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PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 1 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
1
PASSAGE TO THE USA, VIA CAPE OF NPTE.
NATIONAL PHYSIOTHERAPY EXAMINATION-PART-3
SPEC. BY: Abdulrehman S. Mulla
DATE: 03/21/2009
REVISION HISTORY
REV. DESCRIPTION CN No. BY DATE
01 Initial Release PT0013 ASM 04/25/2009
02/02 Replace the Front cover poster PT0014 ASM 05/04/2009
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 2 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
14.0 EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:................................................................................................................................................................... 6
14.1 PEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:........................................................................................................ 6
14.1.1 PAEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPISTS DO: ................................................................................................................................ 6
14.1.2 PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS:..................................................................................................................................... 6
14.2 GERIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:........................................................................................................ 7
14.2.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:.................................................................................................................................................. 7
14.2.2 SCREENING: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
14.2.3 ASSESSMENT:......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
14.2.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:................................................................................................................................................. 8
14.2.5 INTERVENTION:....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
14.2.6 DOCUMENTATION:.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
14.2.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:....................................................................................................................................................... 8
14.2.8 DATA:........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
14.3 ORTHOPEDIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: ................................................................................................... 9
14.3.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:.................................................................................................................................................. 9
14.3.2 SCREENING: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
14.3.3 ASSESSMENT:......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
14.3.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:............................................................................................................................................... 10
14.3.5 INTERVENTION:..................................................................................................................................................................... 10
14.3.6 DOCUMENTATION:................................................................................................................................................................ 10
14.3.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:..................................................................................................................................................... 11
14.3.8 DATA:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
14.4 NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:............................................................................................. 11
14.4.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:................................................................................................................................................ 11
14.4.2 SCREENING: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
14.4.3 ASSESSMENT:....................................................................................................................................................................... 12
14.4.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:............................................................................................................................................... 12
14.4.5 INTERVENTION:..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
A. IMPAIRMENT SPECIFIC: ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
B. ACTIVITY SPECIFIC:.............................................................................................................................................................. 13
C. ADVANCED INTERVENTION:................................................................................................................................................ 13
14.4.6 DOCUMENTATION:................................................................................................................................................................ 14
14.4.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:..................................................................................................................................................... 14
14.4.8 DATA:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
A. PROSTHETIC TERMINOLOGY:............................................................................................................................................. 15
14.5 CARDIO-PULMONARY PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: ................................................................................... 17
14.5.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:................................................................................................................................................ 17
14.5.2 SCREENING: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
A. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL EVALUATION:......................................................................................................................... 17
14.5.3 ASSESSMENT:....................................................................................................................................................................... 18
14.5.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:............................................................................................................................................... 18
14.5.5 INTERVENTION:..................................................................................................................................................................... 18
14.5.6 DOCUMENTATION:................................................................................................................................................................ 19
14.5.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:..................................................................................................................................................... 19
14.5.8 DATA:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
14.6 LOCATIONS OF THE FISSURES AND LUNG LOBES AND SEGMENTS IN RELATION TO CHEST WALL LANDMARKS:.............. 20
14.6.1 THORACIC CONFIGURATION ABNORMALITIES: ............................................................................................................... 21
14.6.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS:................................................................ 21
14.6.3 TECHNIQUES TO ACCESS LUNG PROBLEMS:.................................................................................................................. 22
A. TACTILE FREMITUS AND THE CAUSES OF INCREASED OR DECREASED FREMITUS (LOCAL AND DIFFUSE): ...... 22
B. ASSESSING THORACIC EXPANSION:................................................................................................................................. 22
C. ABNORMAL FINDING OF CREPITUS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE UPON PALPATION OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS
TISSUES: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
D. TECHNIQUE FOR PERCUSSION AND SOUNDS PRODUCED WHEN THE UNDERLYING TISSUES ARE AIR-FILLED,
FLUID FILLED, OR SOLID:..................................................................................................................................................... 22
E. PULMONARY AND EXTRAPULMONARY ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE THREE BASIC TYPES
OF PERCUSSION NOTES: .................................................................................................................................................... 23
F. FOUR PARTS OF THE STETHOSCOPE AND THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE
DIAPHRAGM AND WHEN IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE BELL: .................................................................................. 23
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 3 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
3
G. SOUNDS NORMALLY HEARD OVER THE CHEST:............................................................................................................. 23
H. "ADVENTITIOUS" BREATH SOUNDS: .................................................................................................................................. 23
I. THE AIRWAY OR PARENCHYMAL ABNORMALITIES:........................................................................................................ 24
J. CONDITIONS IN WHICH A PATIENT MAY HAVE DIMINISHED OR ABSENT BREATH SOUNDS:.................................... 24
K. THE PITCH AND INTENSITY OF STRIDOR AND THE POINT IN THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE IN WHICH STRIDOR IS
HEARD:................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
L. AIRWAY ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH STRIDOR: ............................................................................................... 24
M. ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:............................................................ 24
N. AUSCULTATION TECHNIQUES OF BRONCHOPHONY, EGOPHONY, AND WHISPERED PECTORILOQUOY AND
ABNORMAL FINDINGS AND THE CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH: ................................................................... 25
O. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH BRONCHIAL BREATH SOUNDS ARE HEARD IN AREAS OF THE
CHEST WHERE NORMALLY VESICULAR BREATH SOUNDS ARE HEARD:..................................................................... 25
P. "POINT OF MAXIMAL IMPULSE”........................................................................................................................................... 25
15.0 RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE:...................................................................................................................................... 26
15.1 EBP IS A FIVE-STEP PROCESS: .......................................................................................................................................................... 35
15.2 RESEARCH DESIGN:............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
15.2.1 HISTORICAL RESEARCH:..................................................................................................................................................... 37
15.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: .................................................................................................................................................. 37
15.2.3 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:............................................................................................................................................ 38
15.2.4. EXPERIMENTAL:.................................................................................................................................................................... 39
A. DESIGNS: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 39
I. TRUE EXPERIMENTS:................................................................................................................................................... 39
II. COHORT DESIGN, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:................................................................................................ 40
III. WITHIN SUBJECTS (REPEATED MEASURES) DESIGNS: ......................................................................................... 42
IV. MATCHED PAIRS DESIGNS:......................................................................................................................................... 42
V. BETWEEN SUBJECTS DESIGNS:................................................................................................................................. 42
VI. FACTORIAL DESIGNS:.................................................................................................................................................. 43
VII. SINGLE-SUBJECT RESEARCH: ................................................................................................................................... 43
VIII. THE AB DESIGN:............................................................................................................................................................ 43
IX. NPTE TYPE OF QUESTIONS EXAMPLE: ..................................................................................................................... 44
B. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE:...................................................................................................................................................... 45
C. EPIDEMIOLOGY:.................................................................................................................................................................... 45
15.3 VARIABLES:........................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
15.4 HYPOTHESIS: ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
15.4.1 HYPOTHESIS TEST:.............................................................................................................................................................. 46
15.4.2 NULL HYPOTHESIS:.............................................................................................................................................................. 47
15.4.3 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:............................................................................................................................................... 48
15.5 DATA TYPES: ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
15.5.1 DISCRETE DATA:................................................................................................................................................................... 48
15.5.2 CATEGORICAL DATA:........................................................................................................................................................... 48
15.5.3 NOMINAL DATA: .................................................................................................................................................................... 48
15.5.4 ORDINAL DATA:..................................................................................................................................................................... 48
15.5.5 INTERVAL SCALE:................................................................................................................................................................. 49
15.5.6 CONTINUOUS DATA:............................................................................................................................................................. 49
15.5.7 FREQUENCY TABLE: ............................................................................................................................................................ 49
A. PIE CHART: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 50
B. BAR CHART:........................................................................................................................................................................... 50
C. DOT PLOT: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 51
D. HISTOGRAM:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 51
E. STEM AND LEAF PLOT: ........................................................................................................................................................ 52
F. BOX AND WHISKER PLOT (OR BOXPLOT): ........................................................................................................................ 52
G. 5-NUMBER SUMMARY: ......................................................................................................................................................... 52
H. OUTLIER:................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
I. SYMMETRY: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52
J. SKEWNESS:........................................................................................................................................................................... 53
K. SCATTER PLOT: .................................................................................................................................................................... 53
L. ILLUSTRATIONS: ................................................................................................................................................................... 53
M. SAMPLE MEAN: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 53
15.6 SAMPLING: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 54
15.6.1 TARGET POPULATION:......................................................................................................................................................... 54
15.6.2 MATCHED SAMPLES:............................................................................................................................................................ 54
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 4 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
4
15.6.3 INDEPENDENT SAMPLING:.................................................................................................................................................. 54
15.6.4 RANDOM SAMPLING:............................................................................................................................................................ 54
15.6.5 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING:.............................................................................................................................................. 54
15.6.6 STRATIFIED SAMPLING:....................................................................................................................................................... 55
15.6.7 CLUSTER SAMPLING: ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
15.6.8 QUOTA SAMPLING: ............................................................................................................................................................... 55
15.6.9 SPATIAL SAMPLING: ............................................................................................................................................................. 55
15.6.10 SAMPLING VARIABILITY:...................................................................................................................................................... 55
15.6.11 STANDARD ERROR:.............................................................................................................................................................. 55
15.6.12 BIAS: ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 56
15.6.13 PRECISION:............................................................................................................................................................................ 56
15.7 INSTRUMENTATION-GOLD STANDARD:............................................................................................................................................ 56
15.8 INFORMED CONSENT:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 56
15.9 PROBLEMS RELATED TO MEASUREMENT:....................................................................................................................................... 56
15.9.1 CONTROL:.............................................................................................................................................................................. 56
A. CONTROL GROUP:................................................................................................................................................................ 56
B. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP: ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
C. INTERVENING VARIABLE: .................................................................................................................................................... 57
15.9.2 VALIDITY: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58
A. STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY:............................................................................................................................... 58
B. INTERNAL VALIDITY:............................................................................................................................................................. 58
C. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY:........................................................................................................................................................ 58
D. EXTERNAL VALIDITY: ........................................................................................................................................................... 59
E. ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY:....................................................................................................................................................... 59
F. CONTENT VALIDITY: ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
G. FACE VALIDITY: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 60
H. CRITERION VALIDITY: .............................................................................................................................................................. 60
I. CONCURRENT VALIDITY:.......................................................................................................................................................... 60
J. PREDICTIVE VALIDITY: ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
K. CONVERGENT VALIDITY:......................................................................................................................................................... 60
L. DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY:......................................................................................................................................................... 60
15.9.3 THREATS TO VALIDITY:........................................................................................................................................................ 61
A. INTERNAL VALIDITY:............................................................................................................................................................. 61
B. EXTERNAL VALIDITY: ........................................................................................................................................................... 62
C. OTHER THREATS:................................................................................................................................................................. 62
15.9.4 RELIABILITY: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 63
15.9.5 THREATS TO RELIABILITY: .................................................................................................................................................. 64
15.9.6 OBJECTIVITY: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64
15.9.7 SUBJECTIVITY: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 64
15.9.8 SENSITIVITY: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 65
A. FALSE POSITIVE: .................................................................................................................................................................. 65
B. FALSE NEGATIVE:................................................................................................................................................................. 65
C. A NEGATIVE (LOW SENSITIVITY) RESULT RULES OUT THE DIAGNOSIS (SNOUT): ..................................................... 65
15.9.9 SPECIFICITY: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
15.10 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: ......................................................................................................................... 66
15.10.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:..................................................................................................................................................... 66
A. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:............................................................................................................................... 66
I. MEAN:............................................................................................................................................................................. 66
II. MEDIAN: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 66
III. MODE:............................................................................................................................................................................. 66
B. MEASURES OF VARIABILITY: .............................................................................................................................................. 66
I. RANGE:........................................................................................................................................................................... 66
II. SD - STANDARD DEVIATION........................................................................................................................................ 66
C. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: - ........................................................................................................................................... 67
I. PERCENTILES: ...................................................................................................................................................... 67
II. QUARTILES:........................................................................................................................................................... 67
15.10.2 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
A. DEGREES OF FREEDOM:..................................................................................................................................................... 68
I. ERRORS:........................................................................................................................................................................ 68
1. STANDARD ERROR: ............................................................................................................................................. 68
2. TYPE I ERROR:...................................................................................................................................................... 68
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 5 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
5
3. TYPE II ERROR:..................................................................................................................................................... 69
15.10.3 PARAMETRIC STATISTICS: (INTERVAL AND RATIO DATA).............................................................................................. 69
A. ASSUMPTIONS: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 69
B. T-TEST.................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
I. T-TEST FOR INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: ..................................................................................................................... 69
II. T-TEST FOR NONINDEPENDENT SAMPLES: ............................................................................................................. 70
III. ONE-TAILED T-TEST: .................................................................................................................................................... 70
IV. TWO-TAILED T-TEST:.................................................................................................................................................... 70
a. When is a one-tailed test appropriate? ................................................................................................................... 71
b. When is a one-tailed test not appropriate? ............................................................................................................ 71
C. ANOVA - ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE:..................................................................................................................................... 71
I. ONE-WAY ANOVA:......................................................................................................................................................... 72
II. WHY NOT JUST USE THE T-TEST? ............................................................................................................................. 72
D. ANCOVA - ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE:............................................................................................................................. 72
I. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANOVA AND ANCOVA?.............................................................................. 73
E. NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS:......................................................................................................................................... 74
I. CHI SQUARE:................................................................................................................................................................. 74
F. CORRELATIONAL STATISTICS: ........................................................................................................................................... 75
G. PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT COEFFICIENT:................................................................................................................. 76
I. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: .................................................................................................................................... 76
II. SPEARMAN'S RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: ..................................................................................................... 76
III. COMMON VARIANCE: ................................................................................................................................................... 76
15.11 SAMPLE RESEARCH TEST:.................................................................................................................................................. 77
16.0 PATHOLOGICAL:........................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
16.1 PHYSIOTHERAPY IN HIV: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 80
16.1.1 ISSUES: .................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
16.1.2 DESCRIPTION:....................................................................................................................................................................... 80
16.1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS: .......................................................................................................................................................... 80
16.2 STRUCTURAL KNEE PROBLEMS:........................................................................................................................................................ 81
16.3 STRUCTURAL HIP PROBLEMS: ........................................................................................................................................................... 82
16.4 DISORDERS AND DISEASES:............................................................................................................................................................... 83
16.5 MEDS: 84
16.6 ALS AND MS:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
16.7 DIABETES MELLITUS: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 85
17.0 SAMPLE NPTE QUESTIONS:........................................................................................................................................................................ 86
3.2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE LEARNING CENTER:........................................................................................................... 93
3.3 WOUND CARE DEFINITIONS FLASH CARDS:..................................................................................................................................... 93
3.4 WOUND CARE TIPS AND DRESSINGS:............................................................................................................................................... 93
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 6 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
6
14.0 EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:
The physiotherapist will function as an educator and advocate to the clinical care team members, the
patient and their families/care givers, health care professionals and students. Education will include but is
not limited to:
 Physiotherapists are responsible for professional practice standards and evidence based practices;
taking a mentoring role in the Department of Rehabilitation Services research activities; performing
patient care functions within their practice area; and performing quality management, administrative,
and group leadership functions within the Division of Physical Therapy.
