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APPENDICULAR SKELETON ENDOSKELETON OF VERTEBRATES
The Appendicular Skeleton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fig. 9.4
Tetrapod Limb ,[object Object],[object Object],wings paddles Lost 2 Lost 4 Modified elements
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Morphology (anatomy) Behavior & Performance Resource use (ecology) Fitness
Three main components ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Fig. 9.12
 
 
Focus 9.2
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Clavicle (Collarbone) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anterior Surface of Scapula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Posterior Surface of Scapula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Upper Extremity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Shoulder Dislocation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Humerus: Proximal End ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Humerus: Distal End ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ulna & Radius: Proximal End ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ulna & Radius: Proximal End ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elbow Joint ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ulna and Radius: Distal End ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
8 Carpal Bones (Wrist) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],S cared  L overs  T ry  P ositions  T hat  T hey  C an’t  H andle
Metacarpals and Phalanges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pelvic Girdle and Hip Bones ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ilium ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ischium and Pubis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Female Pelvis  Male Pelvis ,[object Object],[object Object]
Lower Extremity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Femur ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Femur ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Patella ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tibia and Fibula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tibia and Fibula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tarsus (Ankle) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Metatarsus and Phalanges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Arches of the Foot ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HOMOLOGY OF APPENDICULAR BONES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HOMOLOGY OF GIRDLES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I. GIRDLES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VARIATION OF PECTORAL GIRDLE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3. TETRAPODS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
II. PELVIC GIRDLES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
III. LIMBS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4. MAMMALS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
II. HINDLIMB ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
VARIATION OF HINDLIMB ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
ADAPTATION OF MANUS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TYPES OF FINS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2. UNPAIRED FINS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
DIVERSITIES IN SKELETAL STRUCTURES OF PAIRED FINS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
THEORIES OF THE  ORIGIN OF FINS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
LOCOMOTION OF LIMBLESS VERTEBRATES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 

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Appendicular skeleton

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. SH – Kuo and shankland 2003, Development 131. Definition – “existence of comparable pattern elements in different segmental units of the same individual.”