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EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH II

ESCUELA: CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION
          MENCION INGLES
NOMBRES           Lic. Alba Vargas Saritama
                  abvargas@utpl.edu.ec



FECHA:              ABRIL – AGOSTO 2009

                                              1
SECOND BIMESTER
             What is our goal?

 Understand how to carry
  out a research proposal.
 Differentiate the parts of a
  research report and its components.
 Know some basic guidelines for writing
  a research report.
 Carry out a bibliographical investigation
  and write a theoretical background.
Didactic materials
 Printed didactic materials
   Guide
 Technological didactic materials
   EVA
   e-mail
   videoconference
   telephone
                                     3
RESEARCH
Research Gay & Airasian (2003)


 Cn




Research ----- way of finding out
    ANSWERS to ---Questions?????
                                    4
Research Problem (topic)
       English language learning

English learning as a foreign language in
                 Ecuador
Factors that influence on the learning of
English as a foreign language in Ecuador

The influence of the native language
        on learning English in
         public high schools
         in the city of Quito
                                 This topic still needs to me
            Narrow topic         more narrow.
                                                         5
6
STAGE 2 : CONDUCT THE RESEARCH

1.Write the theoretical background
  (Seek for information sources: books,
  magazines, journal articles, web pages)
  The theoretical background or literature
  review must contain themes, concepts,
  theories, previous researches closely related
  to the researched topic or problem.
2. Conduct the filed research (investigation)

                                                  7
HOW TO CONDUCT THE RESEARCH




                          8
1. Writing the theoretical background
              /literature review

 Seek for information about definitions,
  theories, previous studies (closely related to
  the topic or problem that help to support
  your study).
 Evaluate the sources from where you take
  the information.
 Write your own theoretical background.
 Cite properly
                                               9
Do not copy paragraphs or articles textually.
  That is PLAGIARISM
It must have
  coherence: the text must flow smoothly.
 (Transitional words and phrases)
  cohesion: reflect the use of well-constructed
 grammatical structures.
Do not copy paragraphs or articles textually.
   That is PLAGIARISM.


                                              10
Avoid Plagiarism
Write your own                   Quotation:
research report


  Report writing: exam-type task. (planning-
    drafting, and review)
    - students discuss questions in pairs or
    groups
    - students start planning for the report
    - they match a typical four-paragraph
         Paraphrasing
    sequence with what might be written in
                                          Summarizing
    each of the four paragraphs
    - they match their notes to the paragraphs
    - edit reports
2. HOW TO CONDUCT THE FIELD RESEARCH

The field investigation guides the researcher to
  get the results.

 It depends on the type of research planned.

 The researcher has to apply the METHODS,
  TECHNIQUES and INSTRUMENTS ( included in
  the research proposal)to gather the field
  information in order to demonstrate the
  hypothesis.
                                                12
The instruments you use to collect the
information must be well-designed and
be based on the objectives of the
research.
Check the variables and indicators set
in the proposal.


                                     13
After you collect data, you have to
tabulate the results and present them
in charts.




                                        14
3. The discussion section
 After you have tabulated and organized the
  results in charts, you have to analyze and
  interpret them in order to draw conclusions.
 According to the framework adopted by the
  UTPL, the DISCUSSION section contains:




                                               15
RESEARCH REPORT
                                                  The format adopted by the
                     Title                        Universidad Tecnica
                                                  Particular de Loja
                             Abstract

                                Introduction

A research paper                    Methodology
(a piece of academic writing)
                                        Results             Theoretical
                                                          background
                                                            Analysis and
                                                          Interpretation of
                                        Discussion
                                                          results
                                                            Conclusions
                                        References

                                  Annexes
The Title
    The title should reflect content and
    emphasis of the project in the report
    (essential key words)

   Single page




                                            17
Abstract
 Presents a summary of the topic and the
  major finding of the research.
 They are usually 100- 150 but in the UTPL
  format it is one page long.
 It must contain:

  - The researched topic
                             - Methods and
  - The place
                               instruments
  - Population and
                             - Major results
sample