 They are responsible for the development of programs and program evaluation; facilitating education
programs and services within their practice area and performing other duties consistent with the
classification as delegated by their place of work.
14.1 PEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:
 Paediatric physiotherapists are primarily members of the child health multidisciplinary team,
which includes occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, paediatricians and
health visitors who have specialised in assessing and managing conditions in children.
 They are often required to advise educational and social services teams on children's needs in
relation to their physical development, respiratory condition or musculoesketal condition.
14.1.1 PAEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPISTS DO:
 Evaluate a child's ability in relation to his/her gross motor development and produce an
assessment, advising parents and medical staff on the child's needs. Specific
assessments are often requested by education as part of a child's "Assessment of
special educational needs", or by social services "Children's with disability team"
identifying a child's present needs in order to find suitable care takers or future needs
to plan housing needs or alterations.
 Advise parents, care takers and the child, if old enough, on the condition and informing
them on various physiotherapy options working in partnership with them on the most
appropriate strategies to enable each child to achieve his/her potential.
 The physiotherapist will work closely with the child's care takers teaching through
demonstration handling techniques to encourage the child's gross motor development
or specific techniques to maintain the child's health.
14.1.2 PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS:
 Specific exercises to be practiced regularly at home or at school. These are often
designed as games or play activities
 General advice to be incorporated into daily living activities
 Short intensive clinic based exercises
 Recommended specific equipment to meet the child's needs e.g. walking aids, postural
care equipment
 Assessment of moving and handling needs of the child advising on strategies to
minimise the risk to the child and the carer
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
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NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
7
14.2 GERIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:
Objective:
 To minimise the impact of disease and disability upon the personal independence and
autonomy of older persons. This is achieved by the application of preventative measures, early
intervention, comprehensive medical and social assessment, remedial and rehabilative
procedures and integrated community support.
 A comprehensive geriatric evaluation is carried out by the Physiotherapist in which the multiple
problems of the older person are uncovered, described and explained, if possible, and in which
the resources and strengths of the person are catalogued, need for services assessed and a
coordinated care plan developed to focus interventions on the persons problems.
Comprehensive geriatric evaluation usually means evaluation of the patient in several domains,
most commonly the physical, mental, social, economic, functional and environmental.
14.2.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:
 It is the physiotherapist’s role to assess the physical function domains of balance,
mobility and transfers, and how these impact on personal activities of daily living and
instrumental activities of daily living.
 The physiotherapist’s role includes the assessment of bed skills, sit to stand, standing
balance, indoor and outdoor mobility, ability to negotiate stairs and details of any gait
aids Additional assessments may include neurological, respiratory and musculoskeletal
as indicated.
 The physiotherapists shall determine what level of function is safe for discharge by
taking into consideration the home environment (eg stairs, distances required to walk)
and available level of assistance.
 The physiotherapists shall always compare the ‘best’ level of recent premorbid physical
function with that as a current inpatient to identify if there is any additional limitation of
function associated with illness, treatment or hospitalisation. Identification of this
‘functional gap’ will help determine if rehabilitative interventions are indicated.
 The Physiotherapist shall implement acute intervention for problems amenable to
physiotherapy based on assessment findings and clinical reasoning.
14.2.2 SCREENING:
The physiotherapist as to the need for physiotherapy assessment and management will
screen patients.
Some indicators for physiotherapy include;
1. Respiratory disorders, which respond to physiotherapy (productive pneumonia,
infective exacerbation CAL, bronchiectasis)
2. Motor impairing neurological conditions (CVA, MS, MND, PD)
3. Gait disorders amenable to treatment
4. Falls
5. Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries, which impact on function
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
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NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
8
14.2.3 ASSESSMENT:
 Physiotherapy assessment shall include bed skills; sit to stand, standing balance,
indoor and outdoor mobility (as required), ability to negotiate stairs and details of any
gait aids.
 Additional assessments may include neurological, respiratory and musculoskeletal as
indicated.
14.2.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:
 The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant
health professionals regarding the patient’s bed skills, mobility and transfer status,
physiotherapy treatment plan and further management of patients.
 They shall assist the organization team in making admission / discharge / referral
decisions.
14.2.5 INTERVENTION:
 Physiotherapists shall implement acute intervention for problems amenable to
physiotherapy based on assessment findings and clinical reasoning.
 Physiotherapists shall prescribe and deliver a safe, effective and individualised
exercise programme based on current research evidence.
 They shall incorporate education and prevention into the provision of the
physiotherapy service.
 Physiotherapists shall prescribe gait and transfer aids as identified by assessment
findings and clinical reasoning. They shall organise the provision of the equipment from
the appropriate source.
14.2.6 DOCUMENTATION:
 Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and
progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal
requirements.
 Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using
standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and
Functional Mobility for ADLs Policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on
bedside communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety.
14.2.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:
Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy
service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements.
14.2.8 DATA:
Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions in
CERNER. Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) stats entered into reports
database.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 9 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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9
14.3 ORTHOPEDIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:
Orthopaedic Physiotherapy is oriented towards the treatment of Musculo – Skeletal ailments. It
involves regaining appropriate health and function of structures surrounding the Joint regions and
normalizing the Biomechanics following any injury or Orthopaedic disease. The rehabilitation of
orthopaedically disabled individuals is also a major area of function
14.3.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:
Impaired posture, Impaired Muscle functions Impaired Joint Mobility, Motor function,
Muscle performance, and range of motion associated with Connective tissue dysfunctions
Localized inflammation As in
 Muscle pain, strain
 Muscle tear
14.3.2 SCREENING:
The physiotherapist as to the need for physiotherapy assessment and management will
screen patients.
 Joint stiffness
 Fractures
 Ligament strain, sprain, tear
 Inability to walk
 Inflammation of tendons and bursa
 Joint pain, poor posture
 Joint inflammation in case of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis
Care for persons with orthopaedic problems can be complex. Usually the first health
care contact for such a condition is the family physician. More than 60% of the people who
suffer from orthopaedic problems will seek attention from their family physician who will
typically treat the patient with anti-inflammatory medications and advice on rest. However,
family physicians may lack the background knowledge and sufficient contact time to
comprehensively manage orthopaedic conditions, and patients may not respond to
conservative treatment, leaving referral to a specialist as the typical course of action.
14.3.3 ASSESSMENT:
Physiotherapy assessment shall include bed skills; sit to stand, standing balance,
indoor and outdoor mobility (as required), ability to negotiate stairs and details of any gait
aids. In order to address access to care issues, many countries, have begun to examine
multidisciplinary collaborative models of care. Improved use of non-physician health care
providers can have a positive impact on the cost of health care, on efficiency of the health
care system in terms of human resources, on patient satisfaction with care, and on
physician productivity and satisfaction with the work environment.
In the health care system, the most obvious choice for collaborative care in the
management of orthopaedic problems is the physiotherapist because they are experts in
the conservative management of these conditions. Using physiotherapists to manage non-
surgical orthopaedic patients in a front-line, clinic setting is not new. The model of care in
which a physiotherapist assesses, triages and manages orthopaedic patients has been
successfully implemented in other countries.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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10
The new trend, particularly in hip and knee arthroplasty clinics, is for physiotherapists
to assess and triage patients for orthopaedic surgical assessment, and to manage those
patients who require conservative care with appropriate advice, or by referring them for
other management, such as a dietician. Patients who do require a consultation with the
surgeon are then prioritised for a visit within one, three or six months, allowing the surgeon
to deal with the more urgent cases first. Physiotherapists can also perform regular check-
ups of those patients who have been referred for arthroplasty but who have been deemed
by the surgeon as inappropriate at the current time, thereby taking the patient off the
surgeon's wait list. In addition, these Physiotherapists are able to manage postoperative
arthroplasty patients, especially for the six- and 12-month follow-up visits. This again
serves to reduce the number of clinic patients that orthopaedic surgeons are required to
see.
14.3.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:
 The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant
health professionals regarding the patient’s bed skills, mobility and transfer status,
physiotherapy treatment plan and further management of patients.
 They shall assist the organization team in making admission / discharge / referral
decisions.
These Physiotherapists work in hospitals and have delegated acts that allow them to order
X-rays, blood work and other necessary tests in order to make appropriate care decisions
about patients. They will typically work with the surgeons for a period of time before starting
their own clinics in order to learn the criteria that each surgeon uses to judge the necessity
for surgery, and to learn additional radiographic diagnostic skills. This period of time also
familiarizes the surgeon with the capabilities of the physiotherapist so the surgeon can be
confident in the abilities of the person with whom they will work collaboratively.
14.3.5 INTERVENTION:
Physiotherapists can see patients in a timely manner and are able to identify those who
require conservative management or who need to see the surgeon. This allows the
orthopaedic surgeons to care for patients with conditions more amenable to surgical
intervention. This collaborative model of care between physicians and physiotherapists has
been shown to:
 Increase the number of patients seen in the outpatient orthopaedic clinics since only
those who may require surgery see the surgeon;
 Improve patient and physician satisfaction by easing the burden of excessive wait
times on both;
 May ultimately improve publicly-funded access to the appropriate care for orthopaedic
problems
14.3.6 DOCUMENTATION:
 Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and
progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal
requirements.
 Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using
standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and
Functional Mobility for policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside
communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
11
14.3.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:
Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy
service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements.
14.3.8 DATA:
Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions.
Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) entered into reports database.
14.4 NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:
14.4.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:
 A neurological physiotherapist works with patients/clients of all ages with disorders of, or
damage to, the brain, spinal cord and neuromuscular system, or degenerative conditions
affecting the brain, nerves or muscles. Neurological physiotherapists have a special interest
in the management of patients/clients with movement disorders arising from disturbances
of the motor or sensory systems. These conditions may include, but are not limited to,
stroke, traumatic or other brain injury, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease and
neurogenetic conditions as well as dizziness and balance disorders and falls management
in older clients.
