11. Classification of cranial nerves
• Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers
– ⅠOlfactory nerve
– ⅡOptic nerve
– Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
• Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
– Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
– Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
– ⅥAbducent nerve
– Ⅺ Accessory nerv
– Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
• Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers---
– ⅤTrigeminal nerve,
– Ⅶ Facial nerve,
– ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve
– ⅩVagus nerve
12. Sensory cranial nerves
N. Name Function Assessment
Ⅰ Olfactory Smell Examination of
smell
Ⅱ optic Vision Acuity, field &
fundus
Ⅷ Vestibular Equilibrim Caloric and
part rotational chair
Cochlear Hearing Watch test,
part weber test
13. Motor cranial nerves
N. Name Function Assessment
Ⅲ Oculomotor Motor to superior, inferior and Ptosis, pupil, eye
medial recti; inferior oblique & movements &
levator palpebrae superioris squint
Parasympathetic to sphincter
papillae and ciliary muscle
Ⅳ Trochlear Motor to superior oblique Look to opposite
shoulder
Ⅵ Abducent Motor to lateral rectus Lateral eye
movement
Ⅺ Accessory Motor to sternocleidomastoid Elevaton of
and trapezius shoulders and
neck rotation
Ⅻ Hypoglossal Motor to muscles of tongue Tongue
movements
14. Mixed cranial nerves
N. Name Function Assessment
V Trigeminal Muscles of Face sensations &
mastication & power of muscles of
sensations of face mastication
VII Facial Muscles of facial Muscles of facial
expression & taste expression & taste
sensation in ant. 1/3 sensation in ant. 1/3 of
of tongue tongue
X Vagus Sensation and Palatal and pharyngeal
movements of reflexes & movements of
Larynx, pharynx, uvula
thoracic and
abdominal organs
XII Glossopharyng- Taste in post 2/3 of Taste & general
eal tongue & gen. sensation and
sensation pharyngeal reflex
15. Cerebellum
• Behind the brain stem
• Formed of : medline vermis
two cerebellar hemispheres
• Composed of :
outer grey matter and inner
White matter
16. Cerebellar peduncles
MB
Pons C
MO
Superior peduncle connects cerebellum with midbrain.
Middle peduncle connects cerebellum with pons.
Inferior peduncle connects cerebellum with medulla oblongata
17. Hemispheres and vermis
left right
hemisphere hemisphere
vermis
Cerebellar hemispheres are the two bilateral structures.
Vermis is the unpaired midline structure between
the two hemispheres.
18. Spinal cord
• Inside spinal canal
• End at lower border of L1
• The lowest 3 segments = Conus
• The above 4 segments = Epiconus
• Inner grey matter and outer white
matter
25. UMNL LMNL
Tone Increased, with Decreased
‘clasp knife’ quality
Clonus Present Absent
Fasciculations Absent Present
Muscle Wasting Absent, but disuse Present (within 2-3
atrophy eventually weeks)
results
Tendon Reflexes Increased. Extensor Decreased or
plantar reflexes. absent. Flexor
plantar reflexes.
Distribution Whole limbs, with Specific muscle
more weakness in groups affected (e.g.
the upper limb in the distribution of
extensors and lower a spinal segment, or
limb flexors just the proximal
muscles, etc.)