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Chapter 6 – Architectural Design



                     Lecture 1




                   Chapter 6 Architectural design   1
Topics covered


 Architectural design decisions
 Architectural views
 Architectural patterns
 Application architectures




                        Chapter 6 Architectural design   2
Software architecture


 The design process for identifying the sub-systems
  making up a system and the framework for sub-system
  control and communication is architectural design.
 The output of this design process is a description of
  thesoftware architecture.




                       Chapter 6 Architectural design     3
Architectural design


 An early stage of the system design process.
 Represents the link between specification and design
  processes.
 Often carried out in parallel with some specification
  activities.
 It involves identifying major system components and
  their communications.




                       Chapter 6 Architectural design     4
The architecture of a packing robot control
system




                     Chapter 6 Architectural design   5
Architectural abstraction


 Architecture in the small is concerned with the
  architecture of individual programs. At this level, we are
  concerned with the way that an individual program is
  decomposed into components.
 Architecture in the large is concerned with the
  architecture of complex enterprise systems that include
  other systems, programs, and program components.
  These enterprise systems are distributed over different
  computers, which may be owned and managed by
  different companies.


                       Chapter 6 Architectural design          6
Advantages of explicit architecture


 Stakeholder communication
    Architecture may be used as a focus of discussion by system
     stakeholders.
 System analysis
    Means that analysis of whether the system can meet its non-
     functional requirements is possible.
 Large-scale reuse
    The architecture may be reusable across a range of systems
    Product-line architectures may be developed.




                         Chapter 6 Architectural design            7
Architectural representations


 Simple, informal block diagrams showing entities and
  relationships are the most frequently used method for
  documenting software architectures.
 But these have been criticised because they lack
  semantics, do not show the types of relationships
  between entities nor the visible properties of entities in
  the architecture.
 Depends on the use of architectural models.The
  requirements for model semantics depends on how the
  models are used.


                        Chapter 6 Architectural design         8
Box and line diagrams


 Very abstract - they do not show the nature of
  component relationships nor the externally visible
  properties of the sub-systems.
 However, useful for communication with stakeholders
  and for project planning.




                      Chapter 6 Architectural design    9
Use of architectural models


 As a way of facilitating discussion about the system
  design
    A high-level architectural view of a system is useful for
     communication with system stakeholders and project planning
     because it is not cluttered with detail. Stakeholders can relate to
     it and understand an abstract view of the system. They can then
     discuss the system as a whole without being confused by detail.
 As a way of documenting an architecture that has been
  designed
    The aim here is to produce a complete system model that shows
     the different components in a system, their interfaces and their
     connections.

                           Chapter 6 Architectural design              10
Architectural design decisions


 Architectural design is a creative process so the process
  differs depending on the type of system being
  developed.
 However, a number of common decisions span all
  design processes and these decisions affect the non-
  functional characteristics of the system.




                      Chapter 6 Architectural design      11
Architectural design decisions


 Is there a generic application architecture that can be
  used?
 How will the system be distributed?
 What architectural styles are appropriate?
 What approach will be used to structure the system?
 How will the system be decomposed into modules?
 What control strategy should be used?
 How will the architectural design be evaluated?
 How should the architecture be documented?

                       Chapter 6 Architectural design       12
Architecture reuse


 Systems in the same domain often have similar
  architectures that reflect domain concepts.
 Application product lines are built around a core
  architecture with variants that satisfy particular customer
  requirements.
 The architecture of a system may be designed around
  one of more architectural patterns or ‘styles’.
    These capture the essence of an architecture and can be
     instantiated in different ways.
    Discussed later in this lecture.



                         Chapter 6 Architectural design        13
Architecture and system characteristics


  Performance
     Localise critical operations and minimise communications. Use
      large rather than fine-grain components.
  Security
     Use a layered architecture with critical assets in the inner layers.
  Safety
     Localise safety-critical features in a small number of sub-
      systems.
  Availability
     Include redundant components and mechanisms for fault
      tolerance.
  Maintainability
     Use fine-grain, replaceable components.
                           Chapter 6 Architectural design               14
Architectural views


 What views or perspectives are useful when designing
  and documenting a system’s architecture?
 What notations should be used for describing
  architectural models?
 Each architectural model only shows one view or
  perspective of the system.
    It might show how a system is decomposed into modules, how
     the run-time processes interact or the different ways in which
     system components are distributed across a network. For both
     design and documentation, you usually need to present multiple
     views of the software architecture.


