semiconductors. SiC power devices allow to increase fuel efficiency and reduce PCU size.
• Trench structure SiC is adopted.
Source:Toyota

46
SIC DEVICE MARKET IN EV/HEV
Split by type
The
implementation
of SiC in HV/HEV
began with on-
board chargers.
Implementation
in the power
train is expected
in 2020.
Power train

47
GAN DEVICE MARKET IN EV/HEV
Split by type – Nominal scenario
GaN
transistors
are expected
for on-board
chargers and
LV-HV
DC/DC
converters in
2018.

© 2015
Sensors for Autonomous
Vehicles:
Status andTrends

49
$200B
HOW SIGNIFICANT IS THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY?
Two industries
controlled by
giant companies
with ~$200B in
revenue
2014 industry revenue comparison
Consumer
Electronics
Industry
Automotive
Industry $2.2T
CAGR +2.7%
88M units
ASP $28,000
$1.140T
CAGR +4.4%
3,046M units
ASP $374
$142B
CAGR +7%
88M units
ASP $1,614
Automotive
Electronics
≈ ≈ ≈ ≈
The car is the next consumer
electronics device!

50
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
Moore and beyond: from information to interaction and transformation
MEMS & sensors
enable key
functionalities…
…which are the
industry’s
current
battleground
1980 2010 2030
Moore More than Moore Beyond Moore
LaptopPersonal computers
Smartphones
Autonomous
vehicles
Robotic
servants
Quantified
self
Drones
Acceleration
Sensing
Interaction age
Processing
Information age
Actuating
Transformation age
Tablets
Smart
homes
2040
Telekinesis
Space travel
Yole Développement © August2015
Technology x
Market
Development

51
TECHNOLOGY BLOCKS FOR AUTOMATION
Software and
ECU are the
next blocks to
evolve
Data management
Penetration rate
limited by:
- Bandwidth
- Storage capacity
Data
Storage
ECU
Software
Power processing
Penetration rate limited by:
- Power processing
- Power consumption
Sensors: A majority of technologies are ready
- Cost
Software
Penetration rate
limited by:
- Offer (emerging)
ECU
Software
Sensors
Connectivity and infrastructure
- Harmonization
Connectivity/
Infrastructure

52
TECHNOLOGY SLOWLY REPLACES THE DRIVER
It should
take almost
150 years
to replace the
driver in high-
end cars
1900 1980 1980 2012 2012 2022
2028 20222045 2028+2100 2045
All
env.
Specific
env.
Specific
env.
Specific
env.
Specific
env.
All
env.

53
SENSORS EMBEDDED ON SEMI-AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES
How to sense environment, obstacles, potholes, etc.?
Turn your car
into a
superhero-
mobile!
Ultrasound
Parking, SR pedestrian &
obstacle detection
Short-range radar
Front & rear parking
Long-range radar
Adaptive Cruise Control
CMOS Image Sensors
Blind-spot, side-view (mirrorless cars),
accident recorder, rear park assist
Stereo cameras: direction & distance for
LDWS & traffic sign recognition
Night vision
Pedestrian / animal detection
LIDAR
3D mapping of surroundings
Dead reckoning sensors
Odometry

54
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW - COMPARISON
Due to
redundancy, a
car will have
different
technologies
for the same
functions
Ultrasound SR radar MR/LR radar
CMOS image
sensors
Nigh vision Lidar
Dead
reckoning
sensors
Frequency 50 kHz 24-81GHz visible NIR - LWIR Infra red -
Range (m) 10 Short: 0.2-30
Medium: 30-60
Long: 200
80-100
150 – 200 (NIR)
400 – 500 (LWIR)
50-70 -
Number of
sensors/car
4 (surround)
2 (side)
3 (front)
1 (rear)
1 3 (today) – 10 (future) 1 1 1
Functions
• position of
objects very
close to the
vehicle
• Parking sensors
• SR pedestrian &
obstacle
detection
• front & rear for
car parking
• ACC
• Blind spot, side
view (mirrorless
cars), accident
recorder, rear,
park assist
• Stereo cameras:
direction &
distance for LDWS
& traffic signs
recognition
• Pedestrian /
animal detection
• 3D mapping of
surroundings
• Odometry
ASP $15 - $20 $50 - $100 $125 - $150
$125 - $150
$150 - $200 (stereo)
$900
$8,000-$80k today
Target is < $500
$80 - $120
Requirements • Sensitive to dirt
• Rain / snow
proof
• Rain / snow
proof
• Resolution <
1m
• HDR
• Robustness
• Low light / low
contrast imaging
• Larger range /
blooming
sensitive for NIR
• High cost /
Higher resolution
for LWIR
• Rain / snow
proof
• < 0.5 m
accuracy

