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Reconstruction and
Changes in the United
      States
Northern Postwar Problems
   Economic problems in the
    North:
      800,000 Union soldiers

       were returning to the
       north where there were
       no jobs
      There was no longer a

       need for so many
       factories, so there were a
       lot of layoffs
 Physicallynorthern farms
 and cities were hardly
 touched since most battles
 took place in the south
Southern Postwar Problems
    Financially the South
     was destroyed
     Confederate money

       was worthless
     The plantation

       economy which had
       depended mostly on
       slavery was now
       ended
 Physically   the South was
 Destroyed
  In some areas all homes, barns

   and bridges were destroyed.

   Mostof the south’s railroads
   were totally destroyed
Problems That Would Arise From
              The Ruins
   About 4 million former
    slaves were now free
    (“Freedmen”) but had
    little opportunity for jobs
    or any hope of providing
    for their families.
   Hundreds of thousands
    of veterans were also
    created by the war.
Early Steps Toward Reconstruction

    Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863)

        Under this plan, a southern state could
         form a new government after 10% of its
         voters swore an oath of loyalty to the
         United States.
The Freedmen’s Bureau
   Government agency formed to help former
    slaves
   Gave food and clothing to former slaves
   Helped them find jobs
   Helped poor whites as well
   Provided health care for more than 1
    million people
The Freedmen’s Bureau’s Most
       Important Tasks
   Being involved in teaching former slaves
    and their children to read
   The agency laid the foundation for the
    South’s public school system
   It also created colleges for African
    Americans
Johnson’s Plan
   A majority of voters from each
    southern state had to pledge loyalty
    to the United States

   Each state also had to ratify the
    Thirteenth Amendment (1865) which
    had banned slavery throughout the
    nation
The South’s Black Codes

   African Americans couldn’t vote,
    own guns or serve on juries

   They could marry legally and own
    some kinds of property
Congress Takes Action
   Members of Congress known as Radical
    Republicans vowed to take control of
    Reconstruction


   Two main goals:
        They wanted to break the power of wealthy
        planters who had long ruled the South

        They wanted to ensure that freedmen
        received the right to vote
Republicans Start To Take Control

   They passed the Civil
    Rights Act (1866)
    however, fearing the
    Supreme Court would
    declare it
    unconstitutional, they
    proposed the 14th
    Amendment
14th Amendment
 Defined citizens as “all persons born
  or naturalized in the United States”
 Guaranteed citizens “equal protection

  of the laws”
 Forbade states to “deprive any person

  of life, liberty or property without due
  process of law”
Radical Reconstruction
   Under the Reconstruction Act (1867)
    Congress threw out any state’s government
    that did not ratify the 14th Amendment

   To rejoin the Union, states had to write new
    constitutions and ratify the 14th Amendment
Johnson Is Almost Impeached
  Republicans decided to remove Johnson
  from office after he tried to limit what
  they could do with Reconstruction

  They decided to impeach him, or bring
  formal charges against him.
Grant Is Nominated for
          President
Republicans nominate
Ulysses S. Grant for
President.

Southern
governments allowed
African American men
to vote, and as a
result Grant easily
won the election.
The Fifteenth Amendment
   Proposed in 1869

   Forbade any state to deny any citizen
    the right to vote because of “race,
    color, or previous condition of
    servitude”
Three Groups Step In As Leaders
         In The South
First were the scalawags:
    Seen as traitors by some

    They were white businesspeople who had
     opposed secession in 1860

    They wanted to forget the war and just rebuild the
     South.
Second, were the carpetbaggers:
 Northernerswho came to the south
 after the war hoping to get rich from
 the South’s misery

Third, were African Americans
 They  became sheriffs, mayors, and
 legislators in the new government
The Rise of Vigilante Groups
   These groups were radical in their
    way of thinking

   The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) frightened,
    threatened, and killed African
    Americans that were not obedient.
A Cycle of Poverty
   Sharecropping
      Freedmen and poor whites who went to

       work on large plantations

       They rented and farmed a plot of land

       Planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools
        in return for a share of the crop at harvest
        time
Life after Reconstruction
   Southerners passed poll taxes- requiring voters
    to pay a fee each time they voted.