                                               18
EXAMPLE
To illustrate I have taken and example of a
 research article taken from EFL ASIAN
 JOURNAL (http://www.asian-efl-
 journal.com/June_09_lm.php)

Engineering Lectures in a Second Language:
What Factors Facilitate Students’ Listening
Comprehension? By Lindsay Miller


                                              19
 Abstract
  This paper presents data from a large-scale ethnographic study
  into the perceptions, concerns, and preferred lecturer
  strategies of one group of Hong Kong second-language (L2)
  engineering students who were attending lectures given in
  English. Although such investigations often focus purely on the
  ‘problem’ dimensions students have when listening to
  lectures, there are aspects to the lecture event which students
  identify as aiding their listening comprehension. These positive
  dimensions of lectures are the focus of this paper, and were
  identified using journals, interviews, and focus groups, and
  categorized under language features and pedagogical features.
  The data presented also suggests that lecturers need to adopt
  specific lecturing strategies in order to make the content
  materials more accessible to this type of student. (Miller,
  2009)
 Keywords: listening, lectures, ethnography, engineering L2
  students.                                                     20
Introduction

The introduction must be well-written and
   motivates the reader to continue reading.
It describes clearly but briefly the background
   of the problem, highlights the importance of
   the study and the objective that guided the
   research.




                                                  21
The introduction must contain:
Methodology
   The methodology represents the “how” of
    a research.
                           METHODOLOGY



History of the research              How the data was
done                                 tabulated, processed and
                                     analyzed
  Place and participants
  (characteristics)                  Techniques and
                                     instruments, materials
                   Research design
                                                              23
Methodological design
 Methods : Descriptive, deductive,
  bibliographical, comparative, historical
  etc.
 Techniques: surveys, note-taking,
  interview

 Instruments: direct observation,
  questionnaires, cards
                                         24
Results

The results section has relevant data
and findings summarized in qualitative
and quantitative charts.
Tabulate the information.




                                         25
THEME:

NATIVE LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE IN
LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE: AN ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN
MATERIAL PRODUCED BY SPANISH
SPEAKING STUDENTS IN SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL CLASSES.

                                   26
RESULTS
Cuantitative results
Chart One
Variable: Grammar Structures
Indicator: Adjectives

Type of text    Most common errors     Examples (2 a 5)
Composition    Position              The car red is mine
               Pluralization          They are beatifuls
                                     men
Story

Essay

Quiz
                                                            27
  Author:………………
Cuantitative results
Chart …
Variable: Grammar Structures
Indicator: Adjectives
 Most common     Composition    Story       Essay       Quiz
 errors
                 F      %       F       %   F       %   F      %
 Position        6      37.5%


 Pluralization   10     62.5%


 Total           16     100%



Source: …………….
                                                               28
Author:……………….
DISCUSSION




             29
Literature review or theoretical background

Analysis and interpretation of results:
 Interpret the results and research as a whole
  and discuss the relationship of your findings
  to earlier research.
 Support your analysis with the literature
  review.



                                              30
 Present it in a logical way consider the
  audience
 Present your idea from general to
  specific ones ( from certain to
  uncertain)
 Consider also how the data addresses
  the research problem

                                         31
Conclusions
A conclusion is a very short section that
  does not introduce new ideas
Conclusions summarize findings in a clear
  and concise way




                                        32
References or bibliography
Include all the sources reviewed
Order the list alphabetically
 Books
 Journals
 Magazines
 Electronic sources, etc


                                    33
Suggestions for
       REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY
Use the style adopted by the institution
  or the APA style which is
  internationally approved.
Write the references in alphabetical
  order
Be careful, the information must come
  from a reliable source.
Use updated bibliography (5 years )
                                           34
Example
 Arnold, J. and M.C. Fonseca Mora. (2004).
  “Multiple Intelligence Theory and Foreign
  Language Learning: A Brain-based Perspective” in
  IJES, International Journal of English Studies vol. 4
  (1), pp. 119-136.
 Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of Language
  Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice Hall
  Regents.
 Burstall, C. (1975) "Factors affecting
  foreign‑language learning: a consideration of some
  relevant research findings". Language Teaching
  and Linguistics Abstracts 8: 105‑125.           35
Annexes (Appendices)

Contains information that is relevant to
 the researched problem but does not fit
 in the main body of the report to avoid
 interrupting the line of development of
 the report.



