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Penguins
- 3. Definition of Terms • Penguins – aquatic, flightless birds • Waddle/rookies – group of penguins (land) • Raft – group of penguins (sea/ocean) • Chick – young penguin • Colony – group of young penguin • Breeding – producing offspring • Breeding cycle – from courtship to producing the chick
- 4. Taxonomic Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Aves • Subclass: Neornithes (modern birds) • Superorder: Neognathae • Order: Sphenisciformes • Family: Spheniscidae • Genus: 6 genera • Species: ranges from 17 to 20 living species
- 5. Examples • Aptenodytes – great penguins Aptenodytes forsteri Aptenodytes patagonicus Emperor Penguins King Penguins
- 6. Examples •Pygoscelis – Brush-tailed penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis adeliae Adélie Penguin Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin
- 7. Examples •Eudyptula – Little penguins Eudyptula minor Eudyptula minor albosignata Little Blue Penguin White-flippered Penguin
- 8. Examples •Spheniscus – Banded penguins Spheniscus magellanicus Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus demersus African Penguin Spheniscus humboldti Spheniscus mendiculus Galapagos Penguin Humboldt Penguin
- 9. Examples •Megadyptes Megadyptes antipodes Megadyptes waitaha Megadyptes antipodes Waitaha Penguin
- 10. Examples •Eudyptes – Crested penguins Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Eudyptes robustus Eudyptes sclateri Fiordland Crested Snares Penguin Erect-crested Penguin Penguin
- 11. Examples •Eudyptes – Crested penguins Eudyptes chrysocome Eudyptes chrysocome filholi Eudyptes c. moseleyi Southern Eastern Rockhopper Northern Rockhopper Penguin Penguin Rockhopper Penguin
- 12. Examples •Eudyptes – Crested penguins Eudyptes schlegeli Eudyptes chrysolophus Royal Penguins Macaroni Penguin
- 13. Distribution and Habitat • Southern hemisphere • Temperate zone • Near the equator – Bergmann’s rule
- 14. Distribution and Habitat • Islands and remote continental areas • Nutrient-rich, cold-water currents • Spend half of their lives on land, and half in the oceans
- 16. Predation • Predators: – Adult: sharks, orcas, giant petrels, sea lions, sea leopards – Chick: giant petrels, gulls, skua – Egg: gulls, skua, sheathbill – Humans • Prey – Krill, squid, fish • But not all species eat these
- 17. Predation
- 18. Feeding Ways • Depend on vision – Relies on bioluminescence of crustaceans, squids and fishes • Catch with their bills, and swallow it whole
- 19. Feeding Ways • Undergo fasting – Breeding seasons – Courtship, nesting, incubation periods – Molting periods
- 20. Physical Characteristics • Size – Height: from 1.1 m. (3.7 ft.) to 41 cm. (16 in.) – Weight: from 41 kg. (90 lb.) to 1 kg. (2.2 lb.)
- 21. Physical Characteristics • Coloration – Countershading (dark backs, light undersides) – Distinct markings with each species – Chicks, juveniles and immature penguins have different markings
- 22. Senses • Hearing – Average hearing used by parents and chicks for locating each other – Mate recognition
- 23. Senses • Eyesight – Adapted for seeing in land and in water – Color vision sensitive to violet, blue, and green wavelengths
- 24. Senses • Smell – Not sure if they can smell – Studies on Humboldt penguins showed that this particular specie can smell
- 25. Adaptations • Swimming – Streamlined shape body • Hunches its head to the shoulders, and keeps feet pressed close to the body against the tail – Paddle-like flippers • Flattened and broadened bones • Covered with short, scale-like feathers – Solid, dense bones to overcome buoyancy – Coming to surface • Porpoising – leap in and out of the water
- 26. Adaptations • Diving* – Reduced heart rate – Reduced blood flow * Generally not exhibited by penguins
- 27. Adaptations • Respiration – Have lungs for inhaling and exhaling • Inhales and exhales rapidly at the surface – Have multiple air sacs
- 28. Adaptations • Salt secretion – Supraorbital glands – Help rid excess salt – Salts are shaken off on the bill
- 29. Adaptations • Thermoregulation – Dark plumage on dorsal side – Overlapping feathers – Tucks in flippers, and shiver to conserve heat – Fat layer – Tips up their feet – Huddle together
- 30. Adaptations • Thermoregulation – For temperate and tropical penguins • Panting • Ruffle their feathers • Hold its flippers away from the body • Lack feathers on legs and have bare patches on face
- 31. Communication • Vocalization – Individually identifiable for mating and mother- chick recognition – 3 kinds • Contact call • Display call • Threat call
- 32. Reproduction • Breeding – Sexual maturity: 3 to 8 years – Breeding season: mostly from spring to summer • King penguin – (longest breeding cycle) 14 to 16 months • Emperor penguins – during winter • Fairy penguin – (shortest breeding cycle) 50 days
- 33. Reproduction • Courtship – Males display first to establish a nest and attract a mate – 3 distinct types of display • Ecstatic or trumpeting • Mutual • Bowing
- 34. Reproduction • Courtship – Mostly monogamous – Females selects the same male for the next breeding season • If not, it is because they arrived at different times or the male failed to return to the nesting area
- 35. Reproduction • Nesting – Males arrive first to the nesting area – Females follow 1 to 5 days after – They nest on the place where they hatched – Nesting areas vary: • Some near beaches, or steep areas, or burrowed deposits
- 36. Care of the Chicks • Both parents feed the chick – Regurgitated food • Cover the chick with brood patch • Male penguin cares for the chick when the female leaves for food
- 37. Ecological Role • Serve as food for other species – Without them, those species will have to catch other prey, which might disrupt the food chain – Ex. leopard seals would shift to krill diet which would decrease the survival of other species eating the same thing
- 38. References • http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/taxonomie_eng.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neognathae • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neornithes • www.pinguins.info • http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/penguin.htm • http://www.penguinscience.com/education/ask_answers_4.php • http://www.penguinworld.com/map/map.php • http://www.penguinworld.com/profpenguin/faq.html • http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/penguins/facts3.htm • http://laaquariumvolunteers.org/index.php?topic=animal&id=104 • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/penguin-facts.html • www.arkive.org
- 39. Thank you
Notes de l'éditeur
- As opposed to Archaeornithes and Enantiornithes birds which have teeth neognath – fused metacarpals and modern jawbones There are other species under different subfamilies
- emperor - largest
- Blackfooted penguin larger species are in cold places
- - Free from land predators
- - Krill – shrimp-like crustacean - For example, Adelie eat small krills only. Most of the time smaller penguins eat krill and squid, larger ones eat fishes.
- For building up fat layer for reserves Length of fasting depends on sex, species and type of fasting
- - emperor, fairy penguin
- - Avoidance of predators and catching of prey’ Dark blends with ocean depth when viewed from above light blends with the light surface of the sea when viewed from below
- - Not a penguin, but just to show the supraorbital gland
- Overlapping feathers – waterproofing from cold water Trapping of air – provide thermal insulation Tips feet – to lessen contact with ice
- Contact – to search for members Display – between partners Threat – defending and warning against enemies
- Breeding season – varies from species to species Why winter? So that the conditions for the growing chick would be favorable
- Ecstatic – for males, used to defend its nest, attracts females, and warn other males; outstretched flippers and squawk Mutual – done in unison Bowing – strengthen recognition among partners
- - Able to recognize their chick through the distinctive call