   They imposed literacy tests that required voters
    to read and explain a section of the Constitution.

   Segregation became the law in the South
     Law that would separate whites and blacks
Plessy v. Ferguson

   The Supreme Court ruled that
    segregation was legal as long as
    facilities for blacks and whites were
    equal.
The Gettysburg Address
   Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought
    forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in
    Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men
    are created equal.
    Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing
    whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and
    so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
    battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a
    portion of that field, as a final resting place for those
    who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It
    is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

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Reconstruction

  • 1. Reconstruction and Changes in the United States
  • 2. Northern Postwar Problems  Economic problems in the North:  800,000 Union soldiers were returning to the north where there were no jobs  There was no longer a need for so many factories, so there were a lot of layoffs
  • 3.  Physicallynorthern farms and cities were hardly touched since most battles took place in the south
  • 4. Southern Postwar Problems  Financially the South was destroyed  Confederate money was worthless  The plantation economy which had depended mostly on slavery was now ended
  • 5.  Physically the South was Destroyed  In some areas all homes, barns and bridges were destroyed.  Mostof the south’s railroads were totally destroyed
  • 6. Problems That Would Arise From The Ruins  About 4 million former slaves were now free (“Freedmen”) but had little opportunity for jobs or any hope of providing for their families.  Hundreds of thousands of veterans were also created by the war.
  • 7. Early Steps Toward Reconstruction  Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan (1863)  Under this plan, a southern state could form a new government after 10% of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States.
  • 8. The Freedmen’s Bureau  Government agency formed to help former slaves  Gave food and clothing to former slaves  Helped them find jobs  Helped poor whites as well  Provided health care for more than 1 million people
  • 9. The Freedmen’s Bureau’s Most Important Tasks  Being involved in teaching former slaves and their children to read  The agency laid the foundation for the South’s public school system  It also created colleges for African Americans
  • 10. Johnson’s Plan  A majority of voters from each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the United States  Each state also had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) which had banned slavery throughout the nation
  • 11. The South’s Black Codes  African Americans couldn’t vote, own guns or serve on juries  They could marry legally and own some kinds of property
  • 12. Congress Takes Action  Members of Congress known as Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction  Two main goals:  They wanted to break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South  They wanted to ensure that freedmen received the right to vote
  • 13. Republicans Start To Take Control  They passed the Civil Rights Act (1866) however, fearing the Supreme Court would declare it unconstitutional, they proposed the 14th Amendment
  • 14. 14th Amendment  Defined citizens as “all persons born or naturalized in the United States”  Guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws”  Forbade states to “deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law”
  • 15. Radical Reconstruction  Under the Reconstruction Act (1867) Congress threw out any state’s government that did not ratify the 14th Amendment  To rejoin the Union, states had to write new constitutions and ratify the 14th Amendment
  • 16. Johnson Is Almost Impeached Republicans decided to remove Johnson from office after he tried to limit what they could do with Reconstruction They decided to impeach him, or bring formal charges against him.
  • 17. Grant Is Nominated for President Republicans nominate Ulysses S. Grant for President. Southern governments allowed African American men to vote, and as a result Grant easily won the election.
  • 18. The Fifteenth Amendment  Proposed in 1869  Forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
  • 19. Three Groups Step In As Leaders In The South First were the scalawags:  Seen as traitors by some  They were white businesspeople who had opposed secession in 1860  They wanted to forget the war and just rebuild the South.
  • 20. Second, were the carpetbaggers:  Northernerswho came to the south after the war hoping to get rich from the South’s misery Third, were African Americans  They became sheriffs, mayors, and legislators in the new government
  • 21. The Rise of Vigilante Groups  These groups were radical in their way of thinking  The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) frightened, threatened, and killed African Americans that were not obedient.
  • 22. A Cycle of Poverty  Sharecropping  Freedmen and poor whites who went to work on large plantations  They rented and farmed a plot of land  Planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools in return for a share of the crop at harvest time
  • 23. Life after Reconstruction  Southerners passed poll taxes- requiring voters to pay a fee each time they voted.  They imposed literacy tests that required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution.  Segregation became the law in the South  Law that would separate whites and blacks
  • 24. Plessy v. Ferguson  The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal.
  • 25. The Gettysburg Address  Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.