                                       36
Formal aspects
The research report must be:
 Totally in English
 Reflect good written style, grammar.
 Typed (bookman Old Style 12)
 Margins
                    3cm


             4cm            2.   5cm



                    2.5cm
                                         37
QUESTIONS?????




                 38
THANKS


         39
40

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UTPL Educational Research

  • 1. EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH II ESCUELA: CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION MENCION INGLES NOMBRES Lic. Alba Vargas Saritama abvargas@utpl.edu.ec FECHA: ABRIL – AGOSTO 2009 1
  • 2. SECOND BIMESTER What is our goal?  Understand how to carry out a research proposal.  Differentiate the parts of a research report and its components.  Know some basic guidelines for writing a research report.  Carry out a bibliographical investigation and write a theoretical background.
  • 3. Didactic materials  Printed didactic materials Guide  Technological didactic materials EVA e-mail videoconference telephone 3
  • 4. RESEARCH Research Gay & Airasian (2003)  Cn Research ----- way of finding out ANSWERS to ---Questions????? 4
  • 5. Research Problem (topic) English language learning English learning as a foreign language in Ecuador Factors that influence on the learning of English as a foreign language in Ecuador The influence of the native language on learning English in public high schools in the city of Quito This topic still needs to me Narrow topic more narrow. 5
  • 6. 6
  • 7. STAGE 2 : CONDUCT THE RESEARCH 1.Write the theoretical background (Seek for information sources: books, magazines, journal articles, web pages) The theoretical background or literature review must contain themes, concepts, theories, previous researches closely related to the researched topic or problem. 2. Conduct the filed research (investigation) 7
  • 8. HOW TO CONDUCT THE RESEARCH 8
  • 9. 1. Writing the theoretical background /literature review  Seek for information about definitions, theories, previous studies (closely related to the topic or problem that help to support your study).  Evaluate the sources from where you take the information.  Write your own theoretical background.  Cite properly 9
  • 10. Do not copy paragraphs or articles textually. That is PLAGIARISM It must have coherence: the text must flow smoothly. (Transitional words and phrases) cohesion: reflect the use of well-constructed grammatical structures. Do not copy paragraphs or articles textually. That is PLAGIARISM. 10
  • 11. Avoid Plagiarism Write your own Quotation: research report Report writing: exam-type task. (planning- drafting, and review) - students discuss questions in pairs or groups - students start planning for the report - they match a typical four-paragraph Paraphrasing sequence with what might be written in Summarizing each of the four paragraphs - they match their notes to the paragraphs - edit reports
  • 12. 2. HOW TO CONDUCT THE FIELD RESEARCH The field investigation guides the researcher to get the results.  It depends on the type of research planned.  The researcher has to apply the METHODS, TECHNIQUES and INSTRUMENTS ( included in the research proposal)to gather the field information in order to demonstrate the hypothesis. 12
  • 13. The instruments you use to collect the information must be well-designed and be based on the objectives of the research. Check the variables and indicators set in the proposal. 13
  • 14. After you collect data, you have to tabulate the results and present them in charts. 14
  • 15. 3. The discussion section  After you have tabulated and organized the results in charts, you have to analyze and interpret them in order to draw conclusions.  According to the framework adopted by the UTPL, the DISCUSSION section contains: 15
  • 16. RESEARCH REPORT The format adopted by the Title Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja Abstract Introduction A research paper Methodology (a piece of academic writing) Results Theoretical background Analysis and Interpretation of Discussion results Conclusions References Annexes
  • 17. The Title  The title should reflect content and emphasis of the project in the report (essential key words)  Single page 17
  • 18. Abstract  Presents a summary of the topic and the major finding of the research.  They are usually 100- 150 but in the UTPL format it is one page long.  It must contain: - The researched topic - Methods and - The place instruments - Population and - Major results sample 18