 Neurological physiotherapists have special expertise and training in the assessment of
physical function and mobility in clients with neurological disorders/disease, and in
planning/delivering treatment programs as well as offering preventative advice to optimise
physical function, mobility and quality of life.
 Neurological physiotherapists work in a wide range of settings including inpatient,
outpatient, private practice, private hospital and outreach services and rehabilitation in the
home. Inpatient facilities include acute hospitals, comprehensive stroke and neurological
units, rehabilitation hospitals and slow stream rehabilitation services. Outpatient settings
include public hospitals, community health and rehabilitation centres and domiciliary
care/home based services. In these varied settings, neurological physiotherapists work in
collaboration with other allied health professionals, general practitioners and case
coordinators, as well as families and care takers, to provide a seamless continuity of acute,
rehabilitation and ongoing care.
14.4.2 SCREENING:
Early treatment following onset of an acute neurological condition such as a stroke or
traumatic brain injury can help to maximise recovery. Ongoing neurological rehabilitation
will assist the client in achieving his or her best possible potential in the long term. In the
case of degenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease or Motor Neurone disease,
the focus of ongoing treatment is to minimise disability and to promote optimal function and
independence at each stage of the disease.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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12
14.4.3 ASSESSMENT:
Physiotherapy assessment shall include
 Bed skills;
 Body structures/functions and impairments
 Muscle length and joint ROM
 Muscle stiffness/tone
 Muscle reflexes/spasticity
 Strength/weakness
 Motor Control (co-ordination and movement isolation)
 UMN dysfunction
 Sensation (e.g. proprioception, somatosensory, visual field)
 Perception (e.g. vertical and position in space)
 Secondary impairment
 Activities
 Transfers (bed mobility, between bed, chair, STS, SIT, on-off floor)
 Postural control – sitting and standing
 Gait in closed environment*
 Reaching
 Grasp &/or Manipulation
 Cognitive deficits and effect on function
 Neuropathic pain
 Environment e.g. Home/Work/school
 Incontinence, contributions
 Autonomic NS considerations
 Impact of pathology on outcomes (predicting prognosis)
14.4.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:
 The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant
health professionals regarding the patient’s:
 TBI prioritising goals
 Suggesting trial of medication types
 Suggesting trial of botox
 Suggesting trial of other methods for managing hyperreflexia/tone
 Discharge planning with multiple community agencies
 Equipment for home, work or school
 Early planning for discharge
 Circuit classes, group work
14.4.5 INTERVENTION:
A. IMPAIRMENT SPECIFIC:
 Strengthening programs
 Co-ordination/motor control programs
 Managing tone & hyperreflexia
 Motor impairments
 Sensory retraining
 Prevention of secondary adaptations
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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13
B. ACTIVITY SPECIFIC:
 Bed mobility/ Transfer retraining
 STS retraining
 Postural control retraining
 Gait
 Running/HL skills
 Management of CVA UL
 Group/class exercise
 Splinting for UL
 Splinting for LL
 Wheelchair prescription
 Gait aid prescription
 Use of hoists/harness/slide sheet
 Application of FES
 Use of biofeedback
 Aquatic therapy for neurology
C. ADVANCED INTERVENTION:
 TBI spasm (hyperreflexia/tone) management, variety of options
 Bobath handling skills
 Perceptual problems
 Activating muscles in context of activity (facilitating activation through task)
 Retraining a complex gait pattern, facilitation of normal
 Retraining gait pattern with clonus
 Retraining gait in open environment
 Retraining running
 Retraining advanced postural control activities
 Safely stand and move a client unassisted, client has is dependent e.g. minimal
unilateral lower limb activity
 Teaching families skills for transfers for client with minimal activity
 Teaching families of those with progressive muscular disorders skills for handling,
assistance, exercise and positioning.
 Developing circuit based stroke group
 Application of spinal braces
 Application of FES
 Fitness testing with polar heart monitor
 Wheelchair and/or seating prescription
 Prescription of equipment for independent living
 Counselling for patients and families
 Teaching care takers how to maximise outcome
 Serial casting for upper and lower limbs
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
14
14.4.6 DOCUMENTATION:
 Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and
progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal
requirements.
 Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using
standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and
Functional Mobility for Policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside
communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety.
14.4.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:
Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy
service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
15
14.4.8 DATA:
Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions.
Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) entered into reports database.
A. PROSTHETIC TERMINOLOGY:
 AE: Above elbow - "transhumeral."
 AK: Above knee -"transfemoral."
 Amelia: Absence or partial absence of limbs at birth.
 BE: Below elbow also referred to as “transradial.”
 Bilateral amputee: A person missing either both arms or both legs; a double
amputee.
 BK: Below knee also referred to as “transtibial.”
 Bumper: A rubber like device inserted into a knee or ankle component as a
resistance or extension aid.
 DAK: Double AK, also referred to as "bilateral transfemoral."
 ED: An amputation through the elbow joint.
 Edema: A local or generalized condition in which the body’s tissues contain an
excess of fluid.
 Endoskeletal Prosthesis: A prosthesis built more like a human skeleton with
support and components on the inside.
 Energy storing foot: A prosthetic foot designed with a flexible heel.
 Extension assist: A method of assisting the prosthetic to "kick forward" on the
swing through phase to help speed up the walking cycle.
 Hip Disarticulation. Amputation that removes the leg at the hip joint, leaving the
pelvis intact.
 Hemipelvectomy. An amputation where approximately half of the pelvis is
removed.
 Hybrid prosthesis: A prosthesis that combines several prosthetic options in a
single prosthesis.
 IPOP: "Immediate Post Operative Prosthesis."
 Knee Disarticulation-through the knee (TDK): Amputation of the leg through the
knee.
 Liner: Suspension systems used to attach prosthesis to the residual limb and/or
provide additional comfort and protection of the residual limb.
 Long's Line: A straight line from the head of the femur through the distal end of the
femur down to the center of the heel of the prosthetic foot.
 Myoelectrics: muscle electronics used to control a prosthesis.
 Nylon sheath: A sock interface worn close to the skin on the residual limb to add
comfort and wick away perspiration.
 Partial Foot Amputation: - "Choppart Amputation." - amputation on the front part of
the foot.
 Phantom pain: Pain that seems to originate in the portion of the limb that was
removed.
 Phantom sensation: The normal ghost image of the absent limb may feel normal at
times and at other times be uncomfortable or painful.
 Pistoning: Refers to the residual limb slipping up and down inside the prosthetic
socket while walking.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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 Ply: Thickness of stump sock material.
 PTB: Patellar Tendon Bearing. BK prosthesis where weight is on the tendon below
the kneecap.
 Pylon: A rigid member, usually tubular, between the socket or knee unit and the
foot that provides a weight bearing support shaft for an endoskeletal prosthesis.
 Quad Socket: A socket designed for an above the knee amputee that has four
distinctive sides allowing the muscles to function as much as possible.
 Residual limb: The portion of the arm or leg remaining after the amputation. Some
people refer to it as a "stump."
 Rigid Dressing: A plaster wrap over the residual limb, usually applied in the
operating or recovery room immediately following surgery for the purpose of
controlling edema (swelling) and pain.
 SACH Foot: Solid-Ankle Cushion Heel.
 Shock Pylon: A prosthetic pylon that dampens the vertical forces exerted on the
residual limb and is used to cushion the impact when walking.
 Shoulder Disarticulation : Amputation through the shoulder joint.
 Shrinker: A prosthetic reducer made of elastic material and designed to help
control swelling of the residual limb (edema) and/or shrink it in preparation for a
prosthetic fitting.
 Single Axis Foot: A foot is based on an ankle hinge that provides dorsiflexion and
plantarflexion, i.e. toe up and toe down.
 Socket: The portion of the prosthesis that fits around the residual limb/stump and
to which the prosthetic components are attached.
 Stump Shrinker: An elastic wrap or compression sock worn on a residual limb to
reduce swelling and shape the limb.
 Suction socket: A socket designed to provide suspension by means of negative
pressure vacuum in a socket.
 Symes amputation: An amputation through the ankle joint that retains the fatty heel
pad portion and is intended to provide end weight bearing.
 Variable Volume Socket: Lightweight and custom-made. The two-piece design
makes it possible to don and doff the prosthesis without subjecting the dysvascular
limb to unnecessary shear.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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17
14.5 CARDIO-PULMONARY PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:
14.5.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:
Cardiopulmonary physiotherapists work with patients in a variety of settings. They treat
acute problems like asthma, acute chest infections and trauma; they are involved in the
preparation and recovery of patients from major surgery; they also treat a wide range of
chronic cardiac and respiratory conditions like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and post-myocardial infarction (MI). They work with all ages
from premature babies to older adults at the end of their life.
Physiotherapists have pioneering new management techniques for non-organic respiratory
problems like hyperventilation and other stress-related disorders as well as leading the
development of cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation and non-invasive ventilation.
Cardiopulmonary physiotherapists use physical modalities to treat people. This may involve
using manual techniques to clear infected mucus from a person's chest, or using non-
invasive ventilation to help a person breathe, or prescribing exercises to improve a patient's
functional exercise capacity.
14.5.2 SCREENING:
The physiotherapist should perform physical examination. Physical examination components
such as body weight, body composition (percent body fat), neurological function test,
including reflexes, auscultation of the lungs, palpation of cardiac apical; impulse, auscultation
of lung, palpation of cardinal apical impulse, auscultation of the heart with specific attention to
murmur, palpation and inspection of the lower extremities for oedema and presence of
arterial pulse should be done.
 Blood pressure:
 Cholesterol and lipoprotein:
 Pulmonary function:
 Functional capacity test (Exercise Tolerance Test [ETT]):
A. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL EVALUATION:
 Medical screening (evaluation) is a useful and important part of the exercise
prescription.
 A comprehensive medical evaluation will help identify high risk individuals who
should not exercise at all or should be restricted to exercising only under medical
supervision.
 The information obtained in medical evaluation can be used to develop the exercise
prescription.
 The valves obtained from certain clinical measures such as BP, body fat content and
blood lipid levels can be used to motivate the person to adhere to the exercise
programme.
 A comprehensive medical evaluation, particularly of healthy people can provide a
baseline against which any subsequent charges in health status can be compared.
 Many illness and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases can be identified in their
earliest stages when chances of successful treatment are much higher.
 For the identification of individuals with other special needs.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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14.5.3 ASSESSMENT:
Physiotherapy assessment shall include
 Measurement and Documentation
 History
 Pulmonary Function
 Tests
 Arterial Blood Gases
 Imaging of the Chest
 Electrocardiogram Identification
 Multisystem Assessment and
 Laboratory Investigations
 Special Tests
 Clinical Assessment of
 the Cardiopulmonary System
 Monitoring Systems in the Intensive
 Care Unit
14.5.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:
 The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant health
professionals regarding the patient’s bed skills, mobility and transfer status, physiotherapy
treatment plan and further management of patients.
 They shall assist the organization team in making admission / discharge / referral
decisions.
14.5.5 INTERVENTION:
Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy is an essential non-invasive medical intervention that can
mitigate or reverse insults on oxygen transport.
Relating Interventions to an Individual?s
Facilitating Ventilation Needs
Patterns and Breathing Strategies Mobilization and Exercise
Exercise Testing and Training: Body Positioning
Primary Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction
Physiological Basis for Airway
Clearance Techniques
Exercise Testing and Airway
Training: Secondary Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction
Clearance Interventions: Clinical
Application
Respiratory Facilitating Airway
Muscle Training Clearance with Coughing Techniques
Complementary Therapies as Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Interventions
Patient Education
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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14.5.6 DOCUMENTATION:
 Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and
progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal
requirements.
 Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using
standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and
Functional Mobility for Policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside
communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety.
14.5.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:
Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy
service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements.
14.5.8 DATA:
Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions.
Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) entered into reports database.
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any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
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14.6 LOCATIONS OF THE FISSURES AND LUNG LOBES AND SEGMENTS IN RELATION
TO CHEST WALL LANDMARKS:
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Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
21
 ANTERIOR:
o Top of lungs – is 2-4 cm above middle of clavicles
o Suprasternal notch – is top of manubrium
o Sternal angle (Angle of Louis) – articulate of 2nd rib and bifurcation of
trachea
o Bottom of lungs – 6th rib midclavicular and 8th rib midaxillary (at end of
exhalation)
 POSTERIOR:
o C-7 – most prominent spinal process at base of neck
o T-1 – articulate 1st rib and top of lungs
o T-4 – level so tracheal bifurcation
o T-8 – inferior angle of scapulae
o T-9 – top of right dome of diaphragm and bottom of right lung
o T-10 – top of left dome of diaphragm and bottom of left lung
 SEGMENTS:
o Transverse fissure 4th rib midclavicular
o Oblique fissure at 5th rib midaxillary
o Lung border at 8th rib midaxillary
o Pleural border at 10th rib midaxillary
14.6.1 THORACIC CONFIGURATION ABNORMALITIES:
May be seen upon inspection of the chest wall and the significance of these
findings.