                         Chapter 6 Architectural design           15
4 + 1 view model of software architecture


 A logical view, which shows the key abstractions in the
  system as objects or object classes.
 A process view, which shows how, at run-time, the
  system is composed of interacting processes.
 A development view, which shows how the software is
  decomposed for development.
 A physical view, which shows the system hardware and
  how software components are distributed across the
  processors in the system.
 Related using use cases or scenarios (+1)

                      Chapter 6 Architectural design        16
Architectural patterns


 Patterns are a means of representing, sharing and
  reusing knowledge.
 An architectural pattern is a stylized description of good
  design practice, which has been tried and tested in
  different environments.
 Patterns should include information about when they are
  and when the are not useful.
 Patterns may be represented using tabular and graphical
  descriptions.



                       Chapter 6 Architectural design          17
The Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern

Name            MVC (Model-View-Controller)

Description     Separates presentation and interaction from the system data. The system is
                structured into three logical components that interact with each other. The
                Model component manages the system data and associated operations on
                that data. The View component defines and manages how the data is
                presented to the user. The Controller component manages user interaction
                (e.g., key presses, mouse clicks, etc.) and passes these interactions to the
                View and the Model. See Figure 6.3.
Example         Figure 6.4 shows the architecture of a web-based application system
                organized using the MVC pattern.
When used       Used when there are multiple ways to view and interact with data. Also used
                when the future requirements for interaction and presentation of data are
                unknown.
Advantages      Allows the data to change independently of its representation and vice versa.
                Supports presentation of the same data in different ways with changes made
                in one representation shown in all of them.
Disadvantages   Can involve additional code and code complexity when the data model and
                interactions are simple.



                              Chapter 6 Architectural design                              18
The organization of the Model-View-Controller




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   19
Web application architecture using the MVC
pattern




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   20
Layered architecture


 Used to model the interfacing of sub-systems.
 Organises the system into a set of layers (or abstract
  machines) each of which provide a set of services.
 Supports the incremental development of sub-systems in
  different layers. When a layer interface changes, only the
  adjacent layer is affected.
 However, often artificial to structure systems in this way.




                       Chapter 6 Architectural design           21
The Layered architecture pattern

   Name            Layered architecture

   Description     Organizes the system into layers with related functionality
                   associated with each layer. A layer provides services to the layer
                   above it so the lowest-level layers represent core services that
                   are likely to be used throughout the system. See Figure 6.6.
   Example         A layered model of a system for sharing copyright documents
                   held in different libraries, as shown in Figure 6.7.
   When used       Used when building new facilities on top of existing systems;
                   when the development is spread across several teams with each
                   team responsibility for a layer of functionality; when there is a
                   requirement for multi-level security.
   Advantages      Allows replacement of entire layers so long as the interface is
                   maintained. Redundant facilities (e.g., authentication) can be
                   provided in each layer to increase the dependability of the
                   system.
   Disadvantages   In practice, providing a clean separation between layers is often
                   difficult and a high-level layer may have to interact directly with
                   lower-level layers rather than through the layer immediately
                   below it. Performance can be a problem because of multiple
                   levels of interpretation of a service request as it is processed at
                   each layer.

                          Chapter 6 Architectural design                                 22
A generic layered architecture




                     Chapter 6 Architectural design   23
The architecture of the LIBSYS system




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   24
Key points


 A software architecture is a description of how a software
  system is organized.
 Architectural design decisions include decisions on the
  type of application, the distribution of the system, the
  architectural styles to be used.
 Architectures may be documented from several different
  perspectives or viewssuch as a conceptual view, a
  logical view, a process view, and a development view.
 Architectural patterns are a means of reusing knowledge
  about generic system architectures. They describe the
  architecture, explain when it may be used and describe
  its advantages and disadvantages.
                       Chapter 6 Architectural design        25
Chapter 6 – Architectural Design



                     Lecture 2




                   Chapter 6 Architectural design   26
Repository architecture


 Sub-systems must exchange data. This may be done in
  two ways:
    Shared data is held in a central database or repository and may
     be accessed by all sub-systems;
    Each sub-system maintains its own database and passes data
     explicitly to other sub-systems.
 When large amounts of data are to be shared, the
  repository model of sharing is most commonly used a
  this is an efficient data sharing mechanism.