55
HOW TO INTEGRATE LIDAR IN A CAR
Some LIDAR
developers, like
Quanergy,
target high-
performance
LIDAR at a low
price for the
automotive
market
Range x Angular resolution x
Distance resolution
Price
$2,500 $5,000 $10,000 $20,000
Sweet spot

56
SENSOR MODULE ASP FOR EACH AUTOMATION LEVEL
A level-3 car
will have
$2200 worth
of embedded
sensors for
AD
Sensors - Lvl 1 # Cost
Ultrasonic 4 $15
Radar LRR 1 $125
Camera for
surround
1 $80
TOTAL 6 $265
Ultrasonic 8 $15
Radar LRR 1 $125
Radar SRR 4 $50
Camera for
surround
4 $80
TOTAL 17 $765
Ultrasonic 10 $14
Radar LRR 2 $116
Radar SRR 6 $47
Long distance cam 2 $93
Camera surround 5 $74
Stereo camera 1 $140
µbolo 1 $500
LIDAR 1 $260
Dead reckoning 1 $80
TOTAL 29 $2190
Sensors – Lvl 4 # Cost
Ultrasonic 10 $13
Radar LRR 2 $109
Radar SRR 6 $44
µbolo 1 $423
LIDAR 1 $217
TOTAL 29 $1970
Sensors – Lvl 5 # Cost
Ultrasonic 10 $12
Radar LRR 2 $99
Radar SRR 6 $38
µbolo 1 $267
LIDAR 1 $133
TOTAL 32 $1854

57
INDUSTRIAL CHAIN FOR AUTOMOTIVE
A
conventional
automotive
industrial
chain…
Car
manufacturer
Tier 1
(System Manufacturer)
Tier 2
(Parts Manufacturer)
Tier 3
(Material Manufacturer)
2015
Value

58
Some
newcomers
could change
the landscape
Car
manufacturer
Tier 0.5
(Software Provider)
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3
2022Value

59
A
consolidated
automotive
industrial
chain
Service
Provider
Car
manufacturer
Tier 0.5
(Software Provider)
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 3
2035Value
Google or Apple as car manufacturers?
Margins are too much low for a company like Google, however they could sell an autonomous pack to transform each new
vehicle in a fully autonomous car. Apple, as always, will require a complete control on the hardware and software… It’s not
completely insane to think that they could participate to the design of a part or a complete vehicle.

Any question?
oDr. Pierric GUEGUEN
• Business Unit Manager
• gueguen@yole.fr
oMr.Takashi ONOZAWA
• PresidentYole KK
• onozawa@yole.fr