 Barrel Chest: abnormal increase in AP diameter where the normal 45-degree angle
between the spine and the intercostal becomes almost horizontal, associated with
emphysema.
 Pectus Carinatum: Abnormal protrusion of the sternum.
 Pectus Excavatum: Depression of part or all of the sternum, which will produce a
restrictive lung defect.
 Kyphosis: Abnormal AP convex curvature of the thoracic spine.
 Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature that can cause respiratory compromise.
 Lordosis: exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the
vertebrae.
14.6.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS:.
Common causes of an increase in the work of breathing include:
1. Lung diseases that cause loss of lung volume such as pulmonary fibrosis and
atelectasis which cause the patient to take rapid, shallow breaths.
2. Lung diseases that cause intrathoracic airways to narrow such as with asthma or
bronchitis and cause the patient to have a long expiratory breath.
3. Respiratory disorders that cause the upper airway to narrow such as with croup or
epiglotitis and cause the patient to have a long inspiratory breath.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 22 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
22
14.6.3 TECHNIQUES TO ACCESS LUNG PROBLEMS:
A. TACTILE FREMITUS AND THE CAUSES OF INCREASED OR DECREASED FREMITUS
(LOCAL AND DIFFUSE):
Palpation is used to evaluate vocal fremitis (vibrations created by the vocal cords
during speech), estimate thoracic expansion, and assess the skin and subcutaneous
tissues of the chest. To assess for tactile fremitis, ask the patient to repeat the word
"ninety nine" while you palpate the thorax. Increased fremitis is caused by any
condition that increases the density of the lung as with consolidation that occurs in
pneumonia. Fremitis is reduced or absent in patients who are obese, or overly
muscular. Also, when the pleural space lining the lung becomes filled with air
(pneumothorax) or fluid (Pleural effusion). Lastly, people with emphysema have
bilateral reduction in fremitis due to reduction of the density of lung tissue.
B. ASSESSING THORACIC EXPANSION:
This palpation technique can be done either by placing hand anteriorly on the chest
with the thumbs extended along the costal margin toward the xiphoid process or
posteriorly by positioning your hands over the posterolateral chest with the thumbs
meeting at the T8 vertebrae. Instruct patient to exhale a maximum breath while you
extend your thumbs to meet at the midline. Next, instruct the patient to take a full, deep
breath and note the distance the tip of each thumb moves from the midline. Each
thumb should move an equal distance of 3-4 cm.
C. ABNORMAL FINDING OF CREPITUS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE UPON PALPATION OF THE
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES:
Crepitus is when air leaks from the lung into the subcutaneous tissue causing fine
bubbles to produce a crackling sound and sensation when palpated. This condition is
called subcutaneous emphysema.
D. TECHNIQUE FOR PERCUSSION AND SOUNDS PRODUCED WHEN THE UNDERLYING
TISSUES ARE AIR-FILLED, FLUID FILLED, OR SOLID:
 Percussion is the art of tapping on a surface to evaluate the underlying structure.
Percussion of the chest wall produces a sound and a palpable vibration useful in
evaluating underlying lung tissue.
 The technique most often used in per cussing the chest wall is called mediate, or
indirect percussion. If you are right handed, place the middle finger of your left hand
firmly against the chest wall parallel to the ribs, with the palm and other fingers held off
the chest. Use the tip of the middle finger on your right hand or the lateral aspect of
your right thumb to strike the finger against the chest near the base of the terminal
phalanx with a quick, sharp blow. Movement of the hand striking the chest should be
generated at the wrist, not at the elbow or shoulder
 Percussion over normal lung is described as normal resonance. If you percuss over an
increased density the sound is said to be dull as with a fluid filled pleural space.
Overinflated lungs have an increased (hyperinflation) resonance.
 Percussion over muscle, fat or bone is characterized as flat.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 23 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
23
E. PULMONARY AND EXTRAPULMONARY ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH
THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF PERCUSSION NOTES:
 Normal resonance signifies normal lung.
 Increased resonance can be detected with hyperinflated lungs as with
pneumothorax, emphysema or severe asthma.
 Decreased resonance is due to increased lung tissue density such as pneumonia,
atelectasis, tumor or pleural effusion.
F. FOUR PARTS OF THE STETHOSCOPE AND THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH IT IS BEST TO
LISTEN WITH THE DIAPHRAGM AND WHEN IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE BELL:
The stethoscope has
1. A bell
2. A diaphragm
3. Tubing and
4. Earpieces.
It is best to listen with the diaphragm to the lungs because they have a higher
frequency. The bell detects low- pitched heart sounds best.
G. SOUNDS NORMALLY HEARD OVER THE CHEST:
 Vesicular breath sounds are the “slight rustling of air” and are considered normal.
The exact mechanism is not known but is believed to be produced mostly during
inspiration by turbulent flow in the upper airway. They are heard mostly on
inspiration and over all areas of the chest distal to the central airways.
 Bronchial (very similar to tracheal) breath sounds are harsher and higher pitch with
approximately equal inspiratory and expiratory components. The sound is heard
over a major bronchus during normal breathing.
H. "ADVENTITIOUS" BREATH SOUNDS:
Normal breath sounds have been traditionally divided into four types: Vesicular,
tracheal, bronchial and bronchovesicular.
Adventious breath sounds are the NOT normal sounds heard in the lungs. They are
continuous and discontinuous and are called wheezes, rhonchi, crackles etc. They are
abnormal sounds superimposed on the normal lung sounds.
Types of breath sounds
a. Rhonchi – low pitched, continuous
b. Wheeze – high pitched, continuous, proximal airways, often expiratory
c. Crackle or rale – discontinuous, distal airways (bases), often inspiratory
d. Friction rub – lower pitch, longer duration then crackles, both I and E
e. Stridor – Heard in the throat area, usually inspiratory if mild
Vesicular breath
Adventious breath
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
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NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
24
I. THE AIRWAY OR PARENCHYMAL ABNORMALITIES:
 Rhonchi are thought to result from airway narrowing that initially causes rapid
airflow past the site of obstruction. The added pressure causes the airway to
collapse and briefly touch. When airway pressure increases the airway returns to
a more open position, permitting airflow to return. The cycle repeats itself rapidly,
causing vibration of the airway walls. The airway obstruction can be relived with
coughing. The rapid flows and tighter obstruction result in higher-pitched sounds.
Lower flows and less obstruction will result in lower-pitched sounds.
 Crackles are probably produced by the bubbling of air through the airway
secretions or by the sudden opening of the small airway. These fine crackles are
often primarily inspiratory.
 Wheezes are caused by restriction caused by bronchospasm usually in the larger
airways.
 Friction rubs occur when the normally smooth, moist layers of the pleura develop
fibrin deposits or an inflammation that results in added friction. The sound has
been compared to the creaking sound of old leather.
J. CONDITIONS IN WHICH A PATIENT MAY HAVE DIMINISHED OR ABSENT BREATH
SOUNDS:
When vesicular breath sounds are found to be of less intensity than expected, they are
described as diminished (reduced) or even absent in extreme cases. This is caused by
a lack of sound transmission through the normal-air-filled lung. Any increase in density
of the lung tissue will deaden the normal sound transmission resulting in a diminished
sound.
K. THE PITCH AND INTENSITY OF STRIDOR AND THE POINT IN THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE
IN WHICH STRIDOR IS HEARD:
Stridor is caused by the partial obstruction of the upper airways (trachea, larynx). It is
often a high-pitched continuous sound heard mostly on inspiration.
L. AIRWAY ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH STRIDOR:
Most often stridor is an inspiratory sound that is loud and can be heard at a distance
from the patient. It indicates that a partial laryngeal or tracheal obstruction is present.
Epiglotitis, viral croup, foreign body aspiration, airway inflammation following
extubation, tumors and tracheal stenosis can cause stridor. Stridor can be a sign of a
potentially serious and life-threatening problem, especially in children.
M. ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:
a. Atelectasis – Decreased
b. Pneumonia – Bronchial or absent, possible inspiratory crackles
c. Emphysema – Diminished
d. Pneumothorax – Absent
e. Asthma – Absent, expiratory wheezes
f. Pleural effusion – Decreased
g. Pulmonary edema – Diminished, inspiratory crackles
h. Pulmonary fibrosis – Harsh, inspiratory crackles
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 25 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
25
N. AUSCULTATION TECHNIQUES OF BRONCHOPHONY, EGOPHONY, AND WHISPERED
PECTORILOQUOY AND ABNORMAL FINDINGS AND THE CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
EACH:
Part of a physical assessment may include assessment of vocal sounds. Vibrations
created by the vocal cords during speech travel down the airways and to through the
peripheral lung units to the chest wall.
1. Bronchophony is an increase in intensity and clarity of vocal resonance produced
by the enhanced transmission of vocal vibrations caused by increased lung density
such as with pneumonia. Hyperinflation of lungs or with pneumothorax results in
decrease in vocal vibrations. Easier to determine if only on one side.
2. Normal Egophony is the sound of normal voice tones as heard through the chest
wall during auscultation. The voice sound increases in intensity and takes on a
nasal or a ‘bleating’ quality. An E sounds like an E. Abnormal egophony is when an
E changes to an A with consolidation of lung above a pleural effusion or with a
pneumonia.
3. Whispered pectoriloquoy: Whispering is a high pitched sound that normally filters
out by lung tissue so whispers sound faint and non-distinct. When consolidation is
present, the whispering is transmitted to the chest wall with more clarity. This sign,
called whispered pectoriloquoy, helps identify areas of lung consolidation. The
patient is asked to whisper ‘1-2-3’ or ‘99’ and the doctor listens with his
stethoscope. Modern technology such as CAT scans, chest X-rays have caused a
shift away from this rather simple technique.
O. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH BRONCHIAL BREATH SOUNDS ARE
HEARD IN AREAS OF THE CHEST WHERE NORMALLY VESICULAR BREATH SOUNDS
ARE HEARD:
Bronchial breath sounds heard in the peripheral lung regions where you normally hear
vesicular breath sounds are caused by increased density of lung tissue as in
consolidation, pneumonia and atelectasis.
P. "POINT OF MAXIMAL IMPULSE”
The point of maximal impulse refers to heart sounds. It is the mid-clavicuar line at the
5th intercostal space. This point may move in an emergency situation of a tension
pneumothorax. The lung has collapsed and is pushing the trachea off mid-line and all
the internal thoracic organs away from the collapsed lung field. The tension ‘pneumo’
on the right will shift everything to the left side.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 26 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
26
15.0 RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE:
The traditional medical approach to diagnosis has focused on naming the pathophysiology of the patient. In this
view the end result of the diagnostic process is to label the pathology of the patient. Many in the medical and
physical therapy professions, however, have found inadequacies in this approach to diagnosis. Within the physical
therapy profession, diagnosis is not concerned with naming the pathology of the patient, but is concerned with
identifying the dysfunction towards which treatment will be directed. The end result of the process is no longer
labeling, but treatment planning.
The traditional medical approach to diagnosis
has focused on naming the pathophysiology of
the patient. In this view the end result of the
diagnostic process is to label the pathology of
the patient.
Many in the medical and physical therapy professions,
however, have found inadequacies in this approach to
diagnosis. Within the physical therapy profession,
diagnosis is not concerned with naming the pathology of
the patient, but is concerned with identifying the
dysfunction towards which treatment will be directed. The
end result of the process is no longer labeling, but
treatment planning.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 27 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
27
Here are a couple examples from physical
therapy. The medical definitions offered do little
to help the therapist select treatments that are
likely to help the patient.
The PT diagnoses, however, should begin to
suggest treatment strategies.
PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS
PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 28 of 96
NPTE
NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of
Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for
any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject
to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time.
MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY
28
To operate in an hypothesis-driven approach, the
quality of the diagnostic information is
paramount. Clinicians must understand the value
of the data they are getting from a test in order to
utilize it properly.
If a test were ideal, all patients would fall into one of
the two red boxes. But in all tests there will be errors.