                          Chapter 6 Architectural design               27
The Repository pattern

    Name            Repository

    Description     All data in a system is managed in a central repository that is
                    accessible to all system components. Components do not
                    interact directly, only through the repository.
    Example         Figure 6.9 is an example of an IDE where the components use
                    a repository of system design information. Each software tool
                    generates information which is then available for use by other
                    tools.
    When used       You should use this pattern when you have a system in which
                    large volumes of information are generated that has to be
                    stored for a long time. You may also use it in data-driven
                    systems where the inclusion of data in the repository triggers
                    an action or tool.
    Advantages      Components can be independent—they do not need to know
                    of the existence of other components. Changes made by one
                    component can be propagated to all components. All data can
                    be managed consistently (e.g., backups done at the same
                    time) as it is all in one place.
    Disadvantages   The repository is a single point of failure so problems in the
                    repository affect the whole system. May be inefficiencies in
                    organizing all communication through the repository.
                    Distributing the repository across several computers may be
                    difficult.
                              Chapter 6 Architectural design                          28
A repository architecture for an IDE




                     Chapter 6 Architectural design   29
Client-server architecture


 Distributed system model which shows how data and
  processing is distributed across a range of components.
    Can be implemented on a single computer.
 Set of stand-alone servers which provide specific
  services such as printing, data management, etc.
 Set of clients which call on these services.
 Network which allows clients to access servers.




                        Chapter 6 Architectural design      30
The Client–server pattern

   Name            Client-server

   Description     In a client–server architecture, the functionality of the system is
                   organized into services, with each service delivered from a
                   separate server. Clients are users of these services and access
                   servers to make use of them.
   Example         Figure 6.11 is an example of a film and video/DVD library organized
                   as a client–server system.
   When used       Used when data in a shared database has to be accessed from a
                   range of locations. Because servers can be replicated, may also be
                   used when the load on a system is variable.
   Advantages      The principal advantage of this model is that servers can be
                   distributed across a network. General functionality (e.g., a printing
                   service) can be available to all clients and does not need to be
                   implemented by all services.
   Disadvantages   Each service is a single point of failure so susceptible to denial of
                   service attacks or server failure. Performance may be unpredictable
                   because it depends on the network as well as the system. May be
                   management problems if servers are owned by different
                   organizations.



                             Chapter 6 Architectural design                                31
A client–server architecture for a film library




                      Chapter 6 Architectural design   32
Pipe and filter architecture


 Functional transformations process their inputs to
  produce outputs.
 May be referred to as a pipe and filter model (as in UNIX
  shell).
 Variants of this approach are very common. When
  transformations are sequential, this is a batch sequential
  model which is extensively used in data processing
  systems.
 Not really suitable for interactive systems.




                       Chapter 6 Architectural design      33
The pipe and filter pattern

  Name            Pipe and filter

  Description     The processing of the data in a system is organized so that each
                  processing component (filter) is discrete and carries out one type of
                  data transformation. The data flows (as in a pipe) from one component
                  to another for processing.
  Example         Figure 6.13 is an example of a pipe and filter system used for
                  processing invoices.
  When used       Commonly used in data processing applications (both batch- and
                  transaction-based) where inputs are processed in separate stages to
                  generate related outputs.
  Advantages      Easy to understand and supports transformation reuse. Workflow style
                  matches the structure of many business processes. Evolution by
                  adding transformations is straightforward. Can be implemented as
                  either a sequential or concurrent system.
  Disadvantages   The format for data transfer has to be agreed upon between
                  communicating transformations. Each transformation must parse its
                  input and unparse its output to the agreed form. This increases system
                  overhead and may mean that it is impossible to reuse functional
                  transformations that use incompatible data structures.