  • 19. EXAMPLE To illustrate I have taken and example of a research article taken from EFL ASIAN JOURNAL (http://www.asian-efl- journal.com/June_09_lm.php) Engineering Lectures in a Second Language: What Factors Facilitate Students’ Listening Comprehension? By Lindsay Miller 19
  • 20.  Abstract This paper presents data from a large-scale ethnographic study into the perceptions, concerns, and preferred lecturer strategies of one group of Hong Kong second-language (L2) engineering students who were attending lectures given in English. Although such investigations often focus purely on the ‘problem’ dimensions students have when listening to lectures, there are aspects to the lecture event which students identify as aiding their listening comprehension. These positive dimensions of lectures are the focus of this paper, and were identified using journals, interviews, and focus groups, and categorized under language features and pedagogical features. The data presented also suggests that lecturers need to adopt specific lecturing strategies in order to make the content materials more accessible to this type of student. (Miller, 2009)  Keywords: listening, lectures, ethnography, engineering L2 students.    20
  • 21. Introduction The introduction must be well-written and motivates the reader to continue reading. It describes clearly but briefly the background of the problem, highlights the importance of the study and the objective that guided the research. 21
  • 23. Methodology The methodology represents the “how” of a research. METHODOLOGY History of the research How the data was done tabulated, processed and analyzed Place and participants (characteristics) Techniques and instruments, materials Research design 23
  • 24. Methodological design  Methods : Descriptive, deductive, bibliographical, comparative, historical etc.  Techniques: surveys, note-taking, interview  Instruments: direct observation, questionnaires, cards 24
  • 25. Results The results section has relevant data and findings summarized in qualitative and quantitative charts. Tabulate the information. 25
  • 26. THEME: NATIVE LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE IN LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: AN ANALYSIS OF WRITTEN MATERIAL PRODUCED BY SPANISH SPEAKING STUDENTS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES. 26
  • 27. RESULTS Cuantitative results Chart One Variable: Grammar Structures Indicator: Adjectives Type of text Most common errors Examples (2 a 5) Composition Position The car red is mine Pluralization  They are beatifuls men Story Essay Quiz 27 Author:………………
  • 28. Cuantitative results Chart … Variable: Grammar Structures Indicator: Adjectives Most common Composition Story Essay Quiz errors F % F % F % F % Position 6 37.5% Pluralization 10 62.5% Total 16 100% Source: ……………. 28 Author:……………….
  • 30. Literature review or theoretical background Analysis and interpretation of results:  Interpret the results and research as a whole and discuss the relationship of your findings to earlier research.  Support your analysis with the literature review. 30
  • 31.  Present it in a logical way consider the audience  Present your idea from general to specific ones ( from certain to uncertain)  Consider also how the data addresses the research problem 31
  • 32. Conclusions A conclusion is a very short section that does not introduce new ideas Conclusions summarize findings in a clear and concise way 32
  • 33. References or bibliography Include all the sources reviewed Order the list alphabetically  Books  Journals  Magazines  Electronic sources, etc 33
  • 34. Suggestions for REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY Use the style adopted by the institution or the APA style which is internationally approved. Write the references in alphabetical order Be careful, the information must come from a reliable source. Use updated bibliography (5 years ) 34
  • 35. Example  Arnold, J. and M.C. Fonseca Mora. (2004). “Multiple Intelligence Theory and Foreign Language Learning: A Brain-based Perspective” in IJES, International Journal of English Studies vol. 4 (1), pp. 119-136.  Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.  Burstall, C. (1975) "Factors affecting foreign‑language learning: a consideration of some relevant research findings". Language Teaching and Linguistics Abstracts 8: 105‑125. 35
  • 36. Annexes (Appendices) Contains information that is relevant to the researched problem but does not fit in the main body of the report to avoid interrupting the line of development of the report. 36
  • 37. Formal aspects The research report must be:  Totally in English  Reflect good written style, grammar.  Typed (bookman Old Style 12)  Margins 3cm 4cm 2. 5cm 2.5cm 37
  • 39. THANKS 39
  • 40. 40