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PTPM013 NPTE3

  • 1. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 1 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 1 PASSAGE TO THE USA, VIA CAPE OF NPTE. NATIONAL PHYSIOTHERAPY EXAMINATION-PART-3 SPEC. BY: Abdulrehman S. Mulla DATE: 03/21/2009 REVISION HISTORY REV. DESCRIPTION CN No. BY DATE 01 Initial Release PT0013 ASM 04/25/2009 02/02 Replace the Front cover poster PT0014 ASM 05/04/2009
  • 2. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 2 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 14.0 EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:................................................................................................................................................................... 6 14.1 PEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:........................................................................................................ 6 14.1.1 PAEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPISTS DO: ................................................................................................................................ 6 14.1.2 PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS:..................................................................................................................................... 6 14.2 GERIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:........................................................................................................ 7 14.2.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:.................................................................................................................................................. 7 14.2.2 SCREENING: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 14.2.3 ASSESSMENT:......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 14.2.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:................................................................................................................................................. 8 14.2.5 INTERVENTION:....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 14.2.6 DOCUMENTATION:.................................................................................................................................................................. 8 14.2.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:....................................................................................................................................................... 8 14.2.8 DATA:........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 14.3 ORTHOPEDIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: ................................................................................................... 9 14.3.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:.................................................................................................................................................. 9 14.3.2 SCREENING: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9 14.3.3 ASSESSMENT:......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 14.3.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:............................................................................................................................................... 10 14.3.5 INTERVENTION:..................................................................................................................................................................... 10 14.3.6 DOCUMENTATION:................................................................................................................................................................ 10 14.3.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:..................................................................................................................................................... 11 14.3.8 DATA:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 14.4 NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:............................................................................................. 11 14.4.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:................................................................................................................................................ 11 14.4.2 SCREENING: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 14.4.3 ASSESSMENT:....................................................................................................................................................................... 12 14.4.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:............................................................................................................................................... 12 14.4.5 INTERVENTION:..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 A. IMPAIRMENT SPECIFIC: ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 B. ACTIVITY SPECIFIC:.............................................................................................................................................................. 13 C. ADVANCED INTERVENTION:................................................................................................................................................ 13 14.4.6 DOCUMENTATION:................................................................................................................................................................ 14 14.4.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:..................................................................................................................................................... 14 14.4.8 DATA:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 A. PROSTHETIC TERMINOLOGY:............................................................................................................................................. 15 14.5 CARDIO-PULMONARY PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: ................................................................................... 17 14.5.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:................................................................................................................................................ 17 14.5.2 SCREENING: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 A. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL EVALUATION:......................................................................................................................... 17 14.5.3 ASSESSMENT:....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 14.5.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:............................................................................................................................................... 18 14.5.5 INTERVENTION:..................................................................................................................................................................... 18 14.5.6 DOCUMENTATION:................................................................................................................................................................ 19 14.5.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER:..................................................................................................................................................... 19 14.5.8 DATA:...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 14.6 LOCATIONS OF THE FISSURES AND LUNG LOBES AND SEGMENTS IN RELATION TO CHEST WALL LANDMARKS:.............. 20 14.6.1 THORACIC CONFIGURATION ABNORMALITIES: ............................................................................................................... 21 14.6.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS:................................................................ 21 14.6.3 TECHNIQUES TO ACCESS LUNG PROBLEMS:.................................................................................................................. 22 A. TACTILE FREMITUS AND THE CAUSES OF INCREASED OR DECREASED FREMITUS (LOCAL AND DIFFUSE): ...... 22 B. ASSESSING THORACIC EXPANSION:................................................................................................................................. 22 C. ABNORMAL FINDING OF CREPITUS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE UPON PALPATION OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES: ................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 D. TECHNIQUE FOR PERCUSSION AND SOUNDS PRODUCED WHEN THE UNDERLYING TISSUES ARE AIR-FILLED, FLUID FILLED, OR SOLID:..................................................................................................................................................... 22 E. PULMONARY AND EXTRAPULMONARY ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF PERCUSSION NOTES: .................................................................................................................................................... 23 F. FOUR PARTS OF THE STETHOSCOPE AND THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE DIAPHRAGM AND WHEN IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE BELL: .................................................................................. 23
  • 3. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 3 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 3 G. SOUNDS NORMALLY HEARD OVER THE CHEST:............................................................................................................. 23 H. "ADVENTITIOUS" BREATH SOUNDS: .................................................................................................................................. 23 I. THE AIRWAY OR PARENCHYMAL ABNORMALITIES:........................................................................................................ 24 J. CONDITIONS IN WHICH A PATIENT MAY HAVE DIMINISHED OR ABSENT BREATH SOUNDS:.................................... 24 K. THE PITCH AND INTENSITY OF STRIDOR AND THE POINT IN THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE IN WHICH STRIDOR IS HEARD:................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 L. AIRWAY ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH STRIDOR: ............................................................................................... 24 M. ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS:............................................................ 24 N. AUSCULTATION TECHNIQUES OF BRONCHOPHONY, EGOPHONY, AND WHISPERED PECTORILOQUOY AND ABNORMAL FINDINGS AND THE CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH: ................................................................... 25 O. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH BRONCHIAL BREATH SOUNDS ARE HEARD IN AREAS OF THE CHEST WHERE NORMALLY VESICULAR BREATH SOUNDS ARE HEARD:..................................................................... 25 P. "POINT OF MAXIMAL IMPULSE”........................................................................................................................................... 25 15.0 RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE:...................................................................................................................................... 26 15.1 EBP IS A FIVE-STEP PROCESS: .......................................................................................................................................................... 35 15.2 RESEARCH DESIGN:............................................................................................................................................................................. 37 15.2.1 HISTORICAL RESEARCH:..................................................................................................................................................... 37 15.2.2 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: .................................................................................................................................................. 37 15.2.3 CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:............................................................................................................................................ 38 15.2.4. EXPERIMENTAL:.................................................................................................................................................................... 39 A. DESIGNS: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 39 I. TRUE EXPERIMENTS:................................................................................................................................................... 39 II. COHORT DESIGN, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:................................................................................................ 40 III. WITHIN SUBJECTS (REPEATED MEASURES) DESIGNS: ......................................................................................... 42 IV. MATCHED PAIRS DESIGNS:......................................................................................................................................... 42 V. BETWEEN SUBJECTS DESIGNS:................................................................................................................................. 42 VI. FACTORIAL DESIGNS:.................................................................................................................................................. 43 VII. SINGLE-SUBJECT RESEARCH: ................................................................................................................................... 43 VIII. THE AB DESIGN:............................................................................................................................................................ 43 IX. NPTE TYPE OF QUESTIONS EXAMPLE: ..................................................................................................................... 44 B. CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE:...................................................................................................................................................... 45 C. EPIDEMIOLOGY:.................................................................................................................................................................... 45 15.3 VARIABLES:........................................................................................................................................................................................... 46 15.4 HYPOTHESIS: ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 46 15.4.1 HYPOTHESIS TEST:.............................................................................................................................................................. 46 15.4.2 NULL HYPOTHESIS:.............................................................................................................................................................. 47 15.4.3 ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:............................................................................................................................................... 48 15.5 DATA TYPES: ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 15.5.1 DISCRETE DATA:................................................................................................................................................................... 48 15.5.2 CATEGORICAL DATA:........................................................................................................................................................... 48 15.5.3 NOMINAL DATA: .................................................................................................................................................................... 48 15.5.4 ORDINAL DATA:..................................................................................................................................................................... 48 15.5.5 INTERVAL SCALE:................................................................................................................................................................. 49 15.5.6 CONTINUOUS DATA:............................................................................................................................................................. 49 15.5.7 FREQUENCY TABLE: ............................................................................................................................................................ 49 A. PIE CHART: ............................................................................................................................................................................ 50 B. BAR CHART:........................................................................................................................................................................... 50 C. DOT PLOT: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 51 D. HISTOGRAM:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 51 E. STEM AND LEAF PLOT: ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 F. BOX AND WHISKER PLOT (OR BOXPLOT): ........................................................................................................................ 52 G. 5-NUMBER SUMMARY: ......................................................................................................................................................... 52 H. OUTLIER:................................................................................................................................................................................ 52 I. SYMMETRY: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 52 J. SKEWNESS:........................................................................................................................................................................... 53 K. SCATTER PLOT: .................................................................................................................................................................... 53 L. ILLUSTRATIONS: ................................................................................................................................................................... 53 M. SAMPLE MEAN: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 53 15.6 SAMPLING: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 54 15.6.1 TARGET POPULATION:......................................................................................................................................................... 54 15.6.2 MATCHED SAMPLES:............................................................................................................................................................ 54
  • 4. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 4 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 4 15.6.3 INDEPENDENT SAMPLING:.................................................................................................................................................. 54 15.6.4 RANDOM SAMPLING:............................................................................................................................................................ 54 15.6.5 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING:.............................................................................................................................................. 54 15.6.6 STRATIFIED SAMPLING:....................................................................................................................................................... 55 15.6.7 CLUSTER SAMPLING: ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 15.6.8 QUOTA SAMPLING: ............................................................................................................................................................... 55 15.6.9 SPATIAL SAMPLING: ............................................................................................................................................................. 55 15.6.10 SAMPLING VARIABILITY:...................................................................................................................................................... 55 15.6.11 STANDARD ERROR:.............................................................................................................................................................. 55 15.6.12 BIAS: ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 15.6.13 PRECISION:............................................................................................................................................................................ 56 15.7 INSTRUMENTATION-GOLD STANDARD:............................................................................................................................................ 56 15.8 INFORMED CONSENT:.......................................................................................................................................................................... 56 15.9 PROBLEMS RELATED TO MEASUREMENT:....................................................................................................................................... 56 15.9.1 CONTROL:.............................................................................................................................................................................. 56 A. CONTROL GROUP:................................................................................................................................................................ 56 B. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP: ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 C. INTERVENING VARIABLE: .................................................................................................................................................... 57 15.9.2 VALIDITY: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 58 A. STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY:............................................................................................................................... 58 B. INTERNAL VALIDITY:............................................................................................................................................................. 58 C. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY:........................................................................................................................................................ 58 D. EXTERNAL VALIDITY: ........................................................................................................................................................... 59 E. ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY:....................................................................................................................................................... 59 F. CONTENT VALIDITY: ............................................................................................................................................................. 60 G. FACE VALIDITY: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 60 H. CRITERION VALIDITY: .............................................................................................................................................................. 60 I. CONCURRENT VALIDITY:.......................................................................................................................................................... 60 J. PREDICTIVE VALIDITY: ............................................................................................................................................................. 60 K. CONVERGENT VALIDITY:......................................................................................................................................................... 60 L. DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY:......................................................................................................................................................... 60 15.9.3 THREATS TO VALIDITY:........................................................................................................................................................ 