                                    Chapter 6 Architectural design                         34
An example of the pipe and filter architecture




                     Chapter 6 Architectural design   35
Application architectures


 Application systems are designed to meet an
  organisational need.
 As businesses have much in common, their application
  systems also tend to have a common architecture that
  reflects the application requirements.
 A generic application architecture is an architecture for a
  type of software system that may be configured and
  adapted to create a system that meets specific
  requirements.



                       Chapter 6 Architectural design       36
Use of application architectures


 As a starting point for architectural design.
 As a design checklist.
 As a way of organising the work of the development
  team.
 As a means of assessing components for reuse.
 As a vocabulary for talking about application types.




                        Chapter 6 Architectural design   37
Examples of application types


 Data processing applications
    Data driven applications that process data in batches without
     explicit user intervention during the processing.
 Transaction processing applications
    Data-centred applications that process user requests and update
     information in a system database.
 Event processing systems
    Applications where system actions depend on interpreting
     events from the system’s environment.
 Language processing systems
    Applications where the users’ intentions are specified in a formal
     language that is processed and interpreted by the system.
                          Chapter 6 Architectural design              38
Application type examples


 Focus here is on transaction processing and language
  processing systems.
 Transaction processing systems
    E-commerce systems;
    Reservation systems.
 Language processing systems
    Compilers;
    Command interpreters.




                       Chapter 6 Architectural design    39
Transaction processing systems


 Process user requests for information from a database
  or requests to update the database.
 From a user perspective a transaction is:
    Any coherent sequence of operations that satisfies a goal;
    For example - find the times of flights from London to Paris.
 Users make asynchronous requests for service which
  are then processed by a transaction manager.




                          Chapter 6 Architectural design             40
The structure of transaction processing
applications




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   41
The software architecture of an ATM system




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   42
Information systems architecture


 Information systems have a generic architecture that can
  be organised as a layered architecture.
 These are transaction-based systems as interaction with
  these systems generally involves database transactions.
 Layers include:
      The user interface
      User communications
      Information retrieval
      System database




                           Chapter 6 Architectural design   43
Layered information system architecture




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   44
The architecture of the MHC-PMS




                   Chapter 6 Architectural design   45
Web-based information systems


 Information and resource management systems are now
  usually web-based systems where the user interfaces
  are implemented using a web browser.
 For example, e-commerce systems are Internet-based
  resource management systems that accept electronic
  orders for goods or services and then arrange delivery of
  these goods or services to the customer.
 In an e-commerce system, the application-specific layer
  includes additional functionality supporting a ‘shopping
  cart’ in which users can place a number of items in
  separate transactions, then pay for them all together in a
  single transaction.
                       Chapter 6 Architectural design      46
Server implementation


 These systems are often implemented as multi-tier client
  server/architectures (discussed in Chapter 18)
    The web server is responsible for all user communications, with
     the user interface implemented using a web browser;
    The application server is responsible for implementing
     application-specific logic as well as information storage and
     retrieval requests;
    The database server moves information to and from the
     database and handles transaction management.




                          Chapter 6 Architectural design               47
Language processing systems


 Accept a natural or artificial language as input and generate
  some other representation of that language.
 May include an interpreter to act on the instructions in the
  language that is being processed.
 Used in situations where the easiest way to solve a
  problem is to describe an algorithm or describe the system
  data
    Meta-case tools process tool descriptions, method rules, etc
     and generate tools.




                         Chapter 6 Architectural design             48
The architecture of a language processing
system




                    Chapter 6 Architectural design   49
Compiler components


 A lexical analyzer, which takes input language tokens
  and converts them to an internal form.
 A symbol table, which holds information about the names
  of entities (variables, class names, object names, etc.)
  used in the text that is being translated.
 A syntax analyzer, which checks the syntax of the
  language being translated.
 A syntax tree, which is an internal structure representing
  the program being compiled.



                       Chapter 6 Architectural design          50
Compiler components


 A semantic analyzer that uses information from the
  syntax tree and the symbol table to check the semantic
  correctness of the input language text.
 A code generator that ‘walks’ the syntax tree and
  generates abstract machine code.