61
OUR 2015 REPORTS PLANNING
MARKET &TECHNOLOGY
REPORTS byYole
Développement
o MEMS & SENSORS
− Sensors and Data Management for Autonomous Vehicles
− AlN Thin Film Markets And Applications
− Sensors for Wearable Electronics And Mobile Healthcare
− Status of the MEMS Industry
− Uncooled IR Imagers
− IR Detectors
− High End Gyro, Accelerometers and IMU
− Non-Volatile Memory
o IMAGING & OPTOELECTRONICS
− Camera Module Packaging (Vol 1 : Market & Technology Trends / Vol 2 Teardowns &
Reverse Engineering)
− Uncooled IR Imagers
− Wafer Level Optics
− Status of the CMOS Image Sensors
− Machine Vision
o MEDTECH
− Microfluidic for Sample Preparation
− Microfluidic Applications
− Sensors for Wearable Electronics And Mobile Healthcare
o COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
− High Purity Alumina (HPA)
− Sapphire
Diamond, Graphene… as a trend)
* Reports to be decided within 2015
o LED
− LED Module
− OLED for Lighting
− UV LED
− LED Phosphors Market
o POWER ELECTRONICS
− Power Packaging
− Thermal Management for LED and Power
− Power Electronics for Renewable Energy
− Energy Management For Smart Grid And Smart Cities
− Status of Chinese Power Electronics Industry
− New Technologies For Data Center
− Inverter Market Trends For 2013 – 2020 And Major Technology Changes*
− IGBT Markets And Application Trends
− Power Electronics for HEV/EV*
− Status of Power Electronics Industry
o ADVANCED PACKAGING
− Advanced Packaging in Emerging Markets in China
− Status of the Advanced Packaging Industry
− Supply Chain Readiness for Panel Manufacturing in Packaging
− WLCSP*
− Flip Chip Business Update
− 2.5D & 3DIC Business Update
− Fan-Out and Embedded Business Update
o MANUFACTURING
− Lithography for MEMS, Advanced Packaging and LED
− Thinning & Dicing Equipment for Advanced Packaging, MEMS, Photovoltaics, LED, CMOS
Image Sensors ©2016 | www.yole.fr | Automotive World

63
MEMS &
Sensors
LED / OLED
Compound
Semi.
Imaging Photonics
MedTech
Manufacturing
Advanced
Packaging
PV
Power
Electronics
FIELDS OF EXPERTISE
Yole Développement’s 30 analysts operate in the following areas

64
4 BUSINESS MODELS
o Consulting and Analysis
• Market data & research, marketing analysis
• Technology analysis
• Strategy consulting
• Reverse engineering & costing
• Patent analysis
www.yole.fr
o Reports
• Market &Technology reports
• Patent Investigation and patent infringement risk
analysis
• Teardowns & Reverse Costing Analysis
• Cost SimulationTool
www.i-Micronews.com/reports
o Financial services
• M&A (buying and selling)
• Due diligence
• Fundraising
• Maturation of companies
• IP portfolio management & optimization
www.yolefinance.com
Blu Morpho
o Media
• i-Micronews.com website
• @Micronews e-newsletter
• Technology magazines
• Communication & webcast services
• Events
www.i-Micronews.com

65
A GROUP OF COMPANIES
Market,
technology and
strategy
consulting
www.yole.fr
M&A operations
Due diligences
www.yolefinance.com
Fundraising
Maturation of companies
IP portfolio management & optimization
www.bmorpho.com
Manufacturing costs analysis
Teardown and reverse engineering
Cost simulation tools
www.systemplus.fr
IP analysis
Patent assessment
www.knowmade.fr

66
OUR GLOBAL ACTIVITY
Yole Japan
Yole Inc.
Yole
Korea
40% of our business is in
EU countries
North America
Asia
Blu Morpho

67
SERVING THE ENTIRE SUPPLY CHAIN
Our analysts
provide
market
analysis,
technology
evaluation,
and business
plan along the
entire supply
chain.
Integrators and
end-users
Device
makers
Suppliers: material,
equipment, OSAT,
foundries…
Financial investors,
R&D centers

68
CONTACT INFORMATION
oConsulting and Specific Analysis
• North America: Steve LaFerriere, Director of Northern America Business
Development,Yole Inc.
Email: laferriere@yole.fr
• Japan:Yutaka Katano, General Manager,Yole Japan & President,Yole K.K.
Email: katano@yole.fr
• EMEA: Jerome Azemar, Senior Analyst and Business Development Manager,Yole
Développement
Email: azemar@yole.fr
• RoW: Jean-Christophe Eloy, President & CEO,Yole Développement
Email: eloy@yole.fr
oReport business
• North America: Steve LaFerriere, Director of Northern America Business
Development,Yole Inc.
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What does the future of automotive market hold? 2016 Presentation Yole Developpement at CAR-ELE Japan Tokyo