2. INTRODUCTION:
Stress is a part of life. Everyone feels
stress at one time or another. The
experience of stress & the way one
response to it are unique to each
individual. The process of responding to
stress is constant & dynamic & is
essential to the person’s physical,
emotional & social well being.
3. TERMINOLOGY:
STRESS
“ It is a condition in which the human
system responds to changing in its normal
balanced state .stress result from a change in
the environment ,that is presided as a
challenge a threat or a danger and can have
both negative and positive effects.”
- Pender and Parsons (2006)
4. CONTI…
2) STRESSOR
“ stressor are themselves neither
positive nor negative but they can have
positive and negative effects as the
persons responds to the changes.”
5. CONTI….
ADAPTATION
“ when person is in a threatening
situation immediate response occur
.those response are often involuntary
,are called coping response. The change
that take places as a result of the
responses to a stressor is adaptation .”
6. HOMEOSTASIS
“The various physiologic mechanism
within the body responses to internal
changes to maintain relative constancy
in the internal environment is called
homeostasis.”
PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
PSYCHOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
7. PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS
Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine
system primarily control homeostasis
mechanisms.
self regulatory, occur without conscious
thought, & usually function to correct
abnormal conditions.
Short term & long term stress can threaten the
physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,
11. ALARM RESPONSE
This is the “ Fight or Flight”
response that prepares the body for
immediate action
12.
13.
14. STAGE OF ADAPTATION / RESISTANCE
PHASE
If the source persists, the body prepares for
long-term protection, secreting hormones to increase
blood sugar levels. This phase is common and not
necessarily harmful, but must include periods of
relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress
response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability
and lethargy result as the stress turns negative.
15. STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter
the exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and
mental resources suffer heavily, the body
experiences ‘ adrenal exhaustion’ leading to
decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and
physical exhaustion, illness and collapse.
16. PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS
Each person needs to feel loved & a
sense of belonging, to feel safe & secure & to
have self-esteem. When these needs are not met
or a threat to need fulfillment occurs homeostatic
measures in the form of coping or defense
mechanisms help return the person to emotional
balance.
18. NEGATIVE STRESS
It is a contributory factor in minor
conditions, such as headaches, digestive
problems, skin complaints, insomnia and ulcers.
Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can
have a harmful effect on mental, physical and
spiritual health.
19. POSITIVE STRESS
Stress can also have a positive effect,
spurring motivation and awareness, providing
the stimulation to cope with challenging
situations.
Stress also provides the sense of urgency and
alertness needed for survival when confronting
threatening situations.
22. THE SOURCE OF STRESS
Developmental stress
Situational stress
TYPES OF STRESSOR
EXPERIENCED
Physiologic stressor
Psychological stressors
PERSONAL FACTORS
26. MIND BODY INTERACTION
humans react to threats of danger as if they were physiologic
threats of a person perceives the threat on an emotional
level& the body prepares itself to either resist the danger or
to run away from it. Each person reacts in Backache
Constipation
Diarrhea
Dilated pupils
Dry mouth
Headache nausea
Sleep disturbances
29. INTERVENTIONS TO REDUSE ANXIETY
a). Exercise:-
Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health.
b). Rest and sleep:-
Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis & restore
energy levels.
c). Nutrition:-
It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s homeostatic
mechanisms & in increasing resistance to stress. Obesity &
malnutrition are major stressors & greatly increase the risk of illness.
d). Encouraging the use of support system:-
Support system provides emotional support that helps a person
identify & verbalize feelings associated with stress.
30. STESS AS A TRANSACTION BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL & THE
ENVIRONMENT
PRECIPITATING EVENT
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
GENETIC INFLUENCE
EXISTING CONDITION
PAST EXPERIENCES
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL
PRIMARY
IRRELEVANT BENIGN POSITIVE STRESS APPRAISAL
NO RESPONSE PLEASURABLE
RESPONSE
HARM THREAT CHALLENGE
SECONDARY
Availability of coping strategies
Perceived effectiveness of coping strategies
Perceived ability to use coping strategies effectively
QUALITY OF RESPONSE
ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE
31. STUART STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
BIOLOGICAL PPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL
PRECIPITATING STRESSORS
NATURE ORIGIN TIMING NUMBER
APPRAISAL OF STRESSOR
COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL
COPNING RESOURCES
PERSONAL ABILITIES SOCIAL SUPPORT MATERIAL ASSETS POSITIVE BELIEFS
COPING MECHANISMS
CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE
CONTINUUM OF COPING RESPONSES
ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE
RESPONSE RESPONSE
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