                      Chapter 6 Architectural design       51
A pipe and filter compiler architecture




                      Chapter 6 Architectural design   52
A repository architecture for a language
processing system




                     Chapter 6 Architectural design   53
Key points


 Models of application systems architectures help us
  understand and compare applications, validate
  application system designs and assess large-scale
  components for reuse.
 Transaction processing systems are interactive systems
  that allow information in a database to be remotely
  accessed and modified by a number of users.
 Language processing systems are used to translate
  texts from one language into another and to carry out the
  instructions specified in the input language. They include
  a translator and an abstract machine that executes the
  generated language.
                       Chapter 6 Architectural design      54

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ch6 ArchitecturalDesign (NTU)

  • 1. Chapter 6 – Architectural Design Lecture 1 Chapter 6 Architectural design 1
  • 2. Topics covered  Architectural design decisions  Architectural views  Architectural patterns  Application architectures Chapter 6 Architectural design 2
  • 3. Software architecture  The design process for identifying the sub-systems making up a system and the framework for sub-system control and communication is architectural design.  The output of this design process is a description of thesoftware architecture. Chapter 6 Architectural design 3
  • 4. Architectural design  An early stage of the system design process.  Represents the link between specification and design processes.  Often carried out in parallel with some specification activities.  It involves identifying major system components and their communications. Chapter 6 Architectural design 4
  • 5. The architecture of a packing robot control system Chapter 6 Architectural design 5
  • 6. Architectural abstraction  Architecture in the small is concerned with the architecture of individual programs. At this level, we are concerned with the way that an individual program is decomposed into components.  Architecture in the large is concerned with the architecture of complex enterprise systems that include other systems, programs, and program components. These enterprise systems are distributed over different computers, which may be owned and managed by different companies. Chapter 6 Architectural design 6
  • 7. Advantages of explicit architecture  Stakeholder communication  Architecture may be used as a focus of discussion by system stakeholders.  System analysis  Means that analysis of whether the system can meet its non- functional requirements is possible.  Large-scale reuse  The architecture may be reusable across a range of systems  Product-line architectures may be developed. Chapter 6 Architectural design 7
  • 8. Architectural representations  Simple, informal block diagrams showing entities and relationships are the most frequently used method for documenting software architectures.  But these have been criticised because they lack semantics, do not show the types of relationships between entities nor the visible properties of entities in the architecture.  Depends on the use of architectural models.The requirements for model semantics depends on how the models are used. Chapter 6 Architectural design 8
  • 9. Box and line diagrams  Very abstract - they do not show the nature of component relationships nor the externally visible properties of the sub-systems.  However, useful for communication with stakeholders and for project planning. Chapter 6 Architectural design 9
  • 10. Use of architectural models  As a way of facilitating discussion about the system design  A high-level architectural view of a system is useful for communication with system stakeholders and project planning because it is not cluttered with detail. Stakeholders can relate to it and understand an abstract view of the system. They can then discuss the system as a whole without being confused by detail.  As a way of documenting an architecture that has been designed  The aim here is to produce a complete system model that shows the different components in a system, their interfaces and their connections. Chapter 6 Architectural design 10
  • 11. Architectural design decisions  Architectural design is a creative process so the process differs depending on the type of system being developed.  However, a number of common decisions span all design processes and these decisions affect the non- functional characteristics of the system. Chapter 6 Architectural design 11
  • 12. Architectural design decisions  Is there a generic application architecture that can be used?  How will the system be distributed?  What architectural styles are appropriate?  What approach will be used to structure the system?  How will the system be decomposed into modules?  What control strategy should be used?  How will the architectural design be evaluated?  How should the architecture be documented? Chapter 6 Architectural design 12
  • 13. Architecture reuse  Systems in the same domain often have similar architectures that reflect domain concepts.  Application product lines are built around a core architecture with variants that satisfy particular customer requirements.  The architecture of a system may be designed around one of more architectural patterns or ‘styles’.  These capture the essence of an architecture and can be instantiated in different ways.  Discussed later in this lecture. Chapter 6 Architectural design 13