61 A. INTERNAL VALIDITY:............................................................................................................................................................. 61 B. EXTERNAL VALIDITY: ........................................................................................................................................................... 62 C. OTHER THREATS:................................................................................................................................................................. 62 15.9.4 RELIABILITY: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 63 15.9.5 THREATS TO RELIABILITY: .................................................................................................................................................. 64 15.9.6 OBJECTIVITY: ........................................................................................................................................................................ 64 15.9.7 SUBJECTIVITY: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 64 15.9.8 SENSITIVITY: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 65 A. FALSE POSITIVE: .................................................................................................................................................................. 65 B. FALSE NEGATIVE:................................................................................................................................................................. 65 C. A NEGATIVE (LOW SENSITIVITY) RESULT RULES OUT THE DIAGNOSIS (SNOUT): ..................................................... 65 15.9.9 SPECIFICITY: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 66 15.10 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: ......................................................................................................................... 66 15.10.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:..................................................................................................................................................... 66 A. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:............................................................................................................................... 66 I. MEAN:............................................................................................................................................................................. 66 II. MEDIAN: ......................................................................................................................................................................... 66 III. MODE:............................................................................................................................................................................. 66 B. MEASURES OF VARIABILITY: .............................................................................................................................................. 66 I. RANGE:........................................................................................................................................................................... 66 II. SD - STANDARD DEVIATION........................................................................................................................................ 66 C. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: - ........................................................................................................................................... 67 I. PERCENTILES: ...................................................................................................................................................... 67 II. QUARTILES:........................................................................................................................................................... 67 15.10.2 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: ..................................................................................................................................................... 68 A. DEGREES OF FREEDOM:..................................................................................................................................................... 68 I. ERRORS:........................................................................................................................................................................ 68 1. STANDARD ERROR: ............................................................................................................................................. 68 2. TYPE I ERROR:...................................................................................................................................................... 68
  • 5. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 5 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 5 3. TYPE II ERROR:..................................................................................................................................................... 69 15.10.3 PARAMETRIC STATISTICS: (INTERVAL AND RATIO DATA).............................................................................................. 69 A. ASSUMPTIONS: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 69 B. T-TEST.................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 I. T-TEST FOR INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: ..................................................................................................................... 69 II. T-TEST FOR NONINDEPENDENT SAMPLES: ............................................................................................................. 70 III. ONE-TAILED T-TEST: .................................................................................................................................................... 70 IV. TWO-TAILED T-TEST:.................................................................................................................................................... 70 a. When is a one-tailed test appropriate? ................................................................................................................... 71 b. When is a one-tailed test not appropriate? ............................................................................................................ 71 C. ANOVA - ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE:..................................................................................................................................... 71 I. ONE-WAY ANOVA:......................................................................................................................................................... 72 II. WHY NOT JUST USE THE T-TEST? ............................................................................................................................. 72 D. ANCOVA - ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE:............................................................................................................................. 72 I. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANOVA AND ANCOVA?.............................................................................. 73 E. NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS:......................................................................................................................................... 74 I. CHI SQUARE:................................................................................................................................................................. 74 F. CORRELATIONAL STATISTICS: ........................................................................................................................................... 75 G. PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT COEFFICIENT:................................................................................................................. 76 I. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: .................................................................................................................................... 76 II. SPEARMAN'S RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: ..................................................................................................... 76 III. COMMON VARIANCE: ................................................................................................................................................... 76 15.11 SAMPLE RESEARCH TEST:.................................................................................................................................................. 77 16.0 PATHOLOGICAL:........................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 16.1 PHYSIOTHERAPY IN HIV: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 80 16.1.1 ISSUES: .................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 16.1.2 DESCRIPTION:....................................................................................................................................................................... 80 16.1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS: .......................................................................................................................................................... 80 16.2 STRUCTURAL KNEE PROBLEMS:........................................................................................................................................................ 81 16.3 STRUCTURAL HIP PROBLEMS: ........................................................................................................................................................... 82 16.4 DISORDERS AND DISEASES:............................................................................................................................................................... 83 16.5 MEDS: 84 16.6 ALS AND MS:.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 16.7 DIABETES MELLITUS: ........................................................................................................................................................................... 85 17.0 SAMPLE NPTE QUESTIONS:........................................................................................................................................................................ 86 3.2 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE LEARNING CENTER:........................................................................................................... 93 3.3 WOUND CARE DEFINITIONS FLASH CARDS:..................................................................................................................................... 93 3.4 WOUND CARE TIPS AND DRESSINGS:............................................................................................................................................... 93
  • 6. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 6 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 6 14.0 EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: The physiotherapist will function as an educator and advocate to the clinical care team members, the patient and their families/care givers, health care professionals and students. Education will include but is not limited to:  Physiotherapists are responsible for professional practice standards and evidence based practices; taking a mentoring role in the Department of Rehabilitation Services research activities; performing patient care functions within their practice area; and performing quality management, administrative, and group leadership functions within the Division of Physical Therapy.  They are responsible for the development of programs and program evaluation; facilitating education programs and services within their practice area and performing other duties consistent with the classification as delegated by their place of work. 14.1 PEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION:  Paediatric physiotherapists are primarily members of the child health multidisciplinary team, which includes occupational therapists, speech and language therapists, paediatricians and health visitors who have specialised in assessing and managing conditions in children.  They are often required to advise educational and social services teams on children's needs in relation to their physical development, respiratory condition or musculoesketal condition. 14.1.1 PAEDIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPISTS DO:  Evaluate a child's ability in relation to his/her gross motor development and produce an assessment, advising parents and medical staff on the child's needs. Specific assessments are often requested by education as part of a child's "Assessment of special educational needs", or by social services "Children's with disability team" identifying a child's present needs in order to find suitable care takers or future needs to plan housing needs or alterations.  Advise parents, care takers and the child, if old enough, on the condition and informing them on various physiotherapy options working in partnership with them on the most appropriate strategies to enable each child to achieve his/her potential.  The physiotherapist will work closely with the child's care takers teaching through demonstration handling techniques to encourage the child's gross motor development or specific techniques to maintain the child's health. 14.1.2 PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS:  Specific exercises to be practiced regularly at home or at school. These are often designed as games or play activities  General advice to be incorporated into daily living activities  Short intensive clinic based exercises  Recommended specific equipment to meet the child's needs e.g. walking aids, postural care equipment  Assessment of moving and handling needs of the child advising on strategies to minimise the risk to the child and the carer
  • 7. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 7 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 7 14.2 GERIATRIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: Objective:  To minimise the impact of disease and disability upon the personal independence and autonomy of older persons. This is achieved by the application of preventative measures, early intervention, comprehensive medical and social assessment, remedial and rehabilative procedures and integrated community support.  A comprehensive geriatric evaluation is carried out by the Physiotherapist in which the multiple problems of the older person are uncovered, described and explained, if possible, and in which the resources and strengths of the person are catalogued, need for services assessed and a coordinated care plan developed to focus interventions on the persons problems. Comprehensive geriatric evaluation usually means evaluation of the patient in several domains, most commonly the physical, mental, social, economic, functional and environmental. 14.2.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:  It is the physiotherapist’s role to assess the physical function domains of balance, mobility and transfers, and how these impact on personal activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living.  The physiotherapist’s role includes the assessment of bed skills, sit to stand, standing balance, indoor and outdoor mobility, ability to negotiate stairs and details of any gait aids Additional assessments may include neurological, respiratory and musculoskeletal as indicated.  The physiotherapists shall determine what level of function is safe for discharge by taking into consideration the home environment (eg stairs, distances required to walk) and available level of assistance.  The physiotherapists shall always compare the ‘best’ level of recent premorbid physical function with that as a current inpatient to identify if there is any additional limitation of function associated with illness, treatment or hospitalisation. Identification of this ‘functional gap’ will help determine if rehabilitative interventions are indicated.  The Physiotherapist shall implement acute intervention for problems amenable to physiotherapy based on assessment findings and clinical reasoning. 14.2.2 SCREENING: The physiotherapist as to the need for physiotherapy assessment and management will screen patients. Some indicators for physiotherapy include; 1. Respiratory disorders, which respond to physiotherapy (productive pneumonia, infective exacerbation CAL, bronchiectasis) 2. Motor impairing neurological conditions (CVA, MS, MND, PD) 3. Gait disorders amenable to treatment 4. Falls 5. Musculoskeletal diseases and injuries, which impact on function
  • 8. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 8 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 8 14.2.3 ASSESSMENT:  Physiotherapy assessment shall include bed skills; sit to stand, standing balance, indoor and outdoor mobility (as required), ability to negotiate stairs and details of any gait aids.  Additional assessments may include neurological, respiratory and musculoskeletal as indicated. 14.2.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:  The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant health professionals regarding the patient’s bed skills, mobility and transfer status, physiotherapy treatment plan and further management of patients.  They shall assist the organization team in making admission / discharge / referral decisions. 14.2.5 INTERVENTION:  Physiotherapists shall implement acute intervention for problems amenable to physiotherapy based on assessment findings and clinical reasoning.  Physiotherapists shall prescribe and deliver a safe, effective and individualised exercise programme based on current research evidence.  They shall incorporate education and prevention into the provision of the physiotherapy service.  Physiotherapists shall prescribe gait and transfer aids as identified by assessment findings and clinical reasoning. They shall organise the provision of the equipment from the appropriate source. 14.2.6 DOCUMENTATION:  Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal requirements.  Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and Functional Mobility for ADLs Policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety. 14.2.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER: Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements. 14.2.8 DATA: Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions in CERNER. Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) stats entered into reports database.
  • 9. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 9 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 9 14.3 ORTHOPEDIC PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: Orthopaedic Physiotherapy is oriented towards the treatment of Musculo – Skeletal ailments. It involves regaining appropriate health and function of structures surrounding the Joint regions and normalizing the Biomechanics following any injury or Orthopaedic disease. The rehabilitation of orthopaedically disabled individuals is also a major area of function 14.3.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE: Impaired posture, Impaired Muscle functions Impaired Joint Mobility, Motor function, Muscle performance, and range of motion associated with Connective tissue dysfunctions Localized inflammation As in  Muscle pain, strain  Muscle tear 14.3.2 SCREENING: The physiotherapist as to the need for physiotherapy assessment and management will screen patients.  Joint stiffness  Fractures  Ligament strain, sprain, tear  Inability to walk  Inflammation of tendons and bursa  Joint pain, poor posture  Joint inflammation in case of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis Care for persons with orthopaedic problems can be complex. Usually the first health care contact for such a condition is the family physician. More than 60% of the people who suffer from orthopaedic problems will seek attention from their family physician who will typically treat the patient with anti-inflammatory medications and advice on rest. However, family physicians may lack the background knowledge and sufficient contact time to comprehensively manage orthopaedic conditions, and patients may not respond to conservative treatment, leaving referral to a specialist as the typical course of action. 14.3.3 ASSESSMENT: Physiotherapy assessment shall include bed skills; sit to stand, standing balance, indoor and outdoor mobility (as required), ability to negotiate stairs and details of any gait aids. In order to address access to care issues, many countries, have begun to examine multidisciplinary collaborative models of care. Improved use of non-physician health care providers can have a positive impact on the cost of health care, on efficiency of the health care system in terms of human resources, on patient satisfaction with care, and on physician productivity and satisfaction with the work environment. In the health care system, the most obvious choice for collaborative care in the management of orthopaedic problems is the physiotherapist because they are experts in the conservative management of these conditions. Using physiotherapists to manage non- surgical orthopaedic patients in a front-line, clinic setting is not new. The model of care in which a physiotherapist assesses, triages and manages orthopaedic patients has been successfully implemented in other countries.
  • 10. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 10 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 10 The new trend, particularly in hip and knee arthroplasty clinics, is for physiotherapists to assess and triage patients for orthopaedic surgical assessment, and to manage those patients who require conservative care with appropriate advice, or by referring them for other management, such as a dietician. Patients who do require a consultation with the surgeon are then prioritised for a visit within one, three or six months, allowing the surgeon to deal with the more urgent cases first. Physiotherapists can also perform regular check- ups of those patients who have been referred for arthroplasty but who have been deemed by the surgeon as inappropriate at the current time, thereby taking the patient off the surgeon's wait list. In addition, these Physiotherapists are able to manage postoperative arthroplasty patients, especially for the six- and 12-month follow-up visits. This again serves to reduce the number of clinic patients that orthopaedic surgeons are required to see. 14.3.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:  The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant health professionals regarding the patient’s bed skills, mobility and transfer status, physiotherapy treatment plan and further management of patients.  They shall assist the organization team in making admission / discharge / referral decisions. These Physiotherapists work in hospitals and have delegated acts that allow them to order X-rays, blood work and other necessary tests in order to make appropriate care decisions about patients. They will typically work with the surgeons for a period of time before starting their own clinics in order to learn the criteria that each surgeon uses to judge the necessity for surgery, and to learn additional radiographic diagnostic skills. This period of time also familiarizes the surgeon with the capabilities of the physiotherapist so the surgeon can be confident in the abilities of the person with whom they will work collaboratively. 14.3.5 INTERVENTION: Physiotherapists can see patients in a timely manner and are able to identify those who require conservative management or who need to see the surgeon. This allows the orthopaedic surgeons to care for patients with conditions more amenable to surgical intervention. This collaborative model of care between physicians and physiotherapists has been shown to:  Increase the number of patients seen in the outpatient orthopaedic clinics since only those who may require surgery see the surgeon;  Improve patient and physician satisfaction by easing the burden of excessive wait times on both;  May ultimately improve publicly-funded access to the appropriate care for orthopaedic problems 14.3.6 DOCUMENTATION:  Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal requirements.  Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and Functional Mobility for policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety.
