1. By Zoilo Broach

2. 1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. IOP
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
11. negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
12. Sequencing events

4. o > ue
•Poder,
Puede
e > i
•Pedir,
Pide
e > ie
•Tener,
Tiene
u > ue
•Jugar,
Juega

5. -Means “for” or
“in order to”

6.  Tells “to whom” or “for whom”
 Can :
- Come before a verb
- attach to an infinitive
- attach to a gerund
- attach to an affirmative command

7. 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

8.  Means “to like”
 Follows an indirect object pronoun
 Example: He likes to eat.
- Le gusta come.

9. Negative
Nada
Nadie
Ninguno
Nunca
tampoco
Affirmative
Algo
Alguien
Alguna
Siempre
Tambien

10. Expresses extremes in adjectives. Drop the last
vowel and add the ending –isimo(a). If last
consonant is c, g, or z then spelling is changed.
 c > qu
 g > gu
 Z > c

11.  When the direct object is also the doer then a
pronoun called a reflexive is added in front of
the verb.
 These are me, te, se, nos, and se.
 Use the correct pronoun, put in tu form and
drop the s.
 He shaves himself : Se afeita

12.  When giving instructions/commands to
someone.
 Put verb in tu form and drop the s.
 Example : Comer – Come

13.  Telling someone not to do something
 Put in yo form, change to opposite vowel, and
add an s.
 ar > e
 er/ir > a
 Example : No hables

14.  Primero = First
 Entonces = Next
 Antes = Before
 Despues = After
 Por fin = Finally

15. -Ar verbs
e amos
Aste asteis
o aron
-Er verbs
I imos
iste isteis
io ieron

16. Un dia One day
Una vez Once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
Una dia One day
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces twice

17. -car > que Tocar > toque
-gar > gue Jugar > jugue
-zar > ce Comenzar > comence

18.  Deber = should
 Use Deber + infinitive
Example : Yo debo bailo.
Debo Debemos
Debes Debeis
debe Deben

19.  Modal verb examples : deber, desear, necesitar,
poder.
 No side-by-side conjugated verbs
Example: Yo debo canto = Incorrect

20.  -er and –ir verbs change to –iendo
 -ar verbs change to –ando
 If verb ends in a double vowel (like leer) it
changes to yendo
 Example: Cantar > Cantando
Mover > Moviendo

21.  If ending in –o or –a adjective changes to –
amente.
 If ending in –e or a consonant then add –mente
Example: Feliz > Felizmente
Rapido > Rapidamente