  • 14. Architecture and system characteristics  Performance  Localise critical operations and minimise communications. Use large rather than fine-grain components.  Security  Use a layered architecture with critical assets in the inner layers.  Safety  Localise safety-critical features in a small number of sub- systems.  Availability  Include redundant components and mechanisms for fault tolerance.  Maintainability  Use fine-grain, replaceable components. Chapter 6 Architectural design 14
  • 15. Architectural views  What views or perspectives are useful when designing and documenting a system’s architecture?  What notations should be used for describing architectural models?  Each architectural model only shows one view or perspective of the system.  It might show how a system is decomposed into modules, how the run-time processes interact or the different ways in which system components are distributed across a network. For both design and documentation, you usually need to present multiple views of the software architecture. Chapter 6 Architectural design 15
  • 16. 4 + 1 view model of software architecture  A logical view, which shows the key abstractions in the system as objects or object classes.  A process view, which shows how, at run-time, the system is composed of interacting processes.  A development view, which shows how the software is decomposed for development.  A physical view, which shows the system hardware and how software components are distributed across the processors in the system.  Related using use cases or scenarios (+1) Chapter 6 Architectural design 16
  • 17. Architectural patterns  Patterns are a means of representing, sharing and reusing knowledge.  An architectural pattern is a stylized description of good design practice, which has been tried and tested in different environments.  Patterns should include information about when they are and when the are not useful.  Patterns may be represented using tabular and graphical descriptions. Chapter 6 Architectural design 17
  • 18. The Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern Name MVC (Model-View-Controller) Description Separates presentation and interaction from the system data. The system is structured into three logical components that interact with each other. The Model component manages the system data and associated operations on that data. The View component defines and manages how the data is presented to the user. The Controller component manages user interaction (e.g., key presses, mouse clicks, etc.) and passes these interactions to the View and the Model. See Figure 6.3. Example Figure 6.4 shows the architecture of a web-based application system organized using the MVC pattern. When used Used when there are multiple ways to view and interact with data. Also used when the future requirements for interaction and presentation of data are unknown. Advantages Allows the data to change independently of its representation and vice versa. Supports presentation of the same data in different ways with changes made in one representation shown in all of them. Disadvantages Can involve additional code and code complexity when the data model and interactions are simple. Chapter 6 Architectural design 18
  • 19. The organization of the Model-View-Controller Chapter 6 Architectural design 19
  • 20. Web application architecture using the MVC pattern Chapter 6 Architectural design 20
  • 21. Layered architecture  Used to model the interfacing of sub-systems.  Organises the system into a set of layers (or abstract machines) each of which provide a set of services.  Supports the incremental development of sub-systems in different layers. When a layer interface changes, only the adjacent layer is affected.  However, often artificial to structure systems in this way. Chapter 6 Architectural design 21
  • 22. The Layered architecture pattern Name Layered architecture Description Organizes the system into layers with related functionality associated with each layer. A layer provides services to the layer above it so the lowest-level layers represent core services that are likely to be used throughout the system. See Figure 6.6. Example A layered model of a system for sharing copyright documents held in different libraries, as shown in Figure 6.7. When used Used when building new facilities on top of existing systems; when the development is spread across several teams with each team responsibility for a layer of functionality; when there is a requirement for multi-level security. Advantages Allows replacement of entire layers so long as the interface is maintained. Redundant facilities (e.g., authentication) can be provided in each layer to increase the dependability of the system. Disadvantages In practice, providing a clean separation between layers is often difficult and a high-level layer may have to interact directly with lower-level layers rather than through the layer immediately below it. Performance can be a problem because of multiple levels of interpretation of a service request as it is processed at each layer. Chapter 6 Architectural design 22
  • 23. A generic layered architecture Chapter 6 Architectural design 23
  • 24. The architecture of the LIBSYS system Chapter 6 Architectural design 24
  • 25. Key points  A software architecture is a description of how a software system is organized.  Architectural design decisions include decisions on the type of application, the distribution of the system, the architectural styles to be used.  Architectures may be documented from several different perspectives or viewssuch as a conceptual view, a logical view, a process view, and a development view.  Architectural patterns are a means of reusing knowledge about generic system architectures. They describe the architecture, explain when it may be used and describe its advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 6 Architectural design 25