  • 11. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 11 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 11 14.3.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER: Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements. 14.3.8 DATA: Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions. Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) entered into reports database. 14.4 NEUROLOGICAL PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: 14.4.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE:  A neurological physiotherapist works with patients/clients of all ages with disorders of, or damage to, the brain, spinal cord and neuromuscular system, or degenerative conditions affecting the brain, nerves or muscles. Neurological physiotherapists have a special interest in the management of patients/clients with movement disorders arising from disturbances of the motor or sensory systems. These conditions may include, but are not limited to, stroke, traumatic or other brain injury, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease and neurogenetic conditions as well as dizziness and balance disorders and falls management in older clients.  Neurological physiotherapists have special expertise and training in the assessment of physical function and mobility in clients with neurological disorders/disease, and in planning/delivering treatment programs as well as offering preventative advice to optimise physical function, mobility and quality of life.  Neurological physiotherapists work in a wide range of settings including inpatient, outpatient, private practice, private hospital and outreach services and rehabilitation in the home. Inpatient facilities include acute hospitals, comprehensive stroke and neurological units, rehabilitation hospitals and slow stream rehabilitation services. Outpatient settings include public hospitals, community health and rehabilitation centres and domiciliary care/home based services. In these varied settings, neurological physiotherapists work in collaboration with other allied health professionals, general practitioners and case coordinators, as well as families and care takers, to provide a seamless continuity of acute, rehabilitation and ongoing care. 14.4.2 SCREENING: Early treatment following onset of an acute neurological condition such as a stroke or traumatic brain injury can help to maximise recovery. Ongoing neurological rehabilitation will assist the client in achieving his or her best possible potential in the long term. In the case of degenerative conditions, such as Parkinson’s disease or Motor Neurone disease, the focus of ongoing treatment is to minimise disability and to promote optimal function and independence at each stage of the disease.
  • 12. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 12 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 12 14.4.3 ASSESSMENT: Physiotherapy assessment shall include  Bed skills;  Body structures/functions and impairments  Muscle length and joint ROM  Muscle stiffness/tone  Muscle reflexes/spasticity  Strength/weakness  Motor Control (co-ordination and movement isolation)  UMN dysfunction  Sensation (e.g. proprioception, somatosensory, visual field)  Perception (e.g. vertical and position in space)  Secondary impairment  Activities  Transfers (bed mobility, between bed, chair, STS, SIT, on-off floor)  Postural control – sitting and standing  Gait in closed environment*  Reaching  Grasp &/or Manipulation  Cognitive deficits and effect on function  Neuropathic pain  Environment e.g. Home/Work/school  Incontinence, contributions  Autonomic NS considerations  Impact of pathology on outcomes (predicting prognosis) 14.4.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:  The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant health professionals regarding the patient’s:  TBI prioritising goals  Suggesting trial of medication types  Suggesting trial of botox  Suggesting trial of other methods for managing hyperreflexia/tone  Discharge planning with multiple community agencies  Equipment for home, work or school  Early planning for discharge  Circuit classes, group work 14.4.5 INTERVENTION: A. IMPAIRMENT SPECIFIC:  Strengthening programs  Co-ordination/motor control programs  Managing tone & hyperreflexia  Motor impairments  Sensory retraining  Prevention of secondary adaptations
  • 13. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 13 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 13 B. ACTIVITY SPECIFIC:  Bed mobility/ Transfer retraining  STS retraining  Postural control retraining  Gait  Running/HL skills  Management of CVA UL  Group/class exercise  Splinting for UL  Splinting for LL  Wheelchair prescription  Gait aid prescription  Use of hoists/harness/slide sheet  Application of FES  Use of biofeedback  Aquatic therapy for neurology C. ADVANCED INTERVENTION:  TBI spasm (hyperreflexia/tone) management, variety of options  Bobath handling skills  Perceptual problems  Activating muscles in context of activity (facilitating activation through task)  Retraining a complex gait pattern, facilitation of normal  Retraining gait pattern with clonus  Retraining gait in open environment  Retraining running  Retraining advanced postural control activities  Safely stand and move a client unassisted, client has is dependent e.g. minimal unilateral lower limb activity  Teaching families skills for transfers for client with minimal activity  Teaching families of those with progressive muscular disorders skills for handling, assistance, exercise and positioning.  Developing circuit based stroke group  Application of spinal braces  Application of FES  Fitness testing with polar heart monitor  Wheelchair and/or seating prescription  Prescription of equipment for independent living  Counselling for patients and families  Teaching care takers how to maximise outcome  Serial casting for upper and lower limbs
  • 14. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 14 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 14 14.4.6 DOCUMENTATION:  Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal requirements.  Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and Functional Mobility for Policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety. 14.4.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER: Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements.
  • 15. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 15 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 15 14.4.8 DATA: Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions. Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) entered into reports database. A. PROSTHETIC TERMINOLOGY:  AE: Above elbow - "transhumeral."  AK: Above knee -"transfemoral."  Amelia: Absence or partial absence of limbs at birth.  BE: Below elbow also referred to as “transradial.”  Bilateral amputee: A person missing either both arms or both legs; a double amputee.  BK: Below knee also referred to as “transtibial.”  Bumper: A rubber like device inserted into a knee or ankle component as a resistance or extension aid.  DAK: Double AK, also referred to as "bilateral transfemoral."  ED: An amputation through the elbow joint.  Edema: A local or generalized condition in which the body’s tissues contain an excess of fluid.  Endoskeletal Prosthesis: A prosthesis built more like a human skeleton with support and components on the inside.  Energy storing foot: A prosthetic foot designed with a flexible heel.  Extension assist: A method of assisting the prosthetic to "kick forward" on the swing through phase to help speed up the walking cycle.  Hip Disarticulation. Amputation that removes the leg at the hip joint, leaving the pelvis intact.  Hemipelvectomy. An amputation where approximately half of the pelvis is removed.  Hybrid prosthesis: A prosthesis that combines several prosthetic options in a single prosthesis.  IPOP: "Immediate Post Operative Prosthesis."  Knee Disarticulation-through the knee (TDK): Amputation of the leg through the knee.  Liner: Suspension systems used to attach prosthesis to the residual limb and/or provide additional comfort and protection of the residual limb.  Long's Line: A straight line from the head of the femur through the distal end of the femur down to the center of the heel of the prosthetic foot.  Myoelectrics: muscle electronics used to control a prosthesis.  Nylon sheath: A sock interface worn close to the skin on the residual limb to add comfort and wick away perspiration.  Partial Foot Amputation: - "Choppart Amputation." - amputation on the front part of the foot.  Phantom pain: Pain that seems to originate in the portion of the limb that was removed.  Phantom sensation: The normal ghost image of the absent limb may feel normal at times and at other times be uncomfortable or painful.  Pistoning: Refers to the residual limb slipping up and down inside the prosthetic socket while walking.
  • 16. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 16 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 16  Ply: Thickness of stump sock material.  PTB: Patellar Tendon Bearing. BK prosthesis where weight is on the tendon below the kneecap.  Pylon: A rigid member, usually tubular, between the socket or knee unit and the foot that provides a weight bearing support shaft for an endoskeletal prosthesis.  Quad Socket: A socket designed for an above the knee amputee that has four distinctive sides allowing the muscles to function as much as possible.  Residual limb: The portion of the arm or leg remaining after the amputation. Some people refer to it as a "stump."  Rigid Dressing: A plaster wrap over the residual limb, usually applied in the operating or recovery room immediately following surgery for the purpose of controlling edema (swelling) and pain.  SACH Foot: Solid-Ankle Cushion Heel.  Shock Pylon: A prosthetic pylon that dampens the vertical forces exerted on the residual limb and is used to cushion the impact when walking.  Shoulder Disarticulation : Amputation through the shoulder joint.  Shrinker: A prosthetic reducer made of elastic material and designed to help control swelling of the residual limb (edema) and/or shrink it in preparation for a prosthetic fitting.  Single Axis Foot: A foot is based on an ankle hinge that provides dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, i.e. toe up and toe down.  Socket: The portion of the prosthesis that fits around the residual limb/stump and to which the prosthetic components are attached.  Stump Shrinker: An elastic wrap or compression sock worn on a residual limb to reduce swelling and shape the limb.  Suction socket: A socket designed to provide suspension by means of negative pressure vacuum in a socket.  Symes amputation: An amputation through the ankle joint that retains the fatty heel pad portion and is intended to provide end weight bearing.  Variable Volume Socket: Lightweight and custom-made. The two-piece design makes it possible to don and doff the prosthesis without subjecting the dysvascular limb to unnecessary shear.
  • 17. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 17 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 17 14.5 CARDIO-PULMONARY PHYSIOTHERAPY EDUCATION & CONSULTATION: 14.5.1 PHYSIOTHERAPIST’S ROLE: Cardiopulmonary physiotherapists work with patients in a variety of settings. They treat acute problems like asthma, acute chest infections and trauma; they are involved in the preparation and recovery of patients from major surgery; they also treat a wide range of chronic cardiac and respiratory conditions like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and post-myocardial infarction (MI). They work with all ages from premature babies to older adults at the end of their life. Physiotherapists have pioneering new management techniques for non-organic respiratory problems like hyperventilation and other stress-related disorders as well as leading the development of cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation and non-invasive ventilation. Cardiopulmonary physiotherapists use physical modalities to treat people. This may involve using manual techniques to clear infected mucus from a person's chest, or using non- invasive ventilation to help a person breathe, or prescribing exercises to improve a patient's functional exercise capacity. 14.5.2 SCREENING: The physiotherapist should perform physical examination. Physical examination components such as body weight, body composition (percent body fat), neurological function test, including reflexes, auscultation of the lungs, palpation of cardiac apical; impulse, auscultation of lung, palpation of cardinal apical impulse, auscultation of the heart with specific attention to murmur, palpation and inspection of the lower extremities for oedema and presence of arterial pulse should be done.  Blood pressure:  Cholesterol and lipoprotein:  Pulmonary function:  Functional capacity test (Exercise Tolerance Test [ETT]): A. IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL EVALUATION:  Medical screening (evaluation) is a useful and important part of the exercise prescription.  A comprehensive medical evaluation will help identify high risk individuals who should not exercise at all or should be restricted to exercising only under medical supervision.  The information obtained in medical evaluation can be used to develop the exercise prescription.  The valves obtained from certain clinical measures such as BP, body fat content and blood lipid levels can be used to motivate the person to adhere to the exercise programme.  A comprehensive medical evaluation, particularly of healthy people can provide a baseline against which any subsequent charges in health status can be compared.  Many illness and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases can be identified in their earliest stages when chances of successful treatment are much higher.  For the identification of individuals with other special needs.
  • 18. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 18 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 18 14.5.3 ASSESSMENT: Physiotherapy assessment shall include  Measurement and Documentation  History  Pulmonary Function  Tests  Arterial Blood Gases  Imaging of the Chest  Electrocardiogram Identification  Multisystem Assessment and  Laboratory Investigations  Special Tests  Clinical Assessment of  the Cardiopulmonary System  Monitoring Systems in the Intensive  Care Unit 14.5.4 CARE PLAN DEVELOPMENT:  The physiotherapist shall liase with medical officers, nursing staff and other relevant health professionals regarding the patient’s bed skills, mobility and transfer status, physiotherapy treatment plan and further management of patients.  They shall assist the organization team in making admission / discharge / referral decisions. 14.5.5 INTERVENTION: Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy is an essential non-invasive medical intervention that can mitigate or reverse insults on oxygen transport. Relating Interventions to an Individual?s Facilitating Ventilation Needs Patterns and Breathing Strategies Mobilization and Exercise Exercise Testing and Training: Body Positioning Primary Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction Physiological Basis for Airway Clearance Techniques Exercise Testing and Airway Training: Secondary Cardiopulmonary Dysfunction Clearance Interventions: Clinical Application Respiratory Facilitating Airway Muscle Training Clearance with Coughing Techniques Complementary Therapies as Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Interventions Patient Education
  • 19. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 19 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 19 14.5.6 DOCUMENTATION:  Physiotherapists shall thoroughly document the assessment, management plans and progress of all patients seen. All medical record entries must comply with medicolegal requirements.  Mobility status must be clearly documented and communicated to ward staff using standard terminology as described in the “Communication of Ward Mobility and Functional Mobility for Policy”. Mobility/ transfer status must be written on bedside communication board. This is to maximise patient and staff safety. 14.5.7 DISCHARGE/ TRANSFER: Physiotherapists shall ensure appropriate referral and handover to ongoing physiotherapy service, and inform the patient and carer of these arrangements. 14.5.8 DATA: Physiotherapists shall maintain timely and accurate data of physiotherapy interventions. Departmental Activities (non patient related activities) entered into reports database.