  • 26. Chapter 6 – Architectural Design Lecture 2 Chapter 6 Architectural design 26
  • 27. Repository architecture  Sub-systems must exchange data. This may be done in two ways:  Shared data is held in a central database or repository and may be accessed by all sub-systems;  Each sub-system maintains its own database and passes data explicitly to other sub-systems.  When large amounts of data are to be shared, the repository model of sharing is most commonly used a this is an efficient data sharing mechanism. Chapter 6 Architectural design 27
  • 28. The Repository pattern Name Repository Description All data in a system is managed in a central repository that is accessible to all system components. Components do not interact directly, only through the repository. Example Figure 6.9 is an example of an IDE where the components use a repository of system design information. Each software tool generates information which is then available for use by other tools. When used You should use this pattern when you have a system in which large volumes of information are generated that has to be stored for a long time. You may also use it in data-driven systems where the inclusion of data in the repository triggers an action or tool. Advantages Components can be independent—they do not need to know of the existence of other components. Changes made by one component can be propagated to all components. All data can be managed consistently (e.g., backups done at the same time) as it is all in one place. Disadvantages The repository is a single point of failure so problems in the repository affect the whole system. May be inefficiencies in organizing all communication through the repository. Distributing the repository across several computers may be difficult. Chapter 6 Architectural design 28
  • 29. A repository architecture for an IDE Chapter 6 Architectural design 29
  • 30. Client-server architecture  Distributed system model which shows how data and processing is distributed across a range of components.  Can be implemented on a single computer.  Set of stand-alone servers which provide specific services such as printing, data management, etc.  Set of clients which call on these services.  Network which allows clients to access servers. Chapter 6 Architectural design 30
  • 31. The Client–server pattern Name Client-server Description In a client–server architecture, the functionality of the system is organized into services, with each service delivered from a separate server. Clients are users of these services and access servers to make use of them. Example Figure 6.11 is an example of a film and video/DVD library organized as a client–server system. When used Used when data in a shared database has to be accessed from a range of locations. Because servers can be replicated, may also be used when the load on a system is variable. Advantages The principal advantage of this model is that servers can be distributed across a network. General functionality (e.g., a printing service) can be available to all clients and does not need to be implemented by all services. Disadvantages Each service is a single point of failure so susceptible to denial of service attacks or server failure. Performance may be unpredictable because it depends on the network as well as the system. May be management problems if servers are owned by different organizations. Chapter 6 Architectural design 31
  • 32. A client–server architecture for a film library Chapter 6 Architectural design 32
  • 33. Pipe and filter architecture  Functional transformations process their inputs to produce outputs.  May be referred to as a pipe and filter model (as in UNIX shell).  Variants of this approach are very common. When transformations are sequential, this is a batch sequential model which is extensively used in data processing systems.  Not really suitable for interactive systems. Chapter 6 Architectural design 33
  • 34. The pipe and filter pattern Name Pipe and filter Description The processing of the data in a system is organized so that each processing component (filter) is discrete and carries out one type of data transformation. The data flows (as in a pipe) from one component to another for processing. Example Figure 6.13 is an example of a pipe and filter system used for processing invoices. When used Commonly used in data processing applications (both batch- and transaction-based) where inputs are processed in separate stages to generate related outputs. Advantages Easy to understand and supports transformation reuse. Workflow style matches the structure of many business processes. Evolution by adding transformations is straightforward. Can be implemented as either a sequential or concurrent system. Disadvantages The format for data transfer has to be agreed upon between communicating transformations. Each transformation must parse its input and unparse its output to the agreed form. This increases system overhead and may mean that it is impossible to reuse functional transformations that use incompatible data structures. Chapter 6 Architectural design 34
  • 35. An example of the pipe and filter architecture Chapter 6 Architectural design 35
  • 36. Application architectures  Application systems are designed to meet an organisational need.  As businesses have much in common, their application systems also tend to have a common architecture that reflects the application requirements.  A generic application architecture is an architecture for a type of software system that may be configured and adapted to create a system that meets specific requirements. Chapter 6 Architectural design 36
  • 37. Use of application architectures  As a starting point for architectural design.  As a design checklist.  As a way of organising the work of the development team.  As a means of assessing components for reuse.  As a vocabulary for talking about application types. Chapter 6 Architectural design 37
  • 38. Examples of application types  Data processing applications  Data driven applications that process data in batches without explicit user intervention during the processing.  Transaction processing applications  Data-centred applications that process user requests and update information in a system database.  Event processing systems  Applications where system actions depend on interpreting events from the system’s environment.  Language processing systems  Applications where the users’ intentions are specified in a formal language that is processed and interpreted by the system. Chapter 6 Architectural design 38
  • 39. Application type examples  Focus here is on transaction processing and language processing systems.  Transaction processing systems  E-commerce systems;  Reservation systems.  Language processing systems  Compilers;  Command interpreters. Chapter 6 Architectural design 39
  • 40. Transaction processing systems  Process user requests for information from a database or requests to update the database.  From a user perspective a transaction is:  Any coherent sequence of operations that satisfies a goal;  For example - find the times of flights from London to Paris.  Users make asynchronous requests for service which are then processed by a transaction manager. Chapter 6 Architectural design 40
  • 41. The structure of transaction processing applications Chapter 6 Architectural design 41
  • 42. The software architecture of an ATM system Chapter 6 Architectural design 42
  • 43. Information systems architecture  Information systems have a generic architecture that can be organised as a layered architecture.  These are transaction-based systems as interaction with these systems generally involves database transactions.  Layers include:  The user interface  User communications  Information retrieval  System database Chapter 6 Architectural design 43
  • 44. Layered information system architecture Chapter 6 Architectural design 44
  • 45. The architecture of the MHC-PMS Chapter 6 Architectural design 45
  • 46. Web-based information systems  Information and resource management systems are now usually web-based systems where the user interfaces are implemented using a web browser.  For example, e-commerce systems are Internet-based resource management systems that accept electronic orders for goods or services and then arrange delivery of these goods or services to the customer.  In an e-commerce system, the application-specific layer includes additional functionality supporting a ‘shopping cart’ in which users can place a number of items in separate transactions, then pay for them all together in a single transaction. Chapter 6 Architectural design 46
  • 47. Server implementation  These systems are often implemented as multi-tier client server/architectures (discussed in Chapter 18)  The web server is responsible for all user communications, with the user interface implemented using a web browser;  The application server is responsible for implementing application-specific logic as well as information storage and retrieval requests;  The database server moves information to and from the database and handles transaction management. Chapter 6 Architectural design 47
  • 48. Language processing systems  Accept a natural or artificial language as input and generate some other representation of that language.  May include an interpreter to act on the instructions in the language that is being processed.  Used in situations where the easiest way to solve a problem is to describe an algorithm or describe the system data  Meta-case tools process tool descriptions, method rules, etc and generate tools. Chapter 6 Architectural design 48
  • 49. The architecture of a language processing system Chapter 6 Architectural design 49
  • 50. Compiler components  A lexical analyzer, which takes input language tokens and converts them to an internal form.  A symbol table, which holds information about the names of entities (variables, class names, object names, etc.) used in the text that is being translated.  A syntax analyzer, which checks the syntax of the language being translated.  A syntax tree, which is an internal structure representing the program being compiled. Chapter 6 Architectural design 50
  • 51. Compiler components  A semantic analyzer that uses information from the syntax tree and the symbol table to check the semantic correctness of the input language text.  A code generator that ‘walks’ the syntax tree and generates abstract machine code. Chapter 6 Architectural design 51
  • 52. A pipe and filter compiler architecture Chapter 6 Architectural design 52
  • 53. A repository architecture for a language processing system Chapter 6 Architectural design 53
  • 54. Key points  Models of application systems architectures help us understand and compare applications, validate application system designs and assess large-scale components for reuse.  Transaction processing systems are interactive systems that allow information in a database to be remotely accessed and modified by a number of users.  Language processing systems are used to translate texts from one language into another and to carry out the instructions specified in the input language. They include a translator and an abstract machine that executes the generated language. Chapter 6 Architectural design 54