  • 20. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 20 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 20 14.6 LOCATIONS OF THE FISSURES AND LUNG LOBES AND SEGMENTS IN RELATION TO CHEST WALL LANDMARKS:
  • 21. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 21 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 21  ANTERIOR: o Top of lungs – is 2-4 cm above middle of clavicles o Suprasternal notch – is top of manubrium o Sternal angle (Angle of Louis) – articulate of 2nd rib and bifurcation of trachea o Bottom of lungs – 6th rib midclavicular and 8th rib midaxillary (at end of exhalation)  POSTERIOR: o C-7 – most prominent spinal process at base of neck o T-1 – articulate 1st rib and top of lungs o T-4 – level so tracheal bifurcation o T-8 – inferior angle of scapulae o T-9 – top of right dome of diaphragm and bottom of right lung o T-10 – top of left dome of diaphragm and bottom of left lung  SEGMENTS: o Transverse fissure 4th rib midclavicular o Oblique fissure at 5th rib midaxillary o Lung border at 8th rib midaxillary o Pleural border at 10th rib midaxillary 14.6.1 THORACIC CONFIGURATION ABNORMALITIES: May be seen upon inspection of the chest wall and the significance of these findings.  Barrel Chest: abnormal increase in AP diameter where the normal 45-degree angle between the spine and the intercostal becomes almost horizontal, associated with emphysema.  Pectus Carinatum: Abnormal protrusion of the sternum.  Pectus Excavatum: Depression of part or all of the sternum, which will produce a restrictive lung defect.  Kyphosis: Abnormal AP convex curvature of the thoracic spine.  Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature that can cause respiratory compromise.  Lordosis: exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the vertebrae. 14.6.2 CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSES OF ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS:. Common causes of an increase in the work of breathing include: 1. Lung diseases that cause loss of lung volume such as pulmonary fibrosis and atelectasis which cause the patient to take rapid, shallow breaths. 2. Lung diseases that cause intrathoracic airways to narrow such as with asthma or bronchitis and cause the patient to have a long expiratory breath. 3. Respiratory disorders that cause the upper airway to narrow such as with croup or epiglotitis and cause the patient to have a long inspiratory breath.
  • 22. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 22 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 22 14.6.3 TECHNIQUES TO ACCESS LUNG PROBLEMS: A. TACTILE FREMITUS AND THE CAUSES OF INCREASED OR DECREASED FREMITUS (LOCAL AND DIFFUSE): Palpation is used to evaluate vocal fremitis (vibrations created by the vocal cords during speech), estimate thoracic expansion, and assess the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the chest. To assess for tactile fremitis, ask the patient to repeat the word "ninety nine" while you palpate the thorax. Increased fremitis is caused by any condition that increases the density of the lung as with consolidation that occurs in pneumonia. Fremitis is reduced or absent in patients who are obese, or overly muscular. Also, when the pleural space lining the lung becomes filled with air (pneumothorax) or fluid (Pleural effusion). Lastly, people with emphysema have bilateral reduction in fremitis due to reduction of the density of lung tissue. B. ASSESSING THORACIC EXPANSION: This palpation technique can be done either by placing hand anteriorly on the chest with the thumbs extended along the costal margin toward the xiphoid process or posteriorly by positioning your hands over the posterolateral chest with the thumbs meeting at the T8 vertebrae. Instruct patient to exhale a maximum breath while you extend your thumbs to meet at the midline. Next, instruct the patient to take a full, deep breath and note the distance the tip of each thumb moves from the midline. Each thumb should move an equal distance of 3-4 cm. C. ABNORMAL FINDING OF CREPITUS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE UPON PALPATION OF THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES: Crepitus is when air leaks from the lung into the subcutaneous tissue causing fine bubbles to produce a crackling sound and sensation when palpated. This condition is called subcutaneous emphysema. D. TECHNIQUE FOR PERCUSSION AND SOUNDS PRODUCED WHEN THE UNDERLYING TISSUES ARE AIR-FILLED, FLUID FILLED, OR SOLID:  Percussion is the art of tapping on a surface to evaluate the underlying structure. Percussion of the chest wall produces a sound and a palpable vibration useful in evaluating underlying lung tissue.  The technique most often used in per cussing the chest wall is called mediate, or indirect percussion. If you are right handed, place the middle finger of your left hand firmly against the chest wall parallel to the ribs, with the palm and other fingers held off the chest. Use the tip of the middle finger on your right hand or the lateral aspect of your right thumb to strike the finger against the chest near the base of the terminal phalanx with a quick, sharp blow. Movement of the hand striking the chest should be generated at the wrist, not at the elbow or shoulder  Percussion over normal lung is described as normal resonance. If you percuss over an increased density the sound is said to be dull as with a fluid filled pleural space. Overinflated lungs have an increased (hyperinflation) resonance.  Percussion over muscle, fat or bone is characterized as flat.
  • 23. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 23 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 23 E. PULMONARY AND EXTRAPULMONARY ABNORMALITIES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF PERCUSSION NOTES:  Normal resonance signifies normal lung.  Increased resonance can be detected with hyperinflated lungs as with pneumothorax, emphysema or severe asthma.  Decreased resonance is due to increased lung tissue density such as pneumonia, atelectasis, tumor or pleural effusion. F. FOUR PARTS OF THE STETHOSCOPE AND THE SITUATIONS IN WHICH IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE DIAPHRAGM AND WHEN IT IS BEST TO LISTEN WITH THE BELL: The stethoscope has 1. A bell 2. A diaphragm 3. Tubing and 4. Earpieces. It is best to listen with the diaphragm to the lungs because they have a higher frequency. The bell detects low- pitched heart sounds best. G. SOUNDS NORMALLY HEARD OVER THE CHEST:  Vesicular breath sounds are the “slight rustling of air” and are considered normal. The exact mechanism is not known but is believed to be produced mostly during inspiration by turbulent flow in the upper airway. They are heard mostly on inspiration and over all areas of the chest distal to the central airways.  Bronchial (very similar to tracheal) breath sounds are harsher and higher pitch with approximately equal inspiratory and expiratory components. The sound is heard over a major bronchus during normal breathing. H. "ADVENTITIOUS" BREATH SOUNDS: Normal breath sounds have been traditionally divided into four types: Vesicular, tracheal, bronchial and bronchovesicular. Adventious breath sounds are the NOT normal sounds heard in the lungs. They are continuous and discontinuous and are called wheezes, rhonchi, crackles etc. They are abnormal sounds superimposed on the normal lung sounds. Types of breath sounds a. Rhonchi – low pitched, continuous b. Wheeze – high pitched, continuous, proximal airways, often expiratory c. Crackle or rale – discontinuous, distal airways (bases), often inspiratory d. Friction rub – lower pitch, longer duration then crackles, both I and E e. Stridor – Heard in the throat area, usually inspiratory if mild Vesicular breath Adventious breath
  • 24. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 24 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 24 I. THE AIRWAY OR PARENCHYMAL ABNORMALITIES:  Rhonchi are thought to result from airway narrowing that initially causes rapid airflow past the site of obstruction. The added pressure causes the airway to collapse and briefly touch. When airway pressure increases the airway returns to a more open position, permitting airflow to return. The cycle repeats itself rapidly, causing vibration of the airway walls. The airway obstruction can be relived with coughing. The rapid flows and tighter obstruction result in higher-pitched sounds. Lower flows and less obstruction will result in lower-pitched sounds.  Crackles are probably produced by the bubbling of air through the airway secretions or by the sudden opening of the small airway. These fine crackles are often primarily inspiratory.  Wheezes are caused by restriction caused by bronchospasm usually in the larger airways.  Friction rubs occur when the normally smooth, moist layers of the pleura develop fibrin deposits or an inflammation that results in added friction. The sound has been compared to the creaking sound of old leather. J. CONDITIONS IN WHICH A PATIENT MAY HAVE DIMINISHED OR ABSENT BREATH SOUNDS: When vesicular breath sounds are found to be of less intensity than expected, they are described as diminished (reduced) or even absent in extreme cases. This is caused by a lack of sound transmission through the normal-air-filled lung. Any increase in density of the lung tissue will deaden the normal sound transmission resulting in a diminished sound. K. THE PITCH AND INTENSITY OF STRIDOR AND THE POINT IN THE RESPIRATORY CYCLE IN WHICH STRIDOR IS HEARD: Stridor is caused by the partial obstruction of the upper airways (trachea, larynx). It is often a high-pitched continuous sound heard mostly on inspiration. L. AIRWAY ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH STRIDOR: Most often stridor is an inspiratory sound that is loud and can be heard at a distance from the patient. It indicates that a partial laryngeal or tracheal obstruction is present. Epiglotitis, viral croup, foreign body aspiration, airway inflammation following extubation, tumors and tracheal stenosis can cause stridor. Stridor can be a sign of a potentially serious and life-threatening problem, especially in children. M. ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS: a. Atelectasis – Decreased b. Pneumonia – Bronchial or absent, possible inspiratory crackles c. Emphysema – Diminished d. Pneumothorax – Absent e. Asthma – Absent, expiratory wheezes f. Pleural effusion – Decreased g. Pulmonary edema – Diminished, inspiratory crackles h. Pulmonary fibrosis – Harsh, inspiratory crackles
  • 25. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 25 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 25 N. AUSCULTATION TECHNIQUES OF BRONCHOPHONY, EGOPHONY, AND WHISPERED PECTORILOQUOY AND ABNORMAL FINDINGS AND THE CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH: Part of a physical assessment may include assessment of vocal sounds. Vibrations created by the vocal cords during speech travel down the airways and to through the peripheral lung units to the chest wall. 1. Bronchophony is an increase in intensity and clarity of vocal resonance produced by the enhanced transmission of vocal vibrations caused by increased lung density such as with pneumonia. Hyperinflation of lungs or with pneumothorax results in decrease in vocal vibrations. Easier to determine if only on one side. 2. Normal Egophony is the sound of normal voice tones as heard through the chest wall during auscultation. The voice sound increases in intensity and takes on a nasal or a ‘bleating’ quality. An E sounds like an E. Abnormal egophony is when an E changes to an A with consolidation of lung above a pleural effusion or with a pneumonia. 3. Whispered pectoriloquoy: Whispering is a high pitched sound that normally filters out by lung tissue so whispers sound faint and non-distinct. When consolidation is present, the whispering is transmitted to the chest wall with more clarity. This sign, called whispered pectoriloquoy, helps identify areas of lung consolidation. The patient is asked to whisper ‘1-2-3’ or ‘99’ and the doctor listens with his stethoscope. Modern technology such as CAT scans, chest X-rays have caused a shift away from this rather simple technique. O. PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN WHICH BRONCHIAL BREATH SOUNDS ARE HEARD IN AREAS OF THE CHEST WHERE NORMALLY VESICULAR BREATH SOUNDS ARE HEARD: Bronchial breath sounds heard in the peripheral lung regions where you normally hear vesicular breath sounds are caused by increased density of lung tissue as in consolidation, pneumonia and atelectasis. P. "POINT OF MAXIMAL IMPULSE” The point of maximal impulse refers to heart sounds. It is the mid-clavicuar line at the 5th intercostal space. This point may move in an emergency situation of a tension pneumothorax. The lung has collapsed and is pushing the trachea off mid-line and all the internal thoracic organs away from the collapsed lung field. The tension ‘pneumo’ on the right will shift everything to the left side.
  • 26. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 26 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 26 15.0 RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE: The traditional medical approach to diagnosis has focused on naming the pathophysiology of the patient. In this view the end result of the diagnostic process is to label the pathology of the patient. Many in the medical and physical therapy professions, however, have found inadequacies in this approach to diagnosis. Within the physical therapy profession, diagnosis is not concerned with naming the pathology of the patient, but is concerned with identifying the dysfunction towards which treatment will be directed. The end result of the process is no longer labeling, but treatment planning. The traditional medical approach to diagnosis has focused on naming the pathophysiology of the patient. In this view the end result of the diagnostic process is to label the pathology of the patient. Many in the medical and physical therapy professions, however, have found inadequacies in this approach to diagnosis. Within the physical therapy profession, diagnosis is not concerned with naming the pathology of the patient, but is concerned with identifying the dysfunction towards which treatment will be directed. The end result of the process is no longer labeling, but treatment planning.
  • 27. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 27 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 27 Here are a couple examples from physical therapy. The medical definitions offered do little to help the therapist select treatments that are likely to help the patient. The PT diagnoses, however, should begin to suggest treatment strategies.
  • 28. PHYSICAL THERAPY PRINCIPALS & METHODS PTP&M:013/3 Revision: 02 Page: 28 of 96 NPTE NOTICE: This specification, and the subject matter disclosed therein, embody proprietary information which is the confidential property of Mullsons Health & Wellness, which shall be copied, reproduced, disclosed to others, published, and could be used in whole or part, for any purpose, without the express advance written permission of a duly authorized agent of the Company. This specification is subject to recall by Mullsons Health & Wellness at any time. MEDICINE: It’S A NOBLE PROFESSION, IT SERVES HUMANITY 28 To operate in an hypothesis-driven approach, the quality of the diagnostic information is paramount. Clinicians must understand the value of the data they are getting from a test in order to utilize it properly. If a test were ideal, all patients would fall into one of the two red boxes. But in all tests